Os vituli Lucam declarat, quia specialem Materiem scripsit de Cruce, CHRISTE, Tuâ, Effigiat Marcum leo, cujus litera clamat Quantâ surrexit vi, Tua, CHRISTE, caro. Discipulum signat species aquilina pudicum, Vox cujus nubes transit ad astra volans

CHRISTUS

Est Avis: in CHRISTO cuncta notare potes. Est Homo dum vivit; Bos dum moritur; Leo vero Quando resurgit; Avis quando superna petit. Fons distillat:-adhuc verborum consule venas: Quatuor hæc justus quilibet esse potest. Mente vigens fit vir: mactans carnalia fit bos: Dura domans leo fit: summa sequens fit avis."

estate passed into other hands. From that time, however, these records would afford no assistance. The Rath-gael pedigree appears to be one of those which have been well described by the author of Popular Genealogists as containing a small germ of truth eked out with a mass of fiction, in the

66

ST. SWITHIN.

CLELAND OF CLELAND.

(3rd S. ix. 491.)

Your correspondent X. C. asks "to be put in the way of a pedigree of this family," and to be informed "who at the present time has a right to the principal arms of the family"? The latter query is more easily answered negatively than affirmatively, and this much is pretty clear, that "Cleland of Rath-gael, in Ireland,” has no right to the representation, or the arms and supporters (?) of this ancient family, whatever his pedigree, which I observe in Burke, ed. 1846, may say to the contrary. A good local history of the Lower and Middle Wards of Lanarkshire, where the estates of the genuine Clelands and their cadets lay, has yet to be written, and it is to be wished that MR. IRVING, who has done so much for the Upper Ward, or some equally competent antiquary, would undertake the task. The only work on the subject is that of Hamilton of Wishaw, first printed by the Maitland Club in 1831, to which I have alluded in an article (p. 83 antè) on this very Cleland question. It would be of little use to genealogists, but for the copious notes of its editors. They availed themselves of such portions of the records of the see of Glasgow as are yet extant in the General Register House, Edinburgh, viz., a fragment from 1547 to 1555, and from 1600 downwards, for which latter period the record of wills is nearly entire. The more ancient muniments of the see were carried off by Archbishop Beaton at the Reformation, and deposited in the Scottish College at Paris, but were unfortunately dispersed in the tumult of the French Revolution. Any information therefore as to the pedigree from this source is comparatively modern. But if X. C.

unaccountably to Wigtonshire, and he and his descendants marry scions of families unknown in Scotland as landed gentry, e. g. Ross of Henning (sic), Innes of Benwall, and Murdoch of Cumlodden. The fictitious cadency of "Whithorn,” which is not an estate but a small town in Wigtonshire, is mixed up with the genuine cadets, viz., Faskin, Monkland, Gartness, &c. It contains ample evidence of its utter worthlessness, and concludes by asserting that the last male of this illustrious race was descended by marriage (sic) from a numerous list of imperial, royal, and noble personages, including Charlemagne, Cedric, Alfred the Great, William the Conqueror, Malcolm Canmore, &c.! When such compositions are gravely cited in your columns, I think any one who exposes their falsity is doing a service to historical truth.

I shall take the liberty of correcting two errata occurring on p. 493, in the notice of William Cleland's poems: the first, that he was killed at Killiecrankie, whereas he fell a few weeks later at Dunkeld, as told in the spirit-stirring pages of Macaulay (History of England, iii. 374), at the head of Lord Angus's regiment, since known to fame as the 26th Cameronians. The other, that the first edition of his poems was dated in 1658, evidently inconsistent with the fact that Cleland, who was barely twenty-eight when he fell in 1689, could have been born till 1661.*

It is remarkable that so little is known of William Cleland's ancestry or descendants. Macaulay calls him "a linguist, a mathematician,

[* Our authority for the death of William Cleland at Killiecrankie was an editorial note in The Argyle Papers, 4to, 1834, p. 34, and for the date of the first edition of his Poems (1658), the statement of G. D. in N. & Q." 2nd S. ii. 138. This date is probably that of the original poem, "Hollow my Fancie," to which Cleland made an addition "the last year he was at Colledge, not then fully eighteen years of age."-ED.]

