vague denomination of "Indo-Germanic or Indo-European languages are the Hindostanic, Iranic, Hellenic, Romanic, Slavonic, Teutonic, and Celtic." We should far exceed our prescribed limits were we to point out the affinities that connect these families, or enter into any details concerning the languages they respectively comprise; suffice it to say, that the Hindostanic family possesses three ancient languages, the Sanskrit, Bali, and Kavi, from which most of the living languages of Northern and Central India are derived; the Iranic family has also three extinct languages, the Zend, Pehlvi, and Parsi, the latter being the parent of modern Persian; the Hellenic family has ancient and modern Greek; the Romanic family, Latin, from which are derived Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Occitannic (La Langue d'oc), French, Rumansch (spoken in the Canton of Grisons), and Rumenic, a language spoken by 3,400,000 Valachs, in Hungary, Transylvania, Moldavia, Walachia, and Bulgaria. The Slavonic family comprises the Illyrian, Servian, Croatian, Russian, Polish, Bohemian, and other cognate languages. The Teutonic and Celtic families have already been described. The most ancient languages of this tribe are the Sanskrit and Zend, to which, it would appear, the Celtic languages have but a remote affinity. The Celtic may, in fact, be regarded as the family the most distantly related to its tribe. The families that offer the greatest resemblance are the Hindostanic, Iranic, Hellenic, Romanic, and Teutonic.

Returning to the anthropological branch of ethnology, we must remark that each variety of the human species may be divided into races-each race offering certain physiological and psychological traits that distinguish it from all others. Thus, among the numerous races that constitute the West Asiatic Variety, the two that are the immediate object of the present inquiry may be thus characterized.

*We have taken this description from the remarks Dr. Gustaf Kombst has appended to his Ethnographic Map of Great Britain and Ireland, published in Johnstone's splendid edition of Berghaus's Physical Atlas, omitting, however, such of his moral and intellectual (psychological) characteristics as

We may remark that physiological characteristics are, in a great measure, indelible; but the original psychological qualiwe deemed inapplicable, either on account of their savouring too much of a preconceived theory, or of their being more attributable to the influence of social institutions than to idiosyncrasy of race. We subjoin these passages as we should regret giving a gentleman of Dr. Kombst's learning and abilities any reason to complain of their omission. They are, for the Teutonic race, "Want of concentrativeness; self-government in all spheres of life. Fond of titles and social distinctions" (a trait quite as applicable, we should imagine, to mankind in general as to the Teutonic race). "No foundling hospitals; spirit for benevolent foundations. Recklessness regarding other nations' rights, overbearing, haughty spirit. Musical talent in most Teutonic tribes great. Skilful seamen. On the whole, fond of spirituous liquors." And, for the Celtic race, "Disposition for concentrating political and administrative power. Want of respect for human life-want of penetration, and desire for personal independence and political freedom. Disposition to superstition and hierarchy. Foundling hospitals. In most Celtic countries, no laws regarding paternity, or for the sustenance of, so-called, natural children by the father. Bad seamen. Not fit for colonising."

Te pre

"Recklessness regarding other nations' rights, overbearing, haughty spirit," is much the same kind of phrase as a Parisian journalist would make use of to designate "la perfide Albion." Now admitting, for the sake of argument, that, as a nation, we do possess this character, and we will admit that we are somewhat too haughty and overbearing-very unenviable qualities certainly, but which are the necessary consequences of our unexampled maritime power and commercial prosperity-still Dr. Kombst would not be justified in attributing such psychological traits to the Teutonic race, for our good-natured brethren the Germans, who form the mass of this race, are unquestionably the least haughty and overbearing people in existence. We p sume that, when Dr. Kombst attributed "want of respect for human life" to the Celtic race, he had the Irish in view, and forgot for the moment that the Scandinavians of the olden time showed less "respect for human life" than any people whose sanguinary deeds ever stained the pages of history. And as to the agrarian outrages of Ireland, they are the necessary result of the wretched system pursued for centuries in that unhappy country. Place any people on the face of the earth, no matter of what race or of what religion, in the same deplorable situation as the Irish peasantry, and the same consequences will inevitably ensue. The inhabitants of Cornwall, who are regarded by Dr. Kombst as the purest Celtic race of any in Great Britain and Ireland," do not figure in our criminal records more frequently than their Saxon neighbours of the adjacent counties; neither have we heard of their being" bad seamen," a quality which Dr. Kombst also ascribes to their race. The rude Styrian boor, as prone to superstition as the Irish Celt, and uniting low cunning with an obtuseness of intellect almost unparalleled; the lively, jovial Rheinlander and the intellectual Saxonian present the same physiological traits, and belong to the same branch (the High Germanic) of the Teutonic race; yet we think Dr. Kombst, who, we presume, is also a German, would be somewhat puzzled to draw up a moral and intellectual character" equally applicable to them.

