be understood, even from careful study. In fact, the refrigerator would hide the other fixtures from view, and if shown at all, the sink and wash trays with their connections would have to be shown by dotted lines. Then again, the main lines of waste and back air serving the kitchen fixtures would also come in line with each other, and this as we already know, does not make the drawing any clearer. Consequently, conditions being as they are, it is advisable to make separate elevations of the different parts of the work.

An elevation of the kitchen work can be shown to best advantage by taking a

bottom. The only additional point that the view of the remainder of the waste would show is the connection of the vertical and horizontal lines through Y branch and bend, with cleanout. The line of pantry sinks is shown in elevation in Fig. 73, and this view is taken from a direction exactly opposite to the direction of the arrow B. A side view might have been taken of this part of the work, our reason for choosing the one shown, being to bring out a point concerning the main lines of vent and waste. In Fig. 73 they are one behind the other, the vent being in front. Being of the same diameter,

Bath Room Stack

Kitchen

Stack

Fresh Air Inlet

Pantry Stack,

front elevation of it, that is, by viewing the work from the direction in which the arrow B points.

The refrigerator line can also be included in this elevation, which we show in Fig. 72.

It will be seen that we have not shown the fixtures and connections of the kitchen work on the second floor. Nothing is to be gained by showing this part of the elevation, as it is identical with the work on the third floor, and it is omitted for the sake of economizing space. For this same reason we have not shown the full line of waste to the point where it enters the horizontal line on the cellar

one hides the other, so that wherever the vent line runs, only a part of the hubs on the waste can show. If it had not been for bringing out this point we should have chosen a side view of this work. Just as in Fig. 72, we have omitted the second floor work.

Sometimes it is advisable to show in connection with an elevation, the horizontal line in the cellar. On these two elevations we have omitted it, however, and for two reasons.

In the first place, this additional work would make our illustrations take up more space than we wish to devote to them, and then again, by reference to the

there is nothing in the elevation to show that the refrigerator occupies a position in front of the bath room and kitchen fixtures, and nothing to show this point in relation to the pantry sink excepting the fact that the waste and vent stacks serving the pantry sink cross the pipes of the other fixtures in front of them. Furthermore, even this latter fact is of little importance, for it does not show how far in front the pantry sink is. To ascertain this fact, and the location of the refrigerator, we must look to a plan of the work, that is, to Fig. 75. This goes to show that from no single view can all the facts relating to the work be found, and this is true of the most simple object we can think of. For instance, we can place a board directly in front of us, and at once observe its length and its width, but in order to know its thickness, we must look down upon its edge, in order to get at its thickness. This is a most important fact to understand thoroughly, and a proper understanding of this feature of the work will go a long way to aid in understanding just how important to each other the plan and the elevation are, and why one is as necessary as the other.

Thus far we have been speaking of the elevation shown in Fig. 76, which is taken looking in the direction of arrow B. Now suppose we had viewed the work from the direction of arrow A. We should get the result shown in Fig. 77, which to say the least is very unsatisfactory to a clear understanding of the work. Looking in the direction of A, the fixtures in the bath room, and in the kitchen are one behind the other, and as they must be shown in this way on the elevation, the result is very confusing and of little value as compared with the elevation of the same work shown in Fig. 76. If the kitchen fixtures had been shown in this elevation (Fig. 77) the confusion of lines would have been still greater. Even the bath trap shows very poorly, and as for showing the vent from this trap, it is almost impossible to do so clearly in this view. The only way in which it could be done with even a moderate amount of success is to work out the view on a much larger scale than is practicable. We believe