and a poet," and says that he drove Dundee from the Conventions of Estates at Edinburgh, which precipitated the rebellion culminating at Killiecrankie. He was chosen by the Earl of Angus as the first Lieutenant-Colonel of the regiment raised by him in 1689, chiefly among the whig peasantry of Clydesdale and the west of Scotland. In short, he was a man of mark in his day. The allusions in his poem on the Highland Host of 1678, which ravaged Lanarkshire, coupled with his command of the whig regiment, show him to have been a Clydesdale man, and possibly a scion of the family of that ilk; but this, of course, is simply a conjecture. Even Lord Macaulay's researches have thrown little more light on him, except of a negative kind, as regard certain alleged descendants (Hist. of Eng., iii. 276, note). ANGLO-SCOTUS.

CARICATURE PORTRAITS.
(3rd S. ix. 451.)

The portraits inquired after by your correspondent MR. WING are numerous; comprising chiefly Oxford, Cambridge, and City celebrities, although Bath and other places were laid under contribution for occasional additions to the gallery. The whole series bears the name of Richard Dighton, by whom they were "drawn, etch'd, and publa," with the exception of very few to which "Jun" is affixed to the name. Of the later ones in the series, T. M'Lean and Humphrys in succession appear as the publishers. The figures are full-length and coloured, very life-like and spirited. To most of them is appended an inscription displaying the humour of the artist, but without the name of the individual represented. In my series, consisting of nearly fifty, the dates extend from 1790 to 1827; and it was the general custom of the etcher to insert along with his name not only the year, but the month and day of publication. A previous owner of those in my possession has written the names of a considerable number in red ink; but, though I append the list to this communication, I am doubtful whether the information contained in it will be deemed worth the space which it occupies:Oxford Series.

1. A View from the Swan Brewhouse, Oxford, June 12, 1807 (Wm. Hall, Esq.).

2. A View from Trinity College, Oxford, June 1807 (Dr. Kett).

3. The Classical Alma Mater Coachman, Oxford, Jan. 1808 (Mr. Bobart).

4. A celebrated Public Orator, Jan. 1808 (Dr. Crowe). 5. A View taken at Oxford, Jan. 1808 (Mr. Smith). 6. A noble Student of Oxford, Jan. 1808 (Lord G. Granville).

7. [No inscription], Feb. 1808 (Dr. Parsons).

8. The Father of the Corporation of Oxford, March 1808 (Alderman Fletcher).

1. "We serve a King whom we love-a God whom we adore."-Pizarro. June 1790 (Mr. Kemble).

2. A Lawyer and his Agent, Jan. 21, 1793. 3. [No inscription], (Brook Watson).

4. A good old Penn from the wing of a good old Cock, Jan. 10, 1804.

5. The Town's End, Dec. 4, 1804.

6. A View taken from Bladud's Buildings, Bath, Jan. 1809 (Counsellor Morris).

7. A View taken from Portland Place, Bath, Jan. 1809.

8. A Gentle Ride from Exeter 'Change to Pimlico, 1812, (Mr. Clark).

9. A Master Parson and his Journeyman, May 1812. 10. A Great Man on 'Change, Jan. 1818 (Mr. Rothschild).

11. A View in the Justice Room, Guildhall, 1819. 12. Mr. Liston in "Love, Law, and Physic," August 1819.

13. A Member of the Corporation, 1820 (Sir W. Curtis).

14. "Orange Boven," June 1820. 15. [No inscription].

16. A View of Hill near Downshire, 1817.

17. A View of Guildhall to Cannon Street, 1821.
18. A real T. B., 1821.

19. A Thin Piece of Parliament, April 1822.
20. A View of Nugent, July 1822 (Lord Nugent).
21. A Royal Exchange Consul-General, 1823.
22. A View on the Baltic Walk, Oct. 1823.
23. Sir Murray Maxwell, K.C.B., Nov. 1823.
24. [No inscription], Nov. 1823 (Mr. Lowe).
25. I'l take the Particulars," March 1826.
26. "Write 'em or let 'em alone," March 1826.
27. [No inscription], March 1826 (George Robins).
28. A View on Cornhill, Sept. 1826.

