In Xanadu did Kubla Khan

A stately pleasure-dome decree,
Where Alph, the sacred river, ran

Through caverns measureless to man,
Down to a sunless sea."

In one of Moore's juvenile poems he alludes to the practice of throwing garlands or other light objects on the stream of Alpheüs, to be carried downward by it, and afterward reproduced at its emerging, "as an offering To lay at Arethusa's feet."

The Acroceraunian Mountains are in Epirus in the northern part of Greece. It is hardly necessary to point out that a river Arethusa arising there, could not possibly be approached by an Alpheüs of the Peloponnesus. Such a criticism of Shelley's sparkling verses, would, however, be pedantic rather than just. Probably Shelley uses the word Acroceraunian as synonymous with steep, dangerous. If so, he had the practice of Ovid behind him (Remedium Amoris 739). Mount Erymanthus: between Arcadia and Achaia. The Dorian deep: the Peloponnesus was inhabited by descendants of the fabulous Dorus. Enna: a city in the centre of Sicily. Ortygia: an island on which part of the city of Syracuse is built.

Illustrative. Milton, Arcades 30; Lycidas 132; Margaret J. Preston, The Flight of Arethusa; Keats, Endymion Bk. 2, "On either side outgushed, with misty spray, A copious spring."

§ 89. See genealogical table, E, (§ 61 C) for Actæon. In this myth Preller finds another allegory of the baleful influence of the dog-days upon those exposed to the heat. Cox's theory that here we have large masses of cloud which, having dared to look upon the clear sky, are torn to pieces and scattered by the winds, is principally instructive as illustrating now far afield theorists have gone, and how easy it is to invent ingenious explanations.

Illustrative. — Shakespeare, Merry Wives 2:1; 3:2; Titus Andron. 2:3; Shelley, Adonais 31, "Mid others of less note came one frail form," etc., a touching allusion to himself; A. H. Clough, Acteon; L. Morris, Acteon (Epic of Hades).

§ 90. Chios. - An island in the Egean. Lemnos: another island in the Ægean, where Vulcan had a forge.

Interpretative. The ancients were wont to glorify in fable constellations of remarkable brilliancy or form. The heavenly adventures of Orion are sufficiently explained by the text.

Illustrative. Spenser, F. Q. 1, 3: 31; Milton, P. L. 1: 305, "Natheless he so endured," etc.; Longfellow's Occultation of Orion; R. H. Horne, Orion; Charles Tennyson Turner, Orion (a sonnet).

§ 91. Electra. - See genealogical table, I, § 132 (5) C. See same table for Merope, the mother of Glaucus and grandmother of Bellerophon (§ 138).

Illustrative. Pleiads: Milton, P. L. 7: 374; Pope, Spring 102; Mrs. Hemans has verses on the same subject; Byron, "Like the lost Pleiad seen no more below."

In modern sculpture, The Lost Pleiad of Randolph Rogers is famous; in painting, the Pleiades of Elihu Vedder.

§ 92. Mount Latmos: in Caria. Diana is sometimes called Phoebe, the shining one. For the descendants of Endymion, the Etolians, etc., see table I, § 132 (5) C.

Interpretative. According to the simplest explanation of the Endymion myth, the hero is the setting sun on whom the upward rising moon delights to gaze. His fifty children by Selene would then be the fifty months of the Olympiad, or Greek period of four years. Some, however, consider him to be a personification of sleep, the king whose influence comes over one in the cool caves of Latmos, "the Mount of Oblivion"; others, the growth of vegetation under the dewy moonlight; still others, euhemeristically, a young hunter, who under the moonlight followed the chase, but in the daytime slept. Illustrative. The Endymion of Keats contains exquisite poetry. Fletcher, in the Faithful Shepherdess, tells, 'How the pale Phoebe, hunting in a grove, First saw the boy Endymion," etc. Young's Night Thoughts, "So Cynthia, poets feign, In shadows veiled, Her shepherd cheered." Spenser, Epithalamion, "The Latmian Shepherd," etc.; Marvel, Songs on Lord Fauconberg and the Lady Mary Cromwell (chorus, Endymion and Laura); O. W. Holmes, Metrical Essays, " And, Night's chaste empress, in her bridal play, Laughed through the foliage where Endymion lay."

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Poems. - Beside Keats' the most important are by Lowell, Longfellow, Clough (Epi Latmo and Selene), T. B. Read, Buchanan, L. Morris (Epic of Hades). John Lyly's prose drama, Endymion, contains quaint and delicate

songs.

In Art. Ancient: Diana and the sleeping Endymion, sculpture (Vatican). In Painting.-Carracci, fresco, Diana embracing Endymion (Farnese Palace, Rome); Guercino's Sleeping Endymion; G. F. Watts' Endymion.

