nailed through the back. All the shelves and upright partitions should be inch narrower than the uprights at the ends, while the top should project inch at the front and ends. The bins may be built in place, nailed to the floor, but it is sometimes desirable to have such fittings built separate and set in place when completed, so that they may be moved, in case it should be necessary to do so, without partially or wholly destroying them.

The location of the piles of lumber is indicated by dotted lines, and the capacity of the space is marked in each case. At the side of the yard track entering the carpenter shop is a cutting-off saw. This may be one with a sliding table, upon which the lumber to be cut is placed and moved toward the saw. But for rapid work a swinging saw, pivoted overhead, and quickly moved in an arc across the piece of lumber, is preferable for the ordinary rough work called for in the carpenter shop. Of course, such a saw must be carefully protected so that the careless use of it may not be dangerous to the workmen.

Near the cutting-off saw is the rip saw, but located at right angles to it so that long lumber may be handled, and in order to increase this capacity it is placed between the two doors, thus permitting the handling of lumber of almost any length. A work bench occupies the entire length of the inner side. of the shop, furnishing an ample space for five men at bench work. It is fitted with removable vises in order that long work may be handled if necessary. A door 10 feet wide leads into the yard and one of the same width into the storehouse. These should be sliding doors, the latter a properly protected fire door. A side door 4 feet wide gives entrance to the tram track from the yard. In the large outer sliding door it is well to put a small swinging door, say 30 inches wide, for convenient use in winter, to avoid the necessity of opening the large door for the passing in and out of the workmen.

The storehouse adjoins the carpenter shop, communicating with it by way of the 10-foot fire door just mentioned, and with the rear end of the machine shop by a 14-foot sliding door, also arranged as a fire door. The relative position, as well as the complete plan, is shown in the engraving in Fig. 156. A steam railroad track runs along the rear of the as closely as may be to the shipping doors of the storeroom. in number, one of 12 feet, and the other two 8 feet in width. this side and four in the end of the storehouse afford sufficient light for the usual purposes.

entire plant, and These are three Six windows in

The floor of the storeroom is raised above the floor of the machine shop to such a height that the top of the platforms of the cars running on the machine shop floor track will be the exact height of this floor. A portion of the floor of sufficient width to admit a shop platform car is cut out, as shown in Fig. 156. By this means machines may be placed on these cars by the traveling crane

in the machine shop, run into the storeroom and unloaded on the floor at the exact level with the top of the car platform. From here they may be taken on rollers (if they are skidded) or on machine trucks, and put in their proper places on the storeroom floor. At each of the three shipping doors there should be an I-beam extending out over the railroad track, upon which is mounted. a trolley hoist, preferably operated by compressed air or electricity. These I-beams should extend back at least to the center of the storehouse and, better still, all the way across it. They may be connected by lateral I-beams, by curves, by turntables, etc., so that nearly all parts of the storehouse may be effectively covered. The lateral tram car tracks will prove a valuable adjunct to this system in moving machines from place to place on the storehouse floor.

In storing machines of various sizes in the storehouse while awaiting shipment it is frequently difficult to get at just the size of machine wanted without the trouble and expense of moving several others, for it is a common saying among shippers that "it is always the machine in the furthest corner. that we want." In the dotted lines in the plan, Fig. 156, is laid out an arrangement of machines of a dozen different sizes, in such a manner that any size may be brought out for shipment without materially disturbing those of any other size. Of course this shows an arbitrary lot of sizes, but the plan here used, of reserving central aisles with cross aisles at proper intervals, is a plan which storeroom men and shippers will do well to familiarize themselves

with and to adapt to their special needs by changing it to suit the particular class of machines with which they have to deal.

In the case of small machines that may be stored on shelves, provision should be made for them by arranging shelving on the alcove plan, similar to that employed in storing patterns in the pattern storage room. In such cases such trucks as heretofore described in these chapters may be advantageously used, the truck wheels being located so as to fit the regular shop track. Manufactured machines may then be handled with very little labor of loading and unloading, the use of the overhead trolley being brought into requisition whenever possible. Branches from them may be run over the centers of the alleys between the sections of shelving as may be necessary.

In all manufacturing establishments making machines in whose construction cast iron enters considerably, there is more or less painting required. The present demand is for very clean, smooth work, finished with some one of the various machine enamels. These enamels, so called, are to a great extent composed of a pigment mixed with some kind of varnish, usually of gum copal, thus forming the "air-drying enamel," in contradistinction to the "baking enamel," so much used on bicycle parts and similar work. In the manufactory of the kind under consideration the machines will usually be of a size to render their removal to a special paint shop, and from thence, after painting, to a storehouse, a matter of considerable expense. They are, therefore, painted in the erecting departments, and the expense of providing a special painting department is avoided. Still there must be a safe and proper place for keeping paints, oils, and other painters' supplies and materials, and also to serve as a sort of shop for the painters.