29. An Opposition Right Honorable, 1827 (Mr. Tierney).

30. If you'd know who this is, Read," [no date], (Mr. Read).

It may be added, that these caricature portraits have a value beyond the merit of the general likeness, from the cleverness with which they embody the characteristic attitude and dress of

many readers of N. & Q." to have some biogra

A View from Trinity College (Mr. Kett).

already founded any non-residentiary prebends, dignities, or offices."

The words in italics are explained in Act 4 & 5 Vict. c. 39, which enumerates all the Cathedrals wherein such Canonries are permitted to be founded.

I believe the case to be simply this: On the suppression of Canonries or Prebendaries (the title varies in different Cathedrals), the funds were placed in the hands of Commissioners as a revenue for improving the incomes of small benefices, &c.; but the stalls which were occupied in the Cathedral Church by the Dignitaries before the incomes attached to them were confiscated, had no longer tenants; and so the expedient was hit upon for filling them with non-residentiary and unpaid Parish Rectors, who were to have an honorary title with little or no pay. If I remember rightly,

A View taken from the Town Hall, Oxford (Sir William Elias Taunton, father of the Judge).

The Father of the Corporation of Oxford, Omnibus Carus (Alderman Fletcher).

A Celebrated Public Orator (Mr. Crowe of New College).

A View from St. Aldate's, Oxford (Mr. Grosvenor, Surgeon).

Ireland in Scotland, or a trip from Oxford to the Land of Cakes (John Ireland, Esq.).

A Noble Student of Oxford (Lord George Grenville,

afterwards Lord Nugent).

A View from Balliol College, Oxford (Dr. Parsons, Bishop of Peterborough).

Mother Goose of Oxford.

The Doctor" (Mr. James of Magdalen Hall).

Canons at Sarum, gave about 31. per annum to each non-residentiary Canon for coming up to preach in his turn at the Cathedral Church of the Diocese. With regard to Precedence (the point mooted in "N. & Q."), the Acts quoted above ordain that honorary Canons "shall take rank in the Cathedral Church next after the Canons," i. e. that the dig nitaries who keep the pay as well as the title shall sit in the Chapter before those who enjoy the title only. The President in the Chapter is the Dean, i.e. a Dean Urban, for a city must have a Cathedral in it, whereas a Rural Dean presides over a Rural Chapter or Council of some ten parochial incumbents, for the better regulation of Church matters

OXONIENSIS.

The names of Kilner and Cleaver are improperly attached to the several "views" from Brasenose and Oriel. Dr. William Cleaver, Bishop of St. Asaph and Principal of Brasenose Coll., was given in the view from that college: and though I have not the print before me, I have no doubt of Dr. Eveleigh (then Provost) being caricatured in the "View from Oriel." A COTEMPORARY.

HONORARY CANONS.

(3rd S. ix. 455.)

When I said "Honorary Canons were instituted by Bishop Denison" of Sarum, I simply meant for his own diocese. It was by certain clergy in his diocese that the question of Precedence was recently mooted in "N. & Q." Honorary Canons at Salisbury are, as in all other Cathedrals, a creation of the statute law. Act 3 & 4 Vict. c. 113, declares

"That honorary Canonries shall be hereby founded in every Cathedral Church in England in which there are not

The Rural Dean, if he has any fixed position in the Cathedral Church, would naturally come next after the Dean Urban, as Honorary Canons, by the statute-law, take rank after the Residentiary Canons. For a Rural Dean to rank after the recently titled dignitaries by Bishop Denison at Sarum, can, as MR. MUNDY observes, hardly be the right position for the holder of an ancient responsible office. The responsibilities of a Rural Dean, ab initio, are carefully explained in the Decanica Rurales of the late Mr. Dansey, allowed on all hands to be the best authority as to this question for many weeks past discussed in the columns of "N. & Q." The antiquity of the office was also diligently investigated in that learned work, and its existence, both in the Western and Eastern Churches, traced to its origin. The exact date of its first institution in the early ages of Christianity, Mr. D., with all his learned research, could not ascertain; but he gives it as his opinion that it sprang out of, if it was identical with, the Chorepiscopus, an ecclesiastical assistant to a bishop in his Diocese, anterior to Deans and Canons in a Cathedral Church. If this dictum be correct, the question of Precedence is at an end. In a very recent examination of Decanica

