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SEEN AND UNSEEN.

THE wind ahead, the billows high,
A whited wave, but sable sky,
And many a league of tossing sea.
Between the hearts I love and me.

The wind ahead: day after day
These weary words the sailors say;
To weeks the days are lengthened now-
Still mounts the surge to meet our prow.

Through longing day and lingering night
I still accuse Time's lagging flight,

Or gaze out o'er the envious sea,
That keeps the hearts I love from me.

Yet, ah, how shallow is all grief!
How instant is the deep relief!
And what a hypocrite am I,

To feign forlorn, to 'plain and sigh!

The wind ahead? The wind is free!
Forevermore it favoreth me-
To shores of God still blowing fair,
O'er seas of God my bark doth bear.

This surging brine I do not sail,
This blast adverse is not my gale;

'Tis here I only seem to be,

But really sail another sea

Another sea, pure sky its waves,

Whose beauty hides no heaving graves

A sea all haven, whereupon

No hapless bark to wreck hath gone.

The winds that o'er my ocean run

Reach through all heavens beyond the sun;

Through life and death, through fate, through time,

Grand breaths of God, they sweep sublime.

Eternal trades, they cannot veer,

And, blowing, teach us how to steer;
And well for him whose joy, whose care,
Is but to keep before them fair.

Oh, thou God's mariner, heart of mine,
Spread canvas to the airs divine!
Spread sail! and let thy Fortune be
Forgotten in thy Destiny!

For Destiny pursues us well,

By sea, by land, through heaven or hell;
It suffers Death alone to die,

Bids Life all change and chance defy.

Would earth's dark ocean suck thee down?
Earth's ocean thou, O Life, shalt drown,
Shalt flood it with thy finer wave,
And, sepulchred, entomb thy grave!

Life loveth life and good: then trust
What most the spirit would, it must;
Deep wishes, in the heart that be,
Are blossoms of Necessity.

A thread of Law runs through thy prayer,

Stronger than iron cables are;

And Love and Longing toward her goal

Are pilots sweet to guide the Soul.

So Life must live, and Soul must sail,
And Unseen over Seen prevail,
And all God's argosies come to shore,
Let ocean smile, or rage and roar.

And so, 'mid storm or calm, my bark

With snowy wake still nears her mark;

Cheerly the trades of being blow,

And sweeping down the wind I go.-Atlantic Monthly.

ACTION AND PRAYER.-That was a wise man who said: "He that acts toward men as if God saw him, and prays to God as if men heard him, although he may not obtain all he asks, or succeed in that he undertakes, will most probably deserve to do so.

A DEVELOPMENT OF THE FUNDAMENTAL NOTIONS OF

GRAMMAR;

BEING AN INTRODUCTION TO BECKER'S SCHOOL GRAMMAR.

No. I V.

Translated and Modified for the Wisconsin Journal of Education.

(Continued from the July Number.)

III.

THE manner of the predicated activity is often denoted by its likeness to the same activity in another subject. The likeness is also expressed by adverbs of manner.

Ex.-Thou dcst speak masterly (as a master) foolishly, etc.

Adverbs of manner are, with few exceptions, notion-words (2); but the relations of the predicated activity to the speaker are frequently denoted by form-words, which are also called adverbs, and distinguished as adverbial form-words (¿10.)

Ex. He dwells here, there. He sleeps now. He has just come, and will soon go again. He is often sick, very learned, exceedingly industrious. He has gone, perhaps, probably.

RELATIONS OF THOUGHTS TO ONE ANOTHER.

? 12. Two thoughts often stand in such relation to each other that they are united into one thought, and the sentences which express them, into one sentence, which is called a compound sentence. The united sentences are then called co ordinate sentences, and the union a co-ordinate union.

Ex.-The enemy is watchful, and the power is his.

Two thoughts may be united into one, if they stand either in a causal or in an adversative relation to each other.

Two thoughts stand in a causal relation to each other, when one thought contains the ground of the other.

Ex.-My heart I follow, for I can trust it. Heaven spake; therefore I was silent.

Two thoughts stand in an adversative relation to each other, if one anuuls or restricts the other, or contains an adversative ground of the other

sentence.

