demands of trade. In this case the force above provided for could well be considerably reduced. If the product of the establishment is of such a nature that improvements, both in the work turned out and also in the tools necessary to accomplish that result, are constantly in progress, the force above specified will not be too great. If the product is such that a majority of the orders are for such machines as have to be made special, or with important features specialized to meet individual cases, then the force described above may not be sufficient to maintain an evenly balanced arrangement and division of the working force of the establishment.

Where the latter condition is found it may be necessary to use a portion of the pattern storage room adjoining the pattern shop, and well lighted for such use, should it become necessary.

The equipment of the pattern shop has been carefully worked out, with the end constantly in view of so arranging the available space and of so equipping it with such woodworking machinery as may be necessary to carry out the plan of keeping the skilled pattern makers constantly at work on that which is essentially pattern work, and requiring a man skilled in that vocation, rather than of allowing them to use their time in getting out dimension lumber, varnishing patterns, and similar work, which may be just as well done by men of less ability and a lower rate of wages.

Consequently the machines, such as surface planer, jointer, rip saw, cutting-off saw, etc., are handled by men who are practically "mill men" who, while they know little or nothing about pattern making, are capable of getting out such dimension lumber as may be called for by the pattern makers in much less time and at less cost than if it were done by the pattern maker himself. So it is with the man who handles the band saw, whose principal work is that of cutting out segments for the building up of the rims of wheels, gears, etc. Being constantly at this particular kind of work, the man need not be a skilled pattern maker and yet can exceed one in the output and the economy of doing this class of work. In the same manner, for varnishing of new patterns and the revarnishing of old ones, a pattern maker is not needed. Neither is it necessary to employ one to mark, letter, arrange, and catalogue the patterns when completed, as this work may be just as well and much more economically done by a special man at a less rate of wages.

The equipment of machinery and fixtures for the pattern shop, and the location selected for them to insure convenience of their operation and of the handling of stock and product without unnecessary labor, is fully shown in the general plan in Fig. 109, and is as follows: Next to the machine shop wall is placed a jointing planer, provided with the usual guides and gages by which the various angles or bevels may be cut upon any length of stock up to 16 feet. Beside this is an ordinary surfacing planer capable of taking in

24 inches in width and, also, 16 feet in length. Upon the jointing planer stuff may be planed "out-of-wind," and then passed to the surfacing planer for reducing it to an even thickness. If much large work is to be made where large and perfectly true surfaces are necessary to be obtained, it will be advisable to have a Daniels, or vertical planer, to which this stuff is first taken. From the surface planer the stuff passes to the rip saw, and from there to the cutting-off or cross-cut saw. In many cases it must be passed back to the jointer to be finished on the edges.

Shop trucks with proper racks should be provided, upon which the lumber may be placed, so that unnecessary handling or carrying may be avoided.

Next to the segment press is a core-box machine, which is a very convenient, if not almost indispensable, machine where many boxes for round cores are to be made, as it accomplishes the work in a fraction of the time required to do it by hand.

Next to the core-box machine is a special pattern maker's circular saw bench, which is so arranged as to carry both rip saw and cutting-off saw, either of which may be brought into use as needed; and a table capable of being set at any desirable angle. The table is provided with guides and gages for cutting any angle wanted. This saw is of special value in patternshop work, and saves much hand labor, even in cutting out the quite small parts of patterns. The Colburn universal saw table is an excellent example of this class of machine.

As a large part of pattern making often consists in laying up segment work, special provision is made for it. From the planers the stuff is taken to the segment table, laid out, then to the band saw where it is cut into segments, from whence it goes to the trimmer, the ends are cut and the segments are fitted into circles on a wooden faceplate. This plate has formed on its under side a recess which fits over the iron faceplate of the lathe. A circle of these segments having been fitted together, they are glued at the ends and small steel dogs inserted to hold them. Another circle is formed and glued at the ends and to the first segment, the dogs being placed in the edges, out of the way, and the whole placed in the segment press, which holds it firmly until the glue has set; and so on until the job has been completely laid up. It is convenient to have two faceplates to work on alternately, as one may be in the press while an additional circle of segments is being fitted to the other.

The segment press is of the vertical type, and may be constructed with a large screw acting upon a follower, or it may be built similar to a Greenerd. arbor press with a rack and pinion arrangement. A convenient form is one with a vertical screw having fixed to its upper end a large worm-wheel

which engages a worm upon a horizontal shaft, which extends to one side of the press, where a hand wheel is attached to it for convenience of operating. With this arrangement segments may be made and laid up in much less time than where hand clamps are used and applied as each segment is laid on, while the evenly distributed pressure insures good contact of all the pieces. They may be nailed, or not, as desired.