Rurales, the book which above all others I value in my library, from its being a presentation gift of the author, with his autograph on the cover, I have found many facts, with the early dates attached to them for confirmation, that would further elucidate the ancient origin of Rural Deaneries, appointments de jure by the Bishop of the Diocese; but these would be inadmissible in your crowded columns. I cannot, however, forbear from adding an extract describing the responsibilities of the office, in Parochial Reformation, written by an eminent divine in a proposal to restore this ancient office in a Diocese where it had fallen into desuetude:

"The wise election of the Dean Rural is a matter of the greatest importance, and requires the greatest care. He must be one that sincerely loves God and the Church, and hath a tender regard to the souls of men.

He must

also be furnished with sound learning, and with dexterity to manage men and business :-the peace and safety of the Church, the stopping of heresie and schism, the preventing the growth of popery, and chiefly the recovering of decayed piety among the people, depending on the judicious appointment of this officer."

To which the learned author adds—

“All these requisites may not easily be found. Still it is necessary in every appointment to go as near them as possible; but especially to provide men of clear reputation for unblameable behaviour, and of discreet zeal for the honour of God and advancement of religion."

QUEEN'S GARDENS.

HORIZON (3rd S. ix. 492.)-If a person's eye is 5 ft. 4 in. above the level of the sea, his horizon will be three miles distant. If 25 ft. above the water his view will be extended to 6 miles; and if four times that height, to twice that distance. The approximate rule is to multiply the square root of the height in feet by 1-3, which will give the distance of the visible horizon in miles. Thus at an elevation of 100 ft. multiply its square root 10 by 13, which gives 13 miles as the semidiameter of the visible horizon. The true horizon, not allowing for refraction, which adds to the distance about its twelfth part, is found by the following simple rule:

The altitudes being 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 fathoms, The distances will be 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 leagues, the numbers in the second line being the square roots of those in the first. T. J. BUCKTON. Brixton Hill.

The following popular rule for ascertaining the height of a distant object is sufficient for ordinary purposes; it has to be reversed when the height is given and the distance is to be ascertained, as in F. G. W.'s query. Any mathematician could prove its approximation to the truth by referring to the articles "Depression of the Visible Horizon," and "Curvature of the Earth." Two-thirds of the square of the given distance expressed in miles will give the elevation in feet, subtracting an arbitrary allowance for refraction. For example, assume the distance to an object to be 3 miles; the square of 3=9; two-thirds of which 6; subtract one-ninth of 6 ft. 8 in.: the height of the object is 5 ft. 4 in. In this example a person's eye 5 ft. 4 in. above the sea can see three miles over. the ocean on a clear day. Reverse the above operation by having the height given above the sea, then the distance can be ascertained.

L.

The distance of the visible horizon depends entirely on the height of the eye above the sea, and is a problem easily solved by plane trigonometry. Let h be such height, and r the semidiameter of the earth, then h+r the secant of the arc, the tangent to which is the distance sought. See Hull's Trigonometry, ed. 1858, p. 86.

Poets' Corner.

A. A.

[We are always most ready to oblige our readers, but we must remark that it is impossible to enter into the wide field of mathematics in such a work as this.-ED.]

DERBY DOLLS (3rd S. ix. 452.)-The dolls to which your correspondent alludes are the trophies, the spolia opima, won by the "noble sportsmen at the highly intellectual games of "knock-'emdowns," or "aunt Sally," played on the Epsom Downs on the Derby Day. Penny trumpets are also sometimes so paraded. The world progresses! No mention, it is believed, is to be found in any classic author of a Roman noble returning from the hippodrome with a pupa in his pileus.

Poets' Corner.

A. A.

"A person of the name of Gunthorpe, who, within the memory of persons now (1815) living, kept the Punch Bowl public-house in Peck Lane, Nottingham, sent a barrel of ale of his own brewing as a present to his brother, an officer in the navy, and who in return composed this poetic epistle."

It was a popular song at the end of the last and beginning of the present century, and was one which Goldsmith is said to have relished highly. W. D. HOYLE.