Ex. They did not venture near the enemy, but turned back without having effected their object. He does not know thee, but I know thee. War is terrible as the plagues of Heaven. yet it is good.

Two or more thoughts may be united into one when they stand in a contrasted, causal, or adversative relation to a third thought, expressed or understood.

Ex.-She was poor, she was not of high rank; she could think of marriage with him. We have won for ourselves this soil by the industry of our hands; and changed the old forest into a habitation of men; and killed the brood of dragons, etc., etc., (Therefore this soil is ours.) The causal and adversative relations are called the logical relations of thought and sentences.

These logical relations are denoted by special form-words, called co-ordinate conjunctions.

A simple sentence often becomes a compound sentence by expressing one member of the sentence, the subject, or an attribute, or an object, in the form of a thought,* by a sentence. Then that sentence which expresses the main thought is called the principal sentence, and that which expresses only a member of it in the form of a thought, is called an accessory sentence; and the union of the sentences is a subordinating union.

Ex.-Happen then what must (the necessary). What I can and am is at thy service. They demand in anger that the maiden die (the death of the maiden). We were happy people before you came (before your coming).

IV.

In compound sentences of this sort the principal sentence expresses a thought (a judgment, a question, or a wish) of the speaker; the necessary sentence expresses only a notion, or a thought only spoken of by the speaker (29).

Ex-Insist upon it, that his lordship withdraw (upon the withdrawa', etc.) Pray Gɔd that he may enlighten you with his wisdom. etc.

The relation in which the accessory sentence stands to its principal sentence, is not a logical one, i.e., a relation of thoughts to one another, but a grammatical relation of notions (28), to-wit:

(a.) The relation of the subject to the predicate.

Ex.-Does what makes him eloquent; tie your tongue?

(b.) The relation of an attribute to its relative word.
Ex. The honor which belongs to him, I gladly give him.

(6.) The relation of an object to the predicate.

Ex.-I must speak what is true.

These relations are also denoted by special form-words, called subordinating conjunctions. They are especially denoted by a demonstrative or interrogative pronoun standing in the accessory sentence; and these,

* A notion being but a contracted thought, it may, of course, be readily expanded into a thought.

if they denote the relation of an accessory to its principal sentence, are called relative pronouns.

La-He who touches pitch defiles himself. I do not know what I am to say.

INFLECTION AND FORM-WORDS.

(23.) We call the relations of notions to one another, and the relations of notions to the speaker, the grammatical relations of notions. They are expressed in part by the inflection of notional words and in part by formwords.

By inflection is meant the change in the vocal relation of a word, corresponding to a special relation of the word to other words. This consists partly in a change of the vocal, and partly in the taking of endings, called inflectional endings.

Ex.-Speak, spoke, spoken, speaks.

We call the uninflected form of the word, as distinguished from the ending, the stem.

Form-words, like inflectional endings, express, not notions, but the relations of notions only. They often occupy, too, the place of endings.

Ex.-More wise, a ring of gold, instead of wis-er, and a gold-en rirg.

Remark 1.-Form-words are, for the most part, words which original'y expressed notions, and afterward took the signification of form-words.

Remark 2.-As the stem with its termination, so according to its signification does the notion-word with its form-word constitute a whole, and, in a manner, one word, although they are separate in writing.

I.-CLASSES OF FORM-WORDS.

(14.) Under form-words are included, accordingly 10 and 12, the verb to be, the auxiliaries, the pronouns, the numerals, the prepositions, the conjunctions, and the adverbial form-words.

1. The verb to be does not express like other verbs, e.g., to speak, to

run,

the notion of a predicated activity, but it denotes, with adjectives, that predication which is denoted in other verbs by terminations. (2,24). The verb to be is, therefore, called the word of predication, or the predicating word.

Ex.-Thou art watchful, thou watch-est. He was watchful, he watch-ed. He is asleep, he sleep. 8

2. The auxiliarics, namely, the auxiliaries of time, have, shall or will, and be, and the auxiliaries of mode, can, may, will, shall, must, and let, do no longer express, like other verbs, notions of activities, but denote only the relations of the activity—the former the time-relation, and the latter the mode-relation. (10.)

3. Pronouns, e.g., I, thou, he, she, it, do not express, as band, runner,

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