it is not above two miles broad. . . . On both whose visit found a historian. In the third

"

book of Tulpius' "Observationes Medice," published in 1641, the 56th chapter or section is devoted to what he calls Satyrus indicus, called by the Indians Orang-autang, or Man-of-the-Woods, and by the Africans Quoias Morrou. He gives a very good figure, evidently from the life, of the specimen of this animal, nostra memoria ex Augolâ delatum," presented to Frederick Henry, Prince of Orange. Tulpius says it was as big as a child of three years old, and as stout as one of six years: and that its back was covered with black hair. It is plainly a young Chimpanzee.

In the mean while the existence of other Asiatic man-like Apes became known, but at first in a very mythical fashion. Thus Bontius (1658) gives an altogether fabulous and ridiculous account and figure of an animal which he calls Orang-outang ;" and though he says, "vidi ego cujus effigiem hic exhibeo," the said effigies (see Fig. 6 for Hoppius' copy of it) is nothing but a very hairy woman of rather comely aspect, and with proportions and feet wholly human. The judicious English anatomist, Tyson, was justified in saying of this description by Bontius, "I confess I do mistrust the whole representation.'

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It is to the last-mentioned writer, and his coadjutor Cowper, that we owe the first account of a man-like ape which has any pretensions to a scientific accuracy and completeness. The treatise entitled, Orangoutang, sive Homo Sylvestris; or the Anatomy of a Pygmie compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man," published by the Royal Society in 1699, is indeed a work of remarkable merit, and bas, in some respects, served as a model to subsequent inquirers. This Pygmie," Tyson tells us, was brought from Angola, in Africa; but was first taken a great deal higher up the country;" its hair" was of a coal-black colour, and strait, and "when it went as a quadruped on all four, 'twas awkwardly; not placing the palm of the hand flat to the ground, but it walk'd upon its knuckles, as I observed it to do when weak and had not strength enough to support its body. "From the top of the nead to the heel of the foot, in a straight line, it measured twenty-six inches."

*

These characters, even without Tyson's good figures (Figs. 3 and 4). would have been sufficient to prove his "Pygmie" to be a young Chimpanzee. But the opportunity of examining the skeleton of the very animal Tyson anatomized having most unexpectedly presented itself to me, I am able to bear independent testimony to its being a veritable Troglodytes niger, though still very young Although fully appreciating the resemblances between his Pygmie and Man, Tyson by no means overlooked the differences between the two, and he concludes his memoir by summing up first, the points in which" the Orang outang or Pygmie more resembled a Man than Apes and Monkeys do," under fortyseven distinct heads; and then giving, in thirty-four similar brief paragraphs, the rc

spects in which "the Orang-outang or Pyg mie differ'd from a Man and resembled more the Ape and Monkey kind."

After a careful survey of the literature of the subject extant in his time, our author arrives at the conclusion that his Pygmie" is identical neither with the Orangs of Tulpius and Bontius, nor with the Quoias Morrou of Dapper (or rather of Tulpius), the Barris of d'Arcos, nor with the Pongo of Battell; but that it is a species of ape probably identical with the Pygmies of the Ancients, and, says Tyson, though it does so much resemble a Man in many of its parts, more than any of the ape kind, or any other crimal in the world, that I know of: yet by no means do I look upon it as the product of a mixt generation-'tis a Brute-Animal sui generis, and a particular species of Ape." The name of Chimpanzee," by which one of the African Apes is now so well known, appears to have come into use in the first half of the eighteenth century, but the only important addition made in that period to our acquaintance with the man-like apes of Africa is contained in "A New Voyage to Guinea," by William Smith, which bears the date 1744.

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In describing the animals of Sierra Leone, p. 51, this writer says:

mal, called by the white men in this country "I shall next describe a strange sort of aniMandrill, but why it is so called I know neither can those who call them so tell, exnot, nor did I ever hear the name before, cept it be for their near resemblance of a human creature, though nothing at all like are as big in circumference as a middle-sized an Ape. Their bodies, when full grown, man's-their legs much shorter, and their tion. The head is monstrously big, and the feet larger; their arms and hands in proporface broad and flat, without any other hair but the eyebrows; the nose very small, the mouth wide, and the lips thin. The face, which is covered by a white skin, is mon strously ugly, being all over wrinkled as the hands have no more hair than the face, with old age; the teeth broad and yellow; but the same white skin, though all the rest of the body is covered with long black hair, like apes; but cry, when vexed or teased, like a bear. They never go upon all-fours, just like children.

