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The relation of a being to an activity is called an objective relation, if the general notion of the activity is specialized by the being. (§ 4.) This relation is either completing or adverbial (non-completing).

I. The objective relation is completing, if the general notion of a verb or adjective is specialized by the object, and at the same time completed by it. (§5). We distinguish the following particular kinds of the completing relation :

(a). The notion of activity requires for its completing an object thought as a person. (§ 10). This is called the relation of the dative.

Ex.-Obey thy father; I follow the leader; Your father serves the king.

(b). The notion of activity requires for its completion an object thought as a thing, (§ 10), and this in different ways:

1. The object is thought as a thing calling forth the activity: This is called the relation of the objective genitive.

Ex. He is ashamed of his name; Think of thy promise; Hs is tired of play. 2. The object is thought as the passive object of a transitive activity. (5). This is the relation of the accusative.

The child drinks milk. He plants a tree.

3. The object is thought as an effort of the activity. This is called the relation of the factitive.

He makes his house a tavern; He has become a beggar.

The completing relation is expressed sometimes by the inflection of the substantive (or pronoun); oftener by special form-words called prepositions.

II. The objective relation is adverbial, if the general-notion of the verb or adjective is reduced to a special-notion, by the object, but is not completed by it.

Adverbial relations include the space-relation, the time-relation, the causal relation, and the relation of manner.

(a). In the space-relation we distinguish :

1. The place (where) eg, he stands upon the mountain; the bird sits in the cage.

2. The direction of the activity, namely:

i. The direction whence, e.g., he comes from the mountain, the bird flies out of the cage.

ii. The direction whither: e.g., he goes up the mountain, he puts the bird into the cage.

With some verbs, as, to stand, to sit, to set, to lie, to lay, the spatial retion is completing.

Ex. He lays the keys upou the table. The light stands upon the table. The mother lays her child in the cradle.

(b.) In the time-relation we distinguished the point of time which answers to the when, e. g. at evening, the first of May; and the duration of time, (how long), e. g. He works three days. He sleeps eight hours.

If another activity is so related to the predicate, that it is thought as cotemporary with the predicate, but not as a precise determination of the time of the predicate; it is called an activity joined with the predicate.

Ex. He went thence smiling. Astonished, or with astonishment he heard the news. He obeys in silence. He goes bare-headed. Better be poor with honor, than rich with shame.

(c.) Under the causal relation are included the ground and the aim of an activity.

In the relation of the ground we distinguish,

1. The effectual ground.

Ex. The streams are swollen by the continual storms. He has acquired a fortune by his activity.

2. The possible ground.

Ex-By continual storms (if the storms continue), the harvest is destroyed With a favorable wind, (if the wind is favorable), we cross the lake in an hour.

3. The adversation ground, i.e., the ground for the non-reality of a predicated activity.

Ex.-With his great income, he has the cares of life. He goes for a walk, notwithstanding the rain. He has gone on a journey against his father's will.

The ground is called the real ground, if it causes anything to take place according to the laws of nature.

The real ground is called the active ground, if it is thought as the actually efficient ground, and the subject of the predicated activity is thought as one that suffers the effect in itself.

Ex. The grass is withered by the heat of the sun. The lead melts with the heat. He trembles with cold

The real ground is called a means, if not the ground, but the subject of the predicated activity is thought active and actually efficient, and the effect is thought as one had in view by the subject.

Ex.-He supports himself by the labor of his hands. He has deceived us by his

fine speeches.

The real ground includes also the material of which any thing is made. Ex. To make bread of potatoes. To make an image of clay.

JOURNAL OF EDUCATION:

THE ORGAN OF THE

STATE TEACHERS' ASSOCIATION,

AND OF THE

DEPARTMENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION.

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE.

Rev. J. B. PRADT, SHEBOYGAN.
J. L. PICKARD, PLATTEVILLE.
E. C. JOHNSON, FOND DU LAC.
A. PICKETT, HORICON.
A. J. CRAIG, PALMYRA.

Mrs. H. S. ZOLLER, PORTAGE City.
Miss E. L. BISSELL, PRAIRIE DU CHIEN,
Miss H. A. EVERTS, MILWAUKEE,
Miss E. B. LOWBER, JANESVILLE.
Miss M. A. ROBERTS, WHITEWATER.
Miss K. E. DEMING, KENOSHA.
HOWARD CRAMER, LA CROSSE.

J. G. McKINDLEY, MILWAUKEE.

RESIDENT EDITOR: A. J. CRAIG, PALMYRA.

VOLUME IV.

MADISON, WIS.:

ATWOOD, RUBLEE & REED, BOOK AND JOB PRINTERS.
CORNER OF MIFFLIN AND PINKNEY STREETS.

1860.

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BOOK TABLE, 28, 64, 94, 128, 159, 191, 260, 298, National teachers' association,

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330, 399

347

Our system of school supervision, Our common schools,

10 Overtasking of pupils while in school,

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