THE REGIMENTAL KETTLES OF THE JANIZARIES (3rd S. viii. 387.)-On a former occasion I ventured to draw attention to the curious fact of the cook

ing-coppers of the Janizaries being regarded, by the corps of that force, as the insignia of their respective regiments; to the coincidence of the "brazen lavers" of the Temple being carried in solemn procession; and to parallel instances of honour shown to the cooking utensils amongst the Assyrians, Persians, and Greeks. Although the connection between these several illustrations is by no means clearly made out, I have been struck by the following case of a somewhat analogous kind in the interesting work just published by Mr. Lord on Vancouver's Island and British Columbia:

"When staying at Fort Rupert, I saw by mere chance what the Hudson Bay trader called an Indian copper.' He told me that it was only on very high festivals that it was ever produced, and that its value to the tribe was estimated to be 15 slaves, equal to 200 blankets.

"This wonderful medicine' was contained in a wooden case, most elaborately ornamented on its exterior with differently shaped pieces of nacre neatly inlaid, brassheaded nails, and pieces of bone. The inside was lined with the softest kind of cedar-bark. The 'copper' was 2 feet 4 inches in length, wider at one end than the other -the wider end, 1 foot 6 inches, and brilliantly painted representing all sorts of curiously shaped devices; interspersed amongst them were eyes of all sizes. It was made from a solid piece of native copper that had been hammered flat. The trader also told me that some imitation coppers' had been made for the company, and offered to the Indians, but nothing would induce them either to purchase or have them as a gift. What use this copper' is I cannot tell, unless it is a kind of standard similar to our regimental colours. It belongs to the tribe, not to the chief, and is kept by the 'medicine-men' or doctors, rain-makers, and scoundrels in general."-Lord's Naturalist in Vancouver's Island and British Columbia, vol. ii. p. 257.

J. EMERSON TENNENT.

PRELATE MENTIONED BY GIBBON (3rd S. ix. 452, 502, 523.)—There can be no doubt, I conceive,

that the prelate referred to by Gibbon, and named in Bishop Horne's Letter, was Warburton. The terms used by Gibbon, in connection with the date of this volume of his history, was clearly intended to apply to some distinguished member of the episcopal bench, who died not very long before 1784. Now, Warburton died in 1779. What other bishop can be pointed out, taking even a range of ten or fifteen years backwards from 1784, from whose character and any other circumstances a fair inference can be drawn that he was the person intended? Then, in addition, Warburton had paid some attention to the history of the famous lady whom Procopius has depicted. There is a long note on Theodora in his edition of Pope (Epilogue to the Satires, verse 144, vol. iv. p. 309-10, edit. 1770), which had not escaped Gibbon, who sneers (Milman's Gibbon, vol. vii. p. 73, edit. 1838) "Warburton's Critical Telescope," "without which," he observes, "I should never have seen in the general picture of triumphant vice any personal reference to Theodora."

at

In the note, therefore, which is the subject of the inquiry, and which occurs some pages before, the historian is very likely to have had Warburton in his mind, but for obvious reasons, though he names him after, could only refer to him by a general description which did not necessarily identify the party. The truth of the anecdote is altogether a different thing, and I for one, from all that I have ascertained of Warburton's character and style of conversation, believe it to be a malicious falsehood, and that his only answer to such a charge would have been that which he adopted, as he says, from honest Father Valerian, "mentiris impudentissime."

It is just such a story as might have come from the mintage of George Steevens's mischievous brain, and which, told by him to Gibbon, perhaps at a meeting of the Literary Club, the historian would only be too glad to seize upon to gratify his spite against the hierarchy in general, and Warburton in particular, and to make his indecent note still more piquant. JAS. CROSSLEY.

ANGLO-SAXON GUILDS (3rd S. ix. 491.) — I am not aware of any full list of these and other ancient guilds, but CAIRSTON will find a long and explicit account of them, with foundation charters, rentrolls, and stewards' accounts in A Chronicle of St. Martin's Church, Leicester, just published by Bell and Daldy. IPH.

ZOROASTER (3rd S. ix. 356.) — That there were several of these mentioned in the histories of the Chaldees, Persians, Bactrians, and ancient Assyrians, is admitted, and one of them, about five or six hundred years B.C., is no doubt the person alluded to by MR. BUCKTON. But it seems there was a Zoroaster of still higher antiquity, from whom the Magi of Chaldees and ancient Persians derived