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Subjunctive Protasis and Indicative Apodosis in Plautus. By Herbert C. Nutting. Pp. 35-94. January, 1905...... .60 3. The Whence and Whither of the Modern Science of Language, by Benj. 4. On the Relation of Horace to Lucretius, by William A. Merrill. Pp. .25 (4) Literature as an Expression of Social Condition II. The Industrial Revolution (1) What it was, and its Economic Effects (2) The Social Consequences of the Revolution III. The Characteristics of the New Literature (1) Exaltation of the Individual (a) Deepened Sentiment 264 € 268 268 275 290 294 294 PREFATORY REMARKS While inquiring into the origin of Socialism and its connection with literary history, I was impressed by what seemed to be a remarkable correspondence in time between several historical movements-until I reflected that every age must have the like correspondences. I observed first of all that the great revolution in industry began in the second quarter of the century and culminated about 1820; that the social movement which transformed England from an agricultural nation into a manufacturing nation-from a rural nation, so to speak, into an urban nation-corresponds roughly in dates of beginning and culmination with those of the industrial revolution; that Methodism originated, flourished, and grew independent in the same period; that deism transformed itself into pantheism and atheism; that the doctrine of the rights of man came forward as an active and more or less respectable propoganda, increased in honor, and fought its way to victory within this period of industrial change; and that the rise and triumph of a literary movement falls within the same period. And I had already observed that out of the period emerges Socialism, a lusty and rapidly growing child. Was there, I inquired, a logical and closely knit relation between these various movements? Was there any one of them fundamental, and the prime mover of all the others? Now, one who undertakes to discover and describe causal relations in human history finds such an array of movements bewildering. And he finds the multiplicity of their interactions further adding to his bewilderment. Movements make their appearance insiduously or with a blare of trumpets; the injection of a new situation or personality may suddenly transform them; they may seem to have disappeared, when in reality they are only comparatively inarticulate. They give rise to other movements, or affect those in existence in various subtle ways. They affect and are affected by time and national spirits. as they affect and are affected by the qualities of individual geniuses. One movement may be another when viewed from another point of view, or one movement may be partly coincident with another, or one movement may include one or more other movements. It is truly a Ptolemaic system of change, cycle upon epicycle. The investigator who enters upon its labyrithine mazes may well be modest. In the pages which follow I make nowhere any very serious attempt to be definitive or exhaustive. I should entertain such an ambition only if I had a minute and detailed knowledge of English literature and its most nearly related literatures in all their historical and esthetic aspects and English history, political, social, and economic, with a fair knowledge of the economic history of the chief countries of Europe; but of such attainments I cannot boast. I shall be content if I have properly emphasized that which is certainly an important and hitherto, apparently, a rather neglected phase of one of the most interesting periods of our literary history. Except when one is inspired it is a very difficult matter to say anything both original and true about the past of our thoroughly criticised literature. The chief claim to originality in these pages lies in the correlation and elaboration of suggestions from many sources. Some of the thoughts-not, I hope, the most unsound ones-are so far as I know, strictly my own; but by these I set no great store, because I am well aware that my theories and facts may be nullified in their bearing by other possibilities and facts I have overlooked. But every thoughtful man must be convinced that there are logical and close connections between the various movements treated herein-connections that are disregarded in the conventional literary history, and if my attempt should arouse productive effort in someone better qualified to investigate the subject, I shall not have written for naught, whether my conclusions be sound or no. I. THE THESIS 1. ROMANTICISM: DEFINITIONS He who undertakes to define the Romantic and Romanticism invites trouble; and he who attempts to talk about them without defining them invites disaster. Since in this study we are concerned only with the period of the Romantic Revolt, I shall try to avoid both trouble and disaster by accepting two widely received understandings of what constituted the Romanticism of that period. As applied to the Revolt the term is understood in two senses- -a broad and a narrow. This will be explained by an interpretation of the term Romantic Revolt. As herein used it covers more than simply the awakening to interest in the medieval and allied subjects kindred in the characteristic of remoteness; it includes both the romantic in this narrower sense, and the naturalistic movement, and, in fact, all those tendencies which resulted in the transformation of the spirit of the Augustan literature into the spirit of the Victorian. To limit it within narrower bounds would lead to the consideration of the progress of only part of the transforming revolutionary movements instead of the progress of all. For the purposes of this study, therefore, Romanticism in its broader sense denotes the dominant characteristics of the literature of the revolt, and will be designated simply as Romanticism; in its narrower sense as signifying the characteristics of that portion of the literature which was concerned only with the revival of romance, and whose dominant characteristic was the emphasis of the remote in time and place and spirit, it will be designated generally as Emphasis upon the Remote. Here and there it may occur that romanticism in the narrower sense is meant, but the rather awkward expression emphasis upon the remote is, for purely literary reasons, not employed. In such cases it is hoped that the context will make evident in what sense the term is used. |