"Faith in this common origin rests, it will be seen, on acceptance of an ingenious but fanciful theory of relationship based on analogies drawn from the cohesiveness and the divisibility of lumps. No man who has walked over a wet clayfield will doubt the cohesiveness of lumps, yet he is not bound to accept all the etymologies that can be extracted by the alchemy of the philologist out of the clay upon his boots. It is true that wig is derived from pilus-pilus, pelo, peluco, paruik, periwig, wig. It is true that one and one in such a sentence as one cannot please every one,' are two different words, with perfectly distinct etymologies-one from homme, homo, humus, the ground; the other allied to un-us and évós. Within our own historical period, at any rate, that dissimilar origin of like words is the case with club, the bludgeon, and club, the community. Club, the bludgeon, is the elder word, and it comes to us from Celts or Scandinavians, probably Scandinavians, soon after the purely Anglo-saxon times. It is first met with, we think, in the early romance of Havelok the Dane. Club, the community, on the contrary, we take to be a word descended from the Anglo-Saxon cleofan or clufan, to divide. That may be all wrong. Etymology is the playground of letters." AN OLD READER OF "N. & Q.” DR. WATTS'S" DIVINE AND MORAL SONGS FOR CHILDREN." (3rd S. ix. 493.) It is true that the date of 1720 has been assigned to the first edition of this charming little book; and among those who have been of that opinion, may be named the late Josiah Conder. See his Poet of the Sanctuary, 12mo, 1851. A reference, however, to an early edition of those Songs," affords good ground for believing that the first edition was printed in the year 1715. A copy of "the tenth edition is now before "Printed for Richard Ford, at the Angel in the Poultry, near Stocks Market," 24mo, "1729." It has prefixed to the Hymns, "The Dedication," in thirteen pages, and a "Preface" of four pages. As the former is rather long, I venture to ask you to insert only a few extracts from it, which may aid MR. RIGGALL in his inquiry, and be not uninteresting to some of your readers. "The Dedication" begins as follows: me: MRS. SARAH "To MRS. MARY and ABNEY, MRS. ELIZABETHS Daughters of Sir Thomas Abney, Knt., and Alderman of London. My Dear Young Friends, "Whom I am constrained to love and honour by many obligations. It was the generous and condescending Friendship of your parents under my weak circumstances of health, that brought me to their Country-seat for the benefit of the air; but it was an instance of most uncommon kindness, to supply me there so cheerfully for two years of sickness with the richest conveniences of life." After paying a tribute of gratitude to Sir Thomas and Lady Abney for their kind attentions, the Doctor proceeds to say to his young friends:"Under the influence of two such examples, I have also enjoyed the pleasure and convenience of your younger services according to the capacity of your years. And if it would not be suspected of flattery, I could tell the world what an acquaintance with Scripture, what a knowledge of religion, what a memory of Divine things both in prose and verse, is found among you." And then, adverting to these Songs, he adds:"The honour you have done me in learning by heart so large a number of the Hymns I have published, perhaps has been of some use towards these greater improvements, and gives me rich encouragement to offer you this little present.” The Doctor closes his "Dedication by imploring spiritual and temporal blessings for his youthful friends, and thus ends: 66 "Theobalds, June 18, 1715." : May the grace of God make you so large a return of all the kindness I have received in your family as may prevail above the fondest hopes of your parents, and even exceed the warmest prayers of 66 Your most affectionate monitor and obliged Servant, in the daily views of a future world, “I. WATTS.” As the eldest of these three daughters of Sir Thomas Abney, "Sarah," was born in the year 1703, her age, and that of her younger sisters, would seem to indicate that the date of the first edition of the "Divine Songs," especially when taken in connection with the foregoing "Dedication," may be fairly assigned to the year 1715, and not to 1720. X. A. X. OBSOLETE TERMS OF MERCHANDISE (3rd S. ix. 450, 537.)-A further investigation of the Acts of Tonnage and Poundage gives the following results: Cutes, not a sour wine. The Act says: "And every Butt or Pipe of Muscadels, Malmasies, Cutes, Tents, Alicants, Bastards, Sacks, Canaries, Malagaes, Maderaes, and other Wines whatsoever, commonly called Sweet Wines, of the Growth of the Levant, Spain, Portugal, or any of them, or any of the Islands, or Dominions of them," &c., &c. Old Bankers of Verdure, the dozen pieces. subsidy, 41.; a further subsidy, 41. Cannot be cushions of grass, &c. Battery, not planks. The Act says: "Battery, Bashrones, or Kettles." The hundred-weight, containing 112 lbs., 97. old and 97. new subsidy. Beaupers (not hats), the piece containing 24 or 25 yards; old subsidy, 17. 5s.; a further subsidy, 1. 58. Botanoes, per piece, 10s.; do. do. China Pease paid 13s. 4d. the pound—also, China Roots: old subsidy, 4s. 10s.; further do., 17. 