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ties, due to physical conformation and temperament, are so modified and changed by the influence of civil and religious institutions, that we ought to be extremely cautious in applying them to characterize a race. There are, however, certain psychological traits, which may be regarded as inherent, susceptible of undergoing a slight modification-of assuming a greater or lesser degree of intensity; but, so long as the race remains unmixed, totally ineradicable, these ought to be carefully distinguished from adventitious qualities, which may be applied to a particular tribe or nation, and ascribed to the influence of its peculiar institutions, but never made use of to designate a race. Among the psychological characteristics which ethnological writers have applied to the Teutonic and Celtic races, we have selected, though with some slight hesitation, such as we deem inherent, discarding others which, for the reasons stated in the note, we must consider as entirely adventitious.

Anthropology having established the existence of distinct races, and glossology the existence of distinct linguistic families, it remained for the higher science of ethnology to ascertain whether the races of the one coincide with the families of the other. In the two races and families we have especially in view, this is strictly the case. All nations that belong physiologically to the Teutonic race, either speak, or have originally spoken, one or other of the Teutonic languages, and those belonging to the Celtic race one or other of the Celtic languages. The physiological character of a nation lasts, however, much longer than its language. Hence when two nations present the same physiological traits, we may take for granted that they are of a common origin, although the languages they speak may not possess the slightest affinity. The inhabitants of Cornwall, for instance, speak English, but present all the characteristics of the Celtic race, and we know that their Celtic language only became extinct in the last century *.

* For the "distribution of races" in the British Isles, we refer the reader to Dr. Kombst's map before mentioned, and subjoin the following extract from the remarks which accompany it.

"If we were," he says, "to make an average calculation as to the ethnographic quality of the blood in the population inhabiting Great Britain, (for an accurate calculation will for the present at least be out of the question,) we would most probably arrive at the following result."

In the British islands the Teutonic and Celtic races have remained tolerably distinct; but it is obvious that centuries of war and conquests have frequently blended into one nation tribes of different races, though the effects which such a fusion produces are, generally speaking, not so great as might be expected. The conquerors of a country have generally been a much less numerous body than the people they conquered, which will account for the slight modification that the physiological character of several subjugated nations has undergone. Thus, although France has been successively conquered by the Romans, by the Franks, Burgundians, and other Germanic tribes, and at a more recent period by the Normanno-Saxons of England, we find that the French of the present day retain in a marked degree all the physiological and psychological traits that characterize the Celtic race. On closer examination we may certainly perceive the traces of these conquests in the shades of character and physiognomy that distinguish the inhabitants of the various provinces. The people of Normandy, for instance, still retain. some of the characteristic traits of the Scandinavians; the

I. PURE BLOOD.

1. Teutonic, in England, Scotland, and the east and north-east

10,000,000

of Ireland

2. Celtic, in Cornwall, Wales, the Scottish Highlands, and Ireland

6,000,000

16,000,000

II. MIXED BLOOD.

1. Teutonic (that is, with prevalent Teutonic character), in England, Scotland, and the east and north-east of Ire

land

6,000,000

2. Celtic (that is, with prevalent Celtic character), in Cornwall, Wales, the Scottish Highlands, and Ireland

4,000,000

10,000,000

We must observe, that in our acceptation of the terms, Dr. Kombst's map is not an ethnographic but an anthropographic map, as it merely distinguishes races and not languages. A map indicating languages would be a glossographic map, and one indicating both races and languages, a real eth nographic map.