pressly or impliedly authorizes to be committed,71 but not for an act which he has expressly forbidden.72 On the other hand, a principal is not criminally liable where he ratifies an unauthorized criminal act of his agent. "In the law of contracts, a posterior recognition, in many cases, is equivalent to a precedent command; but it is not so in respect to crimes. The defendant is responsible for his own acts, and for the acts of others done by his express or implied command, but to crimes the maxim, Omnis ratihabitio retrotrahibitur et mandato priori equiparatur, is inapplicable." The agent himself is always liable for his criminal acts. The fact that he does the act for another will not excuse him.74 And it is immaterial that he is a mere volunteer and receives no compensation for the act.75 The rules applicable to principal and agent are also applicable to master and servant. 155 Mass. 291, 29 N. E. 508; State v. Mueller, 38 Minn. 497, 38 N. W. 691; Williams v. Hendricks, 115 Ala. 277, 22 So. 439, 41 L. R. A. 650, 67 Am. St. 32; Bryan v. Adler, 97 Wis. 124, 72 N. W. 368, 41 L. R. A. 658; State v. Cray, 85 Vt. 99, 81 Atl. 450, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 630; and note to 41 L. R. A. 650677. 72 Commonwealth V. Wachon dorf, 141 Mass. 270, 4 N. E. 817, Derby's Cases 315. 73 Morse v. State, 6 Conn. 9, Beale's Cases 223. 74 State v. Chingren, 105 Iowa 169, 74 N. W. 946; Commonwealth v. Hadley, 11 Metc. (Mass.) 66, Beale's Cases 372; Abel v. State, 90 Ala. 631, 8 So. 760; Buchanan v. State, 4 Okla. Cr. 645, 112 Pac. 32, 36 L. R. A. (N. S.) 83; Alt v. State, 88 Nebr. 259, 129 N. W. 432, 35 L. R. A. (N. S.) 1212n. 75 State v. Herselus, 86 Iowa 214, 53 N. W. 105. Title I. II. III. IV. V. PART TWO SPECIFIC CRIMES - Classification of Crimes - §§ 195-199 -§§ 205-464 -S$ 465-481 -§§ 485-581 -§§ 585-651 $$ 655-685 Crimes Against Public Welfare, Health, ----§§ 690-844 Art. I. Nuisance and Like Offenses Art. II. Sexual Crimes Against Decency --§§ 690-756 -§§ 760-809 Art. III. Violation of the Elective Fran chise § 812 eral Crimes §§ 815-829 §§ 832-836 Art. IV. Postal Offenses and Other Fed Art. V. Admiralty Crimes Art. VI. Miscellaneous Statutory Of fenses under Police Regulations------§§ 840-844 VIII. Crimes Against the Sovereignty--------§§ 847-854 Chapter TITLE ONE. CLASSIFICATION OF CRIMES. XI. Classification of Crimes -§§ 195-199 |