10s. Parrasin (vide Frankincense). Rashes, voc. Bridges or Seaden Rashes: the ROYAL ASSENT REFUSED (3rd S. ix. 519.)—The story that George III. declared he would abdicate and retire to Hanover, rather than give his assent to a Roman Catholic Relief Bill, is I think given in Lord Stanhope's Life of Pitt, but I have not the book at hand for reference. The King on more than one occasion used very strong language on this subject, for he felt, rightly or wrongly, that his assent to such a bill would be a violation of his coronation oath; and those most opposed to his views must acknowledge his conscientiousness. In 1801, on the resignation of Pitt's ministry, the King wrote to Lord Loughborough: "I consider the coronation oath as a binding religious obligation on me to maintain the fundamental maxims on which our constitution is placed-viz. that the Church of England is the established one, and that those who hold employments in the state must be members of it. . . . This principle of duty must prevent me from discussing any proposition tending to destroy the bulwark of our happy constitution, much more that now proposed by Mr. Pitt, which is nothing less than an overthrow of the whole fabric." On a subsequent occasion, in 1807, when the King required a pledge from his ministers that they would propose no farther concessions to the Roman Catholics, which they refused, and were consequently dismissed, Lord Eldon, the incoming Lord Chancellor, wrote thus to Dr. Swire : : SWIFT (3rd S. ix. 533.)-Swift spelt draper, "drapier," in his celebrated letters, because he chose to use the French form. Why he preferred it to the English must remain a query. HI. P. D. DANTE (3rd S. x. 7.)-In reply to your correspondent, who inquires if any Christian poet besides Dante speaks of our Saviour under the title of a heathen deity, I beg to draw his attention to the following passages from our divine poets Milton and Spenser, who both speak of our Blessed Lord as Pan: "I muse what account both these will make; "The shepherds on the lawn, Or e'er the point of dawn, Sat simply chatting in a rustic row. That the mighty Pan Was kindly come to live with them below." Milton, Ode on the Nativity. The passage quoted by your correspondent is imitated by Pulci in his Morgante Maggiore, canto ii. stanza 1: "O giusto, o santo, o eterno monarca, JONATHAN BOUCHIER. I am under the impression that Marlowe's Tamburlaine would furnish more than one instance, but I have no time to search. Would not Milton (I ask) supply instances almost as bold? JOHN ADDIS, JUNIOR. The first verse of Pope's Universal Prayer will occur to most readers, although it is hardly, perhaps, a case in point: "Father of all! in every age, In every clime, ador'd, Your correspondent's remarks about Dante seats whatsoever. appanage. Hence it became a clerical Beatiano, an Italian herald, says that a vermilion umbrella in a field argent symbolizes dominion. It will be found that the scarlet broadbrimmed cardinal's hat and the umbrella have a like significance. The hat of the emperor at Constantinople was conical and broad-brimmed, and the chief counsellors wore pyramidal hats according to dignity. An analogous hat became the head-gear of all the cardinals; whilst in later times the umbrella was limited to such only as presided over or took title from a basilican church. A. A. may gather a good many hints on the subject from Paulus Paciaudus commentary, De Umbelle gestatione, printed at Rome, 1752. In Liddell and Scott's Lexicon, oKidden is given as equivalent to @oxía, this meaning a round sun-hat; C. A. W. that an umbrella, or tent. May Fair. GIBBON PROCOPIUS: THEODORA (3rd S. x. 16.) It is difficult to say whom Gibbon meant by the "distinguished prelate, lately deceased." I used to think that Clayton, the Arian Bishop of Clogher, was the person meant; but as he, accord- CONCILIUM CALCHUTENSE (3rd S. ix. 295, 419, ing to Chalmers, died in 1758, he could scarcely 523.)-I have not had the pleasure of seeing the be described in 1784 as lately deceased. Your whole of the paper on Chelsea read by the Rev. correspondent thinks it was Warburton-on what J. H. Blunt, at a meeting of the British Archægrounds I do not see. Bishop Horne says: "Iological Society, but the information contained think it must have been for they do not in so much of it as is quoted by G. M. H., at always go together." How does this apply to p. 523, was printed, almost word for word, nearly Warburton? It would be more applicable to forty years ago, by Faulkner, in his History of the Arian Clayton, who once made a motion Chelsea, vol. i. pp. 3, 4, ed. 1829, which work in the Irish House of Lords to expunge the seems to have been the storehouse whence all Nicene and Athanasian Creeds from the Liturgy, later writers on Chelsea have derived their inand died under prosecution for heresy; but, as formation. The similarity of the Cealc-hythe of I said before, the dates do not agree. So this, the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle with the Chelchethe on which I have often thought, must for the in the Taxation of 1291, borders so close upon present remain an open question. See Chalmers's identity, as, in my opinion, to settle the question. Biographical Dictionary. More than two hundred years later than the Taxation, the name had undergone but little change, for in a grant of lands on the Patent Roll of 4 Hen. IV. mem. 13, it is spelt Chelcheth (not Chelchich, as in the old printed Calendar). I believe that Bishop Clayton had the reputation, in society, of a "jolly companion." W. D. UMBRELLA (3rd S. ix. 501.)