The bays of this form of building are built about 8 feet centers, and the transverse span of the floor timbers should be about 20 feet, never to exceed 25 feet. The sides of the building may be of 24-inch, or 3-inch planks, planed on the inside, tongued and grooved, or better, with a groove in each edge and separate splines put in, and spiked on horizontally, the window frames sustaining the ends of the planks reaching them. The planks should be at least two bays (16 feet) in length, and nominally break joints every three feet. As the spaces above and below the windows are the only places where the planking is horizontally continuous, it will be better to break joints every two planks. If preferred, the planks may be put on vertically, for which purpose horizontal spiking strips may be let into the posts, or spiked on their surface, at the tops and bottoms of the windows. A very strong and rigid structure may be constructed by applying the planks in a diagonal position, thus bracing the framework in a most effectual manner. The waste of materials will be somewhat increased, and the labor cost will be considerably higher. Outside of this planking may be applied corrugated iron, sheet steel shingles (so-called), or sheet steel stamped to represent clapboards or stone work. A large variety of this material is now made in artistic forms, which is easily applied, attractive in appearance, very durable when kept painted, and nearly impassable to any ordinary fire. The timber work showing inside, as well as the under side of the secondfloor planks, and the roof planks, should be planed and may then be kalsomined or covered with any of the so-called "cold water paints," which may be of any desired tint, neat appearance, and sufficiently porous to permit the timber to season nearly as well as if it were not covered at all. The ground floor may be laid upon floor timbers, as shown at the right of the engraving, and should consist of 3-inch planks, about 6 inches wide, grooved on each edge, and have separate splines fitted in. They should be two bays (16 feet) in length, and break joints every three feet. Upon these should be laid a top flooring of 14-inch hard wood, running the same direction as the 3-inch planks. These planks may be taken up and replaced at any time when they become worn and unfit for further use, without disturbing the main flooring. To preserve this floor from decay, an air space, at least the thickness of the floor timbers, and twice that is better, should be left under it and be ventilated by small grated openings in the foundation walls. At the left of the engraving is shown a floor laid directly upon coal-tar concrete. There are three methods of putting down this kind of a floor. The first style is to lay down a foundation or bed of small crushed stone or cinders to the depth of six inches, for ordinary purposes. Upon this is laid two inches of coal-tar concrete, or of sand mixed with hot coal-tar, and directly upon this is laid 3-inch planks, not tongued or grooved, and over them, and at right angles to them, a top floor of 11-inch hard wood planks. These being spiked together form a solid and rigid mass supported by the concrete. This form may be much improved upon by laying 3 x 4 inch sleepers, which have previously been mopped with hot tar, on the crushed stone, or cinder bed, leveling them up and then filling in the spaces flush with the top of the sleepers with hot tar concrete, then spiking down a main floor of 2inch planks, not matched, and over this, at right angles to it, nailing down a top floor of 1-inch hard wood planks. Still another plan is to lay down the crushed stone or cinders as before, drive stakes four feet apart each way, the tops level with what is to be the under side of the floor. To these spike nailing strips, say of 2 x 4 inch scantling, set edgewise, previously tarred on the bottom, and fill up the spaces with coal-tar concrete as before, and spike down 2-inch planks. This makes a cheap floor and is sufficiently solid and durable for many cases. If it is to be subjected to hard usage, it will be advisable to cover it with a top floor which can be readily renewed when worn out. The second floor is built like that in the preceding chapter, that is, 3-inch grooved planks, with separate splines, two thicknesses of rosinsized paper, mopped with hot tar, and a top floor of hard wood 1 inches thick. The 3-inch planks are at least two bays (16 feet) in length and break joints every three feet. per The roof is built with the rafters supported on the side and center posts, fastened at the center with -inch iron dogs and bolted to the side posts and to the knees of the center posts. The rafters have a pitch of one half inch foot, and are covered with 3-inch planks, grooved on both edges, joined by separate splines, two bays (16 feet) in length and breaking joints every three feet. The roof planks may be covered with roofing paper mopped with tar, and over this thick roofing tin, or with two or three thicknesses of roofing felt, and then tar and gravel, in the usual manner. If it is desirable to erect a frame that shall be entirely self-sustaining, before any planking is put on, it can be done by letting into the outer posts spiking strips in a diagonal position, forming truss-like braces. These will be under the windows on the first floor, and between the first and second-floor windows. In this manner the frame may be rendered very rigid. While this construction is simple and apparently not heavy, such a building will sustain great weights in proportion to the amount of materials used in their construction, and will successfully withstand shocks, strains, and vibration that would seriously injure structures of seemingly much greater strength. CHAPTER VII ONE-STORY MACHINE SHOP OF BRICK AND WOOD Their economical construction. Economy of operation. The walls. Central supporting posts. Traveling crane supports. Foundation piers. Floor construction. Floor foundations. Roof construction. No gutters usually necessary. Form of gutters, if used. Window construction in monitor roof. Kind of glass preferable. Side window construction. Window frames. A practical, efficient, and economical building. FOR machine shops on level land where little grading or preliminary preparation is necessary, and when the stock, materials, and machinery are all comparatively heavy, one-story shops may be very economically built, according to the plan represented in Fig. 15. Such a building is not only economical to construct, but also to operate, in that stock and material is easily and cheaply moved from place to place; a traveling crane space is provided; it can be built of any length, and nearly any convenient width; it may be well lighted, no matter in what direction it faces; the form of the timber work renders the hanging of shafting and the putting up of countershafts convenient and economical; it is easy to heat and be readily ventilated, and the heavy plank roof is free from the trouble of condensation in cold weather. may The walls are of brick, 16 inches thick, and the divisions into window spaces or bays are 10 feet. No pilasters are necessary on a wall of this height, unless very heavy machinery or material is to be employed. The piers between the windows furnish support for the roof timbers, which are 8 x 16 inches, and placed 10 feet centers, and have a pitch of one half inch to the foot. The central posts are 10 x 10 inches, and in addition to furnishing support for the inner ends of the roof timbers, they also support the monitor roof structure, whose rafters are cut to the necessary form to give the roof a pitch of one half inch to the foot. To insure rigidity, and to resist wind-pressure, they are braced as shown. If the building is to be for very heavy work the central posts should be 12 x 12 inches. Along the insides of the central space is run a timber support for the track of the traveling crane. These timbers are bolted to the posts and in FIG. 15. Machine Shop of one story, Slow-Burning Construction, of Brick and Wood. addition are supported by brackets, also bolted to the posts. These brackets may be of either hard wood or of cast iron. If the latter, they may have a rib let into the post, for additional strength. If the traveling crane is to handle very heavy loads it will be necessary to support the horizontal timber by auxiliary posts bolted to the main posts and the horizontal timber resting upon their upper ends. The foundation piers on which the central posts rest should be deep and have a broad base, as they will probably be called upon to sustain much greater weights than the foundation for the side walls, particularly if the shop is designed for heavy work. The floors should have ample foundation support, and should be constructed by putting down from six to ten inches of broken stone or cinders, well rammed down. Upon this bed floor timbers 4 x 6 inches may be laid four feet apart, first applying hot tar to their under sides. These having been carefully leveled up, the spaces and all interstices under them should be carefully filled with a concrete of sand of very clean, fine gravel, mixed with hot coal-tar. When this has thoroughly set and hardened, a floor of 3-inch planks may be spiked down. Over this, and at right angles |