This kind of a room is shown in Fig. 157. It is located between the

STORE HOUSE

BIN8

SHELVES I

BENCH

MACHINE SHOP UP

SHELVES

BENCH

FIG. 157.-Plan of Paint Room.

storehouse and the machine shop. The floor should be of brick, hard asphalt, or concrete. On the side toward the storehouse are bins for holding dry colors. These should be raised 3 inches from the floor and be constructed of 3-inch pine, similar in form to the bins in the carpenter shop storeroom, but with covers hinged at the top, for excluding dirt. On each side of the door is a bench 2 feet wide and 30 inches high, for convenience in mixing paints. Over each bench is a series of four shelves, 10 inches wide and placed respectively 12, 10, 9, and 8 inches apart from the bench up. These will be convenient for storing small cans of ground paints, brushes, sandpaper, and similar articles. Beneath the benches should be a shelf 16 inches from the floor, and each bench should be provided with a drawer 2 feet square and 8 inches deep, and furnished with a lock. The remainder of the space

on the side toward the machine shop should be provided with a platform 16 inches from the floor, for holding barrels of oil, turpentine, etc., on their sides, and for barrels of such dry materials as it is not desirable to put in the bins.

If considerable lamp black is used there should be a large galvanized receptacle, round or square, with a tightly fitting cover, for its storage, as there is always the danger of spontaneous combustion to be feared from it. Beneath the oil and the turpentine barrels there should be a drip pan of strong galvanized iron. The use of the lighter petroleum products such as gasoline should be avoided, if possible. If we are compelled to use them a separate storeroom should be built in the yard. It should have an iron roof, as a matter of ordinary protection. Any inflammable materials of this kind in use in the shops should be returned to it each night and taken out in the morning. The paint room should, of course, be always locked when none of the regular painters are working in it.

The wash rooms as well as the water-closets are located in the rear portion of the power house and upon each floor, the upper floor on a level with the floor of the machine shop galleries, this location being midway in the length of the machine shop proper, so within the most convenient distance from any point in the shop. There are two doors opening from the machine shop, one to be used as an entrance and the other as an exit door, to avoid the confusion that would otherwise take place if workmen going both in and out were to come in contact during the rush of the men in washing up and leaving the shops at quitting time. The plan is shown in Fig. 158.

In

A series of lockers are located on each side of the room its entire length, and a double row located in the center of the room. These, with a few at either end, will give one hundred and twenty-eight lockers in the room. There are, of course, an equal number in both the upper and the lower rooms. some of the departments, for instance in the small parts storeroom, and the assembling rooms, — perhaps in the grinding room, the carpenter shop, etc., — the workmen may be provided with lockers in their work rooms, but the system can be better cared for by not breaking it up too much. Between the rows of lockers are the wash sinks, constructed after the plan shown in the chapter on iron foundry equipment, affording fresh, clean water to each man. The water used by the men for washing may be warmed in winter by passing it through a steam-heating coil, and the difference in the temperature of the water no doubt would be much appreciated by the men. When water is used for washing from a sink filled for that purpose a jet of steam opening below the level of the water will be a convenient means of warming it for the use of the men.

The windows along the outer wall of the wash room are placed high

enough in the wall to be above the lockers, which should be constructed of expanded metal, or its equivalent, but never of boards, or in any way to prevent the free circulation of air, and of sanitary cleanliness.

The water-closet room opens from the wash rooms.

Windows open

from each side, and there is an additional one at the far end. Those on the

LOCKE

ENGINE ROOM

LOCKERS

TO MACHINE SHOP

WASH SINK

LOCKERS

WASH SINK

LOCKERS

TO WATER CLOSETS

sides are placed high enough to be out of the way of the water-closets on one side and the urinals on the other. There are eighteen waterclosets and twenty one urinals in the room. The urinals are divided by partitions 2 feet wide and 5 feet 8 inches high, and the waterclosets are 32 inches wide and project 4 feet from the wall. Each closet is provided with a light door having double swing, spring butts, and a sliding bolt on the inside. These doors should not reach the floor by about 12 inches, and should extend to the top of the partition. The partitions should be 5 feet 8 inches high. A plan is shown in Fig. 159.

TLOCKERST

FIG. 158. Plan of Wash Room.

BOILER HOUSE

All partitions of the water-closets or urinals, if of wood, should be well painted with a heavy mineral paint, the last coat being of enamel, the preferable color being a steel gray, which is very hard and durable and will stand much washing. It will be better, of course, if these partitions are of metal, similarly painted. They may be of cast iron of an inch thick, strengthened by suitable ribs. For the waterclosets wooden partitions will be preferable. The floor should be of some non-absorbent material with no seams or joints to retain offensive odors. A smoothly surfaced cement composition, such as is used for sidewalks, and commonly called “artificial

WATER CLOSETS

TO WASH ROOM

URINALS

FIG. 159. Plan of Water Closets.

stone" will be the best that can be put down at a reasonable expense. For the second story this may be laid, 2 inches thick, over a wooden floor composed of 3 x 4 inch scantling laid on edge. A similar floor will be suitable for the wash rooms, and much more economical in the long run than a wood floor, which will have to be renewed in a few years as it will decay from the constant wetting from the wash sinks.

On the ground floor the cement surface may be prepared for by broken stone, etc., similar to the usual shop concrete floor, only not nearly so deep.