-A. A. asks why a cardinal, taking title from a basilican church, is attended by an umbrella-bearer? is this always the case? and how many such basilican cardinals are there? The Basilica at Rome was a forum, exchange, and law court, furnished with colonnades. The Christian churches, built by Constantine, were of the same form; and hence called Basilica, as everybody knows. The umbrella has, from time immemorial, been a symbol of authority in the East. It commonly accompanies the Spherula and Patella in the works of the old statuaries, and is laid at the feet of heroes. It, with the mystic fan, Vannum or Flabellum (also retained in the Roman worship), is specially an emblem of Bacchus. It was greatly used at Constantinople; and the judge sitting in the basilica would, doubtless, be accompanied by this as one of the insignia of his office. It might almost be asserted that this umbrella is the origin of all canopies overshadowing all thrones and judgment, Chelsea. WALTER RYE. THE RULE OF THE FOOTPATH (3rd S. ix. 443.) I have been told that in Paris the rule is for persons meeting to pass on the left hand; the reason being that the right hands are thus ready to shake each other, and avoid the awkwardness often exF. C. B. perienced in England. PHOTOGRAPHIC MIRACLE (3rd S. ix. 474, 521.) I sent to "N. & Q." at different times two or three cuttings from the current papers of the day on this "canard," as the Pall Mall Gazette terms it. None of them was from America. My attention was first directed to it when reading a little pamphlet on the Coming of the Lord, by the Rev. Octavius Winslow, D.D., in which it is there stated: "It has been discovered that the last image found upon the retina of the eye of a dying person remains im BUTLER'S "HUDIBRAS" (2nd S. vi. 161.) - In my library is a copy of Hudibras not mentioned in either of the editions of Lowndes. It is in Svo in three parts, each having a separate pagination and register. The first part was "printed by J. M. for Geo. Sawbridge, 1709;" the second for R. Chiswel, G. Sawbridge, R. Wellington, and G. Wells, 1709;" the third for Thomas Home at the south entrance of the Royal Exchange, MDCCIX. JOSEPH RIX, M.D. St. Neots. CRAWALLS (3rd S. ix. 532.) — It would appear, if there is no misprint, that the able correspondent of the Evening Standard of June 12, writing concerning disputes that have commenced at Berlin between the people and the police, and perhaps speaking jocularly, gives the term crawall as equivalent to quarrel. Is crawall intended to represent a German word? Can it be krakeel? ("Krakeel, der Quarrel." Ebers.) SCHIN. POPULATION OF ROME (3rd S. ix. 431, 479, 542.) The most trustworthy account of the houses in Rome is to be found at the end of the works of the Regionaries. They agree so nearly that it will be sufficient only to quote part of the account of the Curiosum Urbis. After enumerating the walls, gates, public buildings, &c., the dwellings are mentioned. These are divided into two classes"insula" and "domus." But they must not be supposed to be at all like our self-contained English houses, with an average population of five or six. They were like what they are in continental towns to the present day, tall buildings of many storeys, surrounding a large court-yard, and let in sets to a great number of families. The "insula " was the entire block of buildings comprehended within four streets. The lower part shops, with a mezzanine above for the shop-keepers. Above this the first and second floors, now called "pianonobile;" above this sometimes five floors more containing rooms of lesser pretension, and at cheaper terms. Juvenal has painted these tall buildings admirably (iii. 195, &c.). The third story is afire, and is so far off from the upper that the poor garretteer is not even aware of his danger. Strabo (v. c. 3, 7) tells us that Augustus endeavoured to restrain the height of all new houses to seventy feet, which would give an average of ten feet to a story, seven stories besides rooms in the roof. The "domus" was a similar house, but not filling It was the whole space between four streets. bounded on the front and back by two streets, and on the right and left by other houses. Canina's (Roma Antica, p. 640, ed. 1850) reading of the Regionaries is that there were 46,602 insule, and 1790 domi. He got a careful account of the number of persons now dwelling in a certain number of the modern isole, and found they averaged fifty persons, while the case or domi averaged thirty. Of course, this calculation gives a population of 2,383,800 persons. within the walls of the city, comprehending the But this is only in the fourteen regions, or seven famous hills and the Pincian, Janiculum, and Trastevere districts, something as our city wards are