"When I was at Sherbro, one Mr. Cummerbus, whom I shall have occasion hereafter to inention, made me a present of one of these strange animals, which are called by the natives Boggoe: it was a she-cub, o Baboon. I gave it in charge to one of the six months' age, but even then larger than a slaves, who knew how to feed and nurse it, being a very tender sort of animal; but whenever I went off the deck the sailors began to teaze it-scme loved to see its tears and hear it cry: others hated its snotty-nose; one who hurt it, being checked by the negro that took care of it, told the slave he was very fond of his country-woman, and asked

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Fic.. 5.-Facsimile of William Smith's figure of the "Mandrili," 1744. him if he should not like her for a wife? To which the slave very readily replied, No, this no my wife; this a white woma -this fit wife for you.' This unlucky wit of the negro's, I fancy, hastened its death, for next morning it was found dead under the windlass.

or Asia, but a dissertation by his pupil Re pius in the "Amoenitates Academica" (VS) Anthropomorpha") may be regarded as embodying his views respecting these animals.

William Smith's "Mandrill," or "Boggoe," as his description and figure testify, was, without doubt, a Chimpanzee.

Linnæus knew nothing, of his own observation, of the man-like Apes of either Africa

The dissertation is illustrated by a plate, of which the accompanying wood-cut, Fig. 6, is a reduced copy. The figures are entitled (from left to right), 1. Troglodyte Bontii; 2. Lucifer Arovend; 3. Satyrus Tulpii; 4. Pygmæus Erwardi The first is a bad copy of Bontius' fictitious

Darang.

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64

tales: Pongo, nom de cet animal à Lowando Province "Orang-ontang, nom de cet animal aux Indes oriende Congo.

"Jocko. Enjocko, nom de cet animal à Congo que nous avons adopté. En est 1 article que nous avons retranché."

.

outang," in whose existence, however, Lin- érale des Voyages" (1748), and there Buffon næus appears to have fully believed; for in found a version of Andrew Battell's account the standard edition of the "Systema Na- of the Pongo and the Engeco. All these ture" it is enumerated as a second species data Buffon attempts to weld together into of Homo; "H. nocturnus." Lucifer Al- harmony in his chapter entitled "Les Orangdrovandi is a copy of a figure in Aldrovandus, outangs ou le Pongo et le Jocko." To this "De Quadrupedibus digitatis viviparis, " title the following note is appended: Lib. 2, p. 249 (1645), entitled, "Cercopithecus formæ rare Barbilius vocatus et originem a China ducebat." Hoppius is of opinion that this may be one of that cat-tailed people of whom Nicolaus Köping affirms that they eat a boat's crew, gubernator navis" and all! In the Systema naturæ," Linnæus calls it, in a note, Homo caudatus, and seems inclined to regard it as a third species of man. According to Temminck, Satyrus Tulpii is a copy of the figure of a Chimpanzee published by Scotin in 1738, which I have not seen. It is the Satyrus indicus of the " Systema Naturæ," and is regarded by Linnæus as possibly a distinct species from Satyrus sylvestris. The last, named Pygmæus Edwardi, is copied from the figure of a young Man of the Woods," or true Orang-Utan, given in Edwards' Gleanings of Natural History" (1758).

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Thus it was that Andrew Battell's "Engeco" became metamorphosed into " Jocko, and, in the latter shape, was spread all over the world, in consequence of the extensive popularity of Buffon's works. The Abbé Prevost and Buffon between them, however, did a good deal more disfigurement to Battell's sober account than " cutting off an article." Thus Battell's statement that the Pongos "cannot speake, and have no understanding more than a beast," is rendered by Buffon qu'il ne peut parler quoiqu'il ait plus d'entendement que les autres animaux;" and again, Purchas' affirmation, He told me in conference with him that one of these Pongos tooke a negro boy of his which lived a moneth with them," stands in the French version, un pongo lui enleva un petit nègre qui passa un an entier dans la société de ces animaux.'

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Buffon was more fortunate than his great rival. Not only had he the rare opportunity of examining a young Chimpanzee in the living state, but he became possessed of an adult Asiatic man-like Ape-the first and the last adult specimen of any of these animals brought to Europe for many years. With After quoting the account of the great the valuable assistance of Daubenton, Buffon Pongo, Buffon justly remarks that all the gave an excellent description of this creature, "Jockos" and "Orangs" hitherto brought which, from its singular proportions, he to Europe were young; and he suggests termed the long-armed Ape, or Gibbon. It that, in their adult condition, they might is the modern Hylobates lar. be as big as the Pongo or great Orang;' so that, provisionally, he regarded the Jockos, Orangs, and Pongos, as all of one species. And perhaps this was as much as the state of knowledge at the time warranted. But how it came about that Buffon failed to perceive the similarity of Smith's "Manill" to his own "Jocko," and confounded the former with so totally different a creature as the blue-faced Baboon, is not so easily intelligi.

Thus when, in 1766, Buffon wrote the fourteenth volume of his great work, he was personally familiar with the young of one kind of African man-like Ape, and with the adult of an Asiatic species-while the Orang-Utan and the Mandrill of Smith were known to him by report. Furthermore, the Abbé Prevost had translated a good deal of Purchas' Pilgrims into French, in his "Histoire gén

ble.

