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the running trap of Fig. 30. The common fault in drawing this fitting is to make the curve of the trap too low down, that is, to give the trap a much deeper seal than is it really has. Another fault shown in No. 2 as compared with No. 1, is the length of the straight lines connecting the vent hubs with the trap. As seen in No. 1, these hubs set close to the trap, and are close together. We have taken up the construction of these particular fittings in order that use may be made of the instructions given in working out the exercise in drawing which we give in Fig. 31. We would suggest that with this figure as a model the student work out the combination of pipe and fittings as we give it, and on the same scale, or at least no smaller

scale. We believe, by applying the instruction which we have already given, that the beginner will be able to work this exercise out without much difficulty: To start with, run the main line of pipe right through, regardless of fittings, giv ing it a slight pitch, as it would natur ally have. Then put in the trap, and work back. In using the lead pencil do not bear down so heavily that when it comes to erasing lines later, to show in the fittings, the lines cannot be entirely erased. We should have stated previous to this that a hard lead pencil, preferably 6H, should be used, as it makes much cleaner work than a soft pencil. The very small curves, such as seen on the heads of hubs may best be put in by hand, rather than with instruments.

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such as are ordinarily submitted by the architect and an elevation of the building, from which the heights between floors, etc., may be obtained.

The elevation, whether it be of the

As the front of the house we take the end to the left, and the front elevation (Fig. 33), is taken by viewing the work from that point.

The side from which the work is viewed for the side elevations is the side on which the bath room is located. This side view might be taken from the side opposite if desired, and would be as correct a side elevation as the one we have taken.

While not always so, in the present instance the floor plans and plumbing elevations are made on the same scale.

Fig. 33-Front Elevation of Plumbing.

house itself, or of the plumbing, may be taken either from the front or from the side.

In Fig. 32 we give the floor plans of the first and second floors of a residence with a plan elevation showing heights.

The cellar plan is not necessary for the making of the elevation ordinarily, for the elevation cannot usually show the pipes on the cellar bottom to such good advantage as the cellar plan can.

In Fig. 33 we give a front elevation of the plumbing for the house as shown in Fig. 32, and in Fig. 34, the side elevation.

Fig. 34.-Side Elevation of Plumbing.

In order to be correct then, distances between certain points on the floor plans must be the same on the elevation. Therefore, in laying out the front elevation, the first thing to do is to lay out the two

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If these facts do not explain themselves readily to our readers, we would advise them to refer back to what we had to say on projection. We have brought it up at this point in order that our readers may get the idea somewhat in their minds, but shall take it up more thoroughly at a later point in this book. In the same way that the distance between pipes is laid out, other measurements are taken. Thus, looking from the front for the front elevation (Fig. 33), we find the lavatory shown on the first floor plan to be at the right of

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Correct and Incorrect Drawing for Fittings.

of the house from the front would give. We wish to make ourselves very clear on this point, as the beginner in drawing often makes a mistake right here. The actual distance between the two lines of pipe as shown in the first floor plan, is the distance from A to C, but in viewing the work from the front, the distance will appear as the distance across from A to B. In the same way in the side elevation the distance between the two pipes will not be the actual distance from A to C, for a view taken by looking at the work from the side will make the distance appear as that from A to D.

N° 3.

N° 4.

FIG. 36.

Another Correct and Incorrect method of Drawing for Fittings.

the stack A. Therefore in the elevation, locate it at the same distance to the right of the stack as shown on page 31.

The plans and elevations of any piece of work must always be consistent. Otherwise, they are of no value. The plan of the lavatory just referred to shows that it is set away and from the stack in a certain manner, this we cannot show nearly so well in the elevation. The latter view shows how high the fixture is set, etc., which the plan cannot show. Each view then has its own special use and value. Now let us compare the two elevations. We shall see that the front elevation is far less clear than the side, and so thoroughly is this true, that we have not shown in the connection for the separate fixtures on the front elevation. In the bath room and kitchen the fixtures come in front of each other, and if we should attempt on this small scale to show all the connections, the work would be so confused and mixed up that it would be useless.

The side elevation, however, shows everything clearly. The comparison of the two elevations makes it clear then, that in making an elevation of the plumbing work of any building from the plans, we should be careful to select that elevation which will show the work most clearly. Indeed, it is sometimes necessary to show one stack as a front elevation, and another on the same work as a side elevation. This we shall consider later on.

In Figs. 35 and 36 we give correct and incorrect methods of drawing certain fittings. No. 1, in Fig. 35, shows a T-Y.

The branch is actually a short one and not carried on a wide sweep, with the branch, but so far out as No. 2 shows. The depth of hubs should be about twothirds the diameter of the pipe.

The vented T-Y is shown in its correct form in No. 3, and should not be made as in No. 4 with the branch hub too far out, and with the branch too leved. The vent hub should be on the same level as the main hub on the fitting.

In Fig. 36 the branch of the inverted Y should be made at 45 deg., and not at 30 deg., as shown in No. 2. No. 3 shows the correct form of the vent fitting used in connecting the main vent back into the stack. The hubs should not be on the same level as No. 4 shows, and the

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