For small turned work a wood lathe to swing 18 inches, and with a 10-foot bed, is provided. For larger work a lathe of 30 inches swing and with a 16-foot bed will be a good size. Both should be provided with slide rests, and the larger one with a faceplate on the back end of the spindle for turning large work from a floor rest. When much larger faceplate work is called for, a faceplate head is needed, and one is located near the rear wall and in line with a rear window. This head carries a faceplate capable of swinging 10 feet. In front of this may be arranged a compound rest, supported by a pedestal, and capable of covering the turning, inside and out, and of facing the largest work to be done.

Near the lathes the grindstone and the emery wheel are located. The latter should be provided with wheels of different form for grinding the various shapes and sizes of gouges and similar tools in use.

The foreman's corner is next to the drawing room, so as to be in convenient communication with that department. He has a bench, more as an occasional convenience than for regular use, and a desk, as a necessary part of his equipment, as he has various books, blanks, reports, etc., to handle, and as a matter of efficiency and economy of time should have all the necessary conveniences for doing this part of his work.

The first pattern maker from him has, in addition to the regular equipment, the use of a cast iron surface plate, say 5 by 8 feet, its dimensions regulated, of course, by the kind of work to be done. This is an indispensable convenience in building up many of the more complicated patterns, and there should be at least one in every pattern shop.

The pattern maker's bench is shown in perspective in Fig. 110. The top is 30 inches wide and 10 feet long. It stands 34 inches high. It is composed of hard maple at the front, 12 inches wide, and the rear portion of white pine, both 2 inches thick. It is supported on three cast iron bench legs, the front feet of which are set back 5 or 6 inches, so as to be out of the way of the pattern maker's feet. The upper 16 inches of these legs have a facing of hard maple, that on the center and rear legs having holes for the introduction of pins for supporting long work when held on edge. Four drawers, with flush pulls, are placed in a case under the rear portion of the bench, for holding small tools, files, and a variety of similar articles found necessary by every pattern maker.

At the rear end of the bench is formed a compartment under the bench for holding short pieces of hard wood stock, dowel pins, and similar materials. At the head of the bench is located an Emmert universal vise,

which seems to be the best device yet put on the market for this purpose, as it may be placed in almost any position convenient to the workman, and will hold a piece of almost any form with equal facility. At the back of the

bench is a shelf or tool rack extending the whole length, and at a proper height above it is one extending one half the length. These are to be properly perforated for the reception of the ordinary tools of the pattern maker, such as his chisels, gouges, auger bits, twist bits and drills, screw drivers, and all similar tools. Over this short tool rack the backboard is extended up to a light rail, so as to provide a space for hanging larger tools, such as bit-stocks, back saws, and tools of this nature. At the back of the rear half is an open frame whose top bar is provided with pins for hanging large saws and similar articles. If the kind of work renders it necessary a bench trimmer should be attached at the rear end. This style of a bench is at once rigid and substantial, does not occupy unnecessary floor space, is compact and complete in all its arrangements, and for a first-class bench it is economical in cost.

These benches are arranged with the head toward the wall and two feet from it, so that private tool boxes or cupboards may be conveniently arranged upon it. Their positions are clearly shown in the plan.

A large work table is provided for the second pattern maker, and one should be provided for the others when the nature of their work requires it. It may be placed either between the benches, or near their rear end, as may be most convenient.

It will be noticed that the benches and machines are so arranged that they leave a broad alley through the shop, and to the door leading to the machine shop gallery.

There is a regular wall bench and a large center table provided for the varnisher and the workman having charge of the marking, numbering, and cataloguing of the patterns. From this point they may be taken on properlyarranged platform trucks, to the pattern storage room, or to the foundry, as the case may require.

At each side of the stairs leading to the loft the individual lockers for the use of the men are arranged. These are of the expanded metal type, as built by Merritt & Co., or of some very similar material and construction, but never of boards, or any construction which excludes thorough ventilation and safety from fire.

The stairs just mentioned lead to the loft shown in the plan in Fig. 111 and in which is constructed a lumber drying room, as laid out in the plan and shown in interior perspective in Fig. 112. This room is tightly closed by double sheathing on the top, the back, and both sides. The front is closed by three sliding doors, arranged to pass each other, so that any portion of the front may be opened for the purpose of putting in or taking out lumber. The lumber racks are of wood construction, the posts being 4 x 5 inches, the two lower horizontal timbers 3 x 6 inches; the next two are 3 x 5 inches, and the upper three are 3 x 4 inches. These timbers should be firmly bolted