§ 93. Textual. - Paphos and Amathus: towns in Cyprus, of which the former contained a temple to Venus. Cnidos (Cnidus or Gnidus): a town in Caria, where stood a famous statue of Venus, attributed to Praxiteles. Cytherea Venus, an adjective derived from her island Cythera in the Ægean Sea. Acheron, and Persephone or Proserpine: see §§ 48, 50. The windflower of the Greeks was of bloody hue, like that of the pomegranate. It is said the wind blows the blossoms open, and afterwards scatters the petals. Interpretative. — Among the Phoenicians Venus is known as Astarte, among the Assyrians as Istar. The Adonis of this story is the Phoenician Adon, or the Hebrew Adonai,

Lord." The myth derives its origin from

the Babylonian worship of Thammuz or Adon, who represents the verdure of spring, and whom his mistress, the goddess of fertility, seeks, after his death, in the lower regions. With their departure all birth and fruitage cease on the earth; but when he has been revived by sprinkling of water, and restored to his mistress and to earth, all nature again rejoices. The myth is akin to those of Linus, Hyacinthus, and Narcissus. Mannhardt (Wald- und Feld-kulte 274), cited by Roscher, supplies the following characteristics common to such religious rites in various lands: (1) The spring is personified as a beautiful youth who is represented by an image surrounded by quickly fading flowers from the "garden of Adonis." (2) He comes in the early year and is beloved by a goddess of vegetation, goddess sometimes of the moon, sometimes of the star of Love. (3) In midsummer he dies, and during autumn and winter inhabits the underworld. (4) His burial is attended with lamentations, his resurrection with festivals. (5) These events take place in midsummer and in spring. (6) The image and the Adonis plants are thrown into water. (7) Sham marriages are celebrated between pairs of worshippers. Illustrative. The beautiful 15th Idyl of Theocritus contains a typical Psalm of Adonis, sung at Alexandria, for his resurrection. Shakespeare's Venus and Adonis; Taming of Shrew, Induction 2; 1 Hen. VI. 1:6. In Milton, Comus 998: —

"Beds of hyacinth and roses,

Where young Adonis oft reposes,
Waxing well of his deep wound

In slumber soft, and on the ground

Sadly sits th' Assyrian queen."

Drummond, The Statue of Adonis; Pope, Summer 61; Winter 24; Miscel 7:10; Moral Essays 3:73; Dunciad 5: 202. See C. S. Calverley's Death of Adonis (Theocritus); L. Morris' Adonis (Epic of Hades).

In Art.- The Dying Adonis, sculpture, M. Angelo; the Adonis of Thorwaldsen in the Glyptothek, Munich.

§ 94. Textual.-Psyche does not eat anything in Hades, because, by accepting the hospitality of Proserpina, she would become an inmate of her household. The scene with the lamp and knife probably indicates the infringement of some ancient matrimonial custom. Erebus: the land of darkness, Hades. For Zephyr, Acheron, Cerberus, Charon, etc., see Index. Interpretative. The fable of Cupid and Psyche is usually regarded as allegorical. The Greek name for a butterfly is Psyche, and the same word means the soul. There is no illustration of the immortality of the soul so striking and beautiful as that of the butterfly, bursting on brilliant wings from the tomb in which it has lain, after a dull, grovelling, caterpillar existence, to flutter in the blaze of day and feed on the most fragrant and delicate productions of

the spring. Psyche, then, is the human soul, which is purified by sufferings and misfortunes, and is thus prepared for the enjoyment of true and pure happiness. It is probable that the story allegorizes a philosophical conception concerning three stages of the soul's life: first, a former existence of bliss; second, an earthly existence of trial; third, a heavenly future of fruition. Cox, by his usual method, finds here a myth of the search for the Sun (Eros) by the Dawn (Psyche). Many of the incidents of the story will be found in modern fairy tales and romances, such as Beauty and the Beast, Grimm's Twelve Brothers; the Gaelic stories: The Three Daughters of King O'Hara; Fair, Brown, and Trembling; The Daughter of the Skies; and the Norse tale - East of the Sun and West of the Moon. (See Cox 1:403-411.) Illustrative. Thomas Moore, Cupid and Psyche; Mrs. Browning, Psyche, Paraphrase on Apuleius; L. Morris in the Epic of Hades; Frederick Tennyson, Psyche. Most important is W. H. Pater's Marius the Epicurean, which contains the story as given by Apuleius.

In Art. Psyche is represented as a maiden with the wings of a butterfly, in the different situations described in the allegory. The Græco-Roman sculpture of Cupid and Psyche, in the Capitol at Rome, is of surpassing beauty; so also is Canova's Cupid and Psyche.

Among Paintings. - Raphael's frescos in the Farnesina Villa, twelve in number, illustrating the story; François Gérard's Cupid and Psyche; Paul Thumann's nine illustrations of the story; R. Beyschlag's Psyche with the Urn, Psyche Grieving, and Psyche and Pan; W. Kray's Psyche and Zephyr; Psyche, by A. de Curzon; by G. F. Watts; a series of three illustrations by H. Bates. The Charon and Psyche of E. Neide is a sentimental, simpering conception. A. Zick has also a Psyche.

$95. According to another tradition, Atalanta's love was Milanion. The nuptial vow was ratified by Hera (Juno). This, the Boeotian, Atalanta is sometimes identified with the Arcadian Atalanta of the Calydonian Hunt. See § 148 and Table D, § 59 C. It is better to discriminate between them. The genealogy of this Atalanta will be seen in the following table, and in § 132 (5) C.

Illustrative. W. Morris, Atalanta's Race (Earthly Paradise); Moore's Rhymes on the Road, on Alpine Scenery, — - an allusion to Hippomenes. In Art. Painting by E. J. Poynter, Atalanta's Race.

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§ 96. Textual and Illustrative. The story of Hero and Leander is the subject of a romantic poem by Musæus, a grammarian of Alexandria, who lived in the fifth century A.D. This author, in distinction from the mythical poet of the same name, is styled the Pseudo-Museus. The 'epyllion' has been translated by Sir Robert Stapylton, Sir Edwin Arnold, and others. The feat of swimming the Hellespont was performed by Lord Byron. The distance in the narrowest