Twenty years later Buffon changed his opinion, and expressed his belief that the Orangs constituted a genus with two species --a large one, the Pongo of Battell, and a small one, the Jocko that the small one (Jocko) is the East Indian Orang; and that the young animals from Africa, observed by himself and Tulpius, are simply young Pongos.

In the mean while the Dutch naturalist, Vosmaer gave, in 1778, a very good account and figure of a young Orang brought alive to Holland, and his country man, the famous anatomist, Peter Camper, published (1779) an essay on the Orang-Utan of similar value to that of Tyson on the Chimpanzee. He dissected several females and a male, all of which, from the state of their skeleton and their dentition, he justly supposes to have been young. However, judging by the analogy of man, he concludes that they could not have exceeded four feet in height in the adult condition. Furthermore, he is very clear as to the specific distinctness of the true East Indian Orang.

ntrary to all expectation (since long ago offered more than a hundred ducats to the natives for an Orang-Utan of four or five feet high) an Orang which I heard of this morning about eight o'clock. For a long time we did our best to take the frightful beast alive in the dense forest about half way to Landak. We forgot even to eat, so anxious were we not to let him escape; but it was necessary to take care he did not revenge himself, as' he kept continually breaking off heavy pieces of wood and green branches, and dashing them at us. This game lasted till four o'clock in the afternoon, when we determined to shoot him; in which I succeeded very well, and indeed better than I ever shot from a boat before; for the bullet went just into the side of his chest, so that he was not much damged. We got him into the prow still living, and bound him fast, and next morning he died of his wounds. All Pontiana came on board to see him when we arrived." Palm gives his height from the head to the heel as 49 inches.

A very intelligent German officer, Baron Von Wurmb, who at this time held a post in "The Orang," says he, "differs not only the Dutch East India service, and was Secrefrom the Pigmy of Tyson and from the tary of the Batavian Society, studied this Orang of Tulpius by its peculiar color and animal, and his careful description of it, enits long toes, but also by its whole external titled 'Beschrijving van der Groote Borform. Its arms, its hands, and its feet are neosche Orang-outang of de Oost-Indische longer, while the thumbs, on the contrary, Pongo," is contained in the same volume of are much shorter, and the great toes much the Batavian Society's Transactions. After smaller in proportion. And again, The Von Wurmb had drawn up his description true Orang, that is to say, that of Asia, that he states, in a letter dated Batavia, February of Borneo, is consequently not the Pithecus, 18th, 1781, that the specimen was sent to or tailless Ape, which the Greeks, and espe- Europe in brandy to be placed in the colleccially Galen, have described. It is neither the t of the Prince of Orange; unfortuPongo nor the Jocko, nor the Orang of Tul- nately," he continues, we hear that the pius, nor the Pigmy of Tyson-it is an ani- ship has been wrecked." Von Wurmb died mal of a peculiar species, as I shall prove in in the course of the year 1781, the letter in the clearest manner by the organs of voice and which this passage occurs being the last he the skeleton, in the following chapters" wrote; but in his posthumous papers, published in the fourth part of the Transactions of the Batavian Society, there is a brief description, with measurements, of a female Pongo four feet high.

A few years later, M. Radermacher, who held a high office in the Government of the Dutch dominions in India, and was an active member of the Batavian Society of Arts and Sciences, published, in the second part of the Transactions of that Society, a Description of the Island of Borneo, which was written between the years 1779 and 1781, and, among much other interesting matter, contains some notes upon the Orang. The small sort of Orang-Utan, viz., that of Vosmaer and of Edwards, he says, is found only in Borneo, and chiefly about Banjermassing, Mampauwa, and Landak. Of these he had seen some fifty during his residence in the Indies; but none exceeded 24 feet in length. The larger sort, often regarded as chimera, continues Radermacher, would perhaps long have remained so had it not been for the exertions of the Resident at Rembang, M. Palm, who, on returning from Landak toward Pontiana, shot one, and forwarded it to Batavia in spirit, for transmission to Europe.

Palm's letter describing the capture Hins thus: Herewith I send your Excellency,

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Did either of these original specimens, on which Von Wurmb's descriptions are based, ever reach Europe? It is commonly sup. posed that they did; but I doubt the fact. For, appended to the memoir " De l'Ourang. outang," in the collected edition of Camper's works, Tome I., pp. 64-66, is a note by Camper himself, referring to Von Wurmb's papers, and continuing thus: "Heretofore, this kind of ape had never been known in Europe. Radermacher has had the kindness to send me the skull of one of these animals, which measured fifty-three inches, or four feet five inches in height. I have sent some sketches of it to M. Soemmering at Mayence, which are better calculated, however, to give an idea of the form than of the real size of the parts."

These sketches have been reproduced by Fischer and by Lucæ, and bear date 1783, Semmering having received them in 1784. Had either of Von Wurmb's specimens reached Holland, they would hardly have