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immersed in the water of the lower box, which is maintained at a constant height by the overflow pipe, as shown in Fig. 107. The perforations in the bottom of the top box not being sufficient to carry off all the water, it gradually fills up that compartment and the pivoted box, thus weighted, is depressed, and the water from the faucets flows into the other compartment and the operation is repeated. The frequency of this rocking movement is easily regulated by the amount of water that flows from the faucet. The operation is not only entirely automatic, but very thorough in its action, as the prints

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FIG. 107.-Longitudinal Section of Automatic Washer.

lying upon each other are separated and the upper ones float whenever that end is depressed into the water. The water constantly flowing in and out of the lower box readily eliminates the chemicals that are to be washed out of the prints. So far as he knows, the author originated this method for washing blueprints and photograph prints, and used it with much satisfaction. The boxes may be made of wood and kept well painted; or may be of galvanized iron or zinc protected by paint. The original one was made of white pine, the lower box of 1-inch, the pivoted box of 3-inch and the top one of 1⁄2-inch stuff, and painted with white lead.

For drying blueprints various devices have been used, but so far as the author knows, nothing is more economical or better adapted to the purpose

than the drying case, or cabinet, shown in Fig. 108. The plan is to attach the blueprints to small, round sticks by means of small wooden spring clips and hang them on supporting brackets. The brackets are of light cast iron or wood, as may be preferred, and should incline on an angle of 45 degrees, so that any print may be conveniently reached and removed without removing those in front of it. Two pairs of these brackets are located, one above the other, for medium sized prints, say 18 x 24 inches, as on the left of the engraving, or one pair for large prints, as shown on the right. The upper section of prints drip the water into a zinc tray supported by a wooden shelf fixed at an angle of 45 degrees, from the lower corner of which, at the back,

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a short pipe carries the water into a similar tray resting on the floor, and from which suitable pipes carry the water to the waste pipes coming from the print-washing apparatus. The drying of blueprints may, of course, be hastened by the application of artificial heat. For this purpose doors may be added to the drying case and a small steam coil be placed in the bottom or near the back of the case. But to use artificial heat, or any temperature over about 100 degrees, has a tendency to cause the prints to be distorted by unequal shrinkage, and marred by wrinkles, while drying them by the natural temperature of the room, and suspended as in this case, will cause them to come out in good condition.

In some large establishments blueprints are made by exposing the blueprint paper and tracing to the action of the light from an electric arc lamp located within a metallic cylinder, in which the paper is fixed, and by

means of which excellent blueprints may be made in large numbers without the aid of sunlight. While the first cost is considerable the work is done very expeditiously and economically, as the cost of labor is very much reduced. The quality of the work is good, as the lighting is very uniformly distributed over the surface of the sensitized paper.

To adapt this plan of construction and equipping a drawing room to the wants of larger establishments requiring a larger force of draftsmen it is only necessary to extend its length so as to provide for a greater number of the single and double drawing tables, to any extent required. The capacity for filing drawings, tracings, and blueprints should be increased in proportion. One or more large tables for reference drawings will be needed, and the number of lockers increased to accommodate the added force of draftsmen. Otherwise the same arrangement of the plan need not be disturbed, as the chief's room, photographic dark room, vault, and all the other accessories will be either ample or very easily adapted to an increase to any reasonable extent that may be desired.

CHAPTER XX

THE PATTERN SHOP AND PATTERN STORAGE ROOM

Location in relation to the drawing room and machine shop. Capacity of the pattern shop. The working force necessary. Nature of the product. Equipment of the pattern shop. Location of the machines. Building up segment work. The segment press. The faceplate lathe. The foreman's office. The surface plate. Pattein maker's benches. The work table. The varnishing bench and table. The lockers. The lumber loft over the pattern shop. The lumber drying room. The pattern storage room. System of storing patterns. Pattern storage racks of iron construction. The same of all wood construction. Double width storage racks. Step ladders.

NEXT to the drawing room, in the usual order of the production of new machines and the development of new plans and ideas into their practical form for commercial purposes, comes the pattern shop, with its proper equipment of woodworking machines, its work benches for the expert workmen, and the conveniences for those associated with them in getting out dimension lumber, and other similar work in connection with it; and closely allied with this department, and really forming a part of it is the pattern storage room, wherein patterns may be properly catalogued, stored, and issued to the foundry as occasion may require.

In the pattern shop proper the designs of the draftsmen are first brought into tangible form as patterns for the production of those parts to be made of that most common of all materials used in modern construction, namely, cast iron, as well as those for brass, malleable iron, and steel castings.

It is proper, therefore, as well as convenient, that the pattern shop should be placed next to the drawing room. In this case it opens out of it, and has also its convenient passageway to the machine shop by way of a wide door opening upon the machine shop gallery, which, being reached by the large traveling crane, affords a ready means for moving any heavy or bulky articles to and from the pattern shop as readily as to any part of the machine shop. The pattern shop occupies the space over the tool room and storeroom portions of one of the 50-foot square structures, and extends, also, over the space taken up by the main driveway on the ground floor. It is thus 50 by 70 feet, affording ample space for all the ordinary uses of this department.

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FIG. 109. Plan of Pattern Shop and Pattern Storage Room.

In Fig. 109 is shown the plan of the pattern shop and the pattern storage room, and the location of the tools, machines, benches, and other fixtures therein, as well as those in the pattern storage room, giving the location of the pattern storage racks, and the trap doors, one of which opens over the storage space in the yard and the other over the flask room of the foundry.

As to the capacity of the pattern shop and the number of workmen who may be employed in it to advantage, assuming that the arrangement is in force of having special men for special work, there may be fourteen men as its regular force. These will be divided as follows,

namely, one foreman, six regular pattern makers, one man at the lathes, one man at the planers, one man for the rip saw and the cutting-off saw, one man at the band saw and for building up segment work, one man at the varnish bench for varnishing patterns, and one man to letter and keep a record of patterns, and one general laborer.

If the product of the shop is in a regular line where nearly the same work is turned out year after year, we have only to provide for the necessary changes of patterns due to the usual changes of form and style that may be required by the

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