called within and without, and as of course they alone are called "the city." But there was a vast population in the suburbs, as with us, stretching out for miles down the Appian, Latin, and Flaminian ways, of which we have no account. So if the conjecture be correct, the population of Rome itself was at least double that which Gibbon supposes it to have been; while some believe, and with probability, that there was a suburban population of another million outside the walls. A. A. Poets' Corner. reference to Merivale's Romans under the Empire, It is strange that no correspondent has made while treating on this subject. The following references in the Index (I use the small edition, in eight volumes), under the heads "Population of Rome," and "Census," will supply ample information. At the end of chap. xl. vol. v. pp. 49, seqq., the thor examines the data for calculating the popration of Rome, and makes (p. 53) the total amount to have been about 700,000. P. J. F. GANTILLON. 1 66 MANTEL-PIECE (3rd S. x. 7.)- Your correspondent, CUTHBERT BEDE, is quite right in calling Prebendary Jackson's suggestion a flight of fancy." There can be no question about the derivation of the word; Sax., mantel; Old Germ., mantal: Welsh, mantell; French, manteau; Italian, Hence the mantel-piece is that piece of timber or mantello; Latin, mantellum, a cloak or covering. stone in front of a chimney, concealing, covering, or mantling part of that chimney or fireplace. JOHN PIGGOT, JUN. PATTENS (3rd S. vii. 101.) — The French word patin, from which patten is derived, is in its turn derived from the Greek πάτος, a step, and πατέω, to tread. The word patten is applied to the footstall or base of a column or pillar, as well as to a clog. JOHN PIGGOT, Jun. POSITIVE PHILOSOPHY (3rd S. ix. 474.)—In Mr. G. H. Lewes's Philosophy of the Sciences (Bohn's Scientific Series), your querist will find an able BEACONS PITCH-POTS (3rd S. x. 37.) — The ruins of St. Catherine's Chapel, near Guildford, on its north-west angle, has, over a small window in what has been a circular staircase, two irons with apparently the remains of hinges, and probably to which has been suspended a pitch-pot; as that corner of the chapel is next the road from London to Portsmouth. D. D. H. HERALDIC ARMS (3rd S. x. 29.) — An Alphabetical Dictionary of Coats of Arms is published by J. W. Papworth, 14, Great Marlborough Street, W. The subscription is one guinea per annum, and one or more parts are issued during that time. The last is No. 14, going down to Estoille, and came out the present year. London Institution. A NEW NAME (3rd S. ix. 491.)— Or, Epigram. R. W. W. Ye writers list!-list! list! oh list! Who "Notes and Queries now assist, Henceforth we dub you "Letterist." Than those who in your work assist, O. K. THROWING THE SHOE (3rd S. ix. 336.)— Urquhart, in Pillars of Hercules, says that a slipper is borne before a Moorish bride as token of her submission; and that our old custom is thence derived. If so, the bridegroom's man is the proper person to cast the shoe. But I have heard that it is done "only for luck." F. C. B. RENNIE OR RANNIE FAMILY (3rd S. ix. 481.)— Mr. Rennie, of Melville Castle, had two brothers; one was well known towards the end of the last century as a member of the firm of Rennie and Chippendale, the first upholsterers in London; the other was a cloth merchant in Edinburgh, and married a Miss Campbell, daughter of Mr. Arch. Campbell, brewer, from whence are descended various well known and highly respected families in Scotland. The first-mentioned brother was married and left a widow, but I think no children. The information given by W. E. as to "Captain David Rennie" appears quite correct. Whence came these Rennies? U.S. BURIALS ABOVE GROUND (3rd S. x. 27.)- In 1783, Margaret, the widow of Richard Coosins of Parrock, Gravesend, was buried in Cuxton church, Kent. Under a pyramidal mural monument is a vault with a glass door, covered with a green silk curtain, with a lock having a key standing inside. Here, resting upon tressels, is a mahogany coffin with gilt furniture, the lid of which is not nailed down. This coffin contains the remains of the above lady, who is reported to have been buried in a costly dress of scarlet satin. J. P. "POOR MAN'S CATECHISM" (3rd S. x. 39.)—My copy of this book has the letters A. S. R. after the author's name on the title. The edition is that published in 1843 by Thomas Richardson and Son of Derby for the Catholic Book Society. EDWARD PEACOCK. CURE FOR GOITRE (3rd S. x. 24.) — I observe that the only case mentioned by your correspondent as having come under his own notice is that of "a young girl." Any medical man will inform him that young girls are liable to enlargement resembling goitre, arising from functional causes, and often subsiding without any treatment whatever. This is probably the sole foundation for the belief in such "cures as those referred to. J. T. F. PHILANDER'S MACARONIC MADRIGAL (3rd S. viii. 251.)-I have found the madrigal, which I copy, not fully appreciating its merits or understanding its meaning. That it has both I believe on the authority of Gottsched, who, after laying down the laws for such compositions, says: |