At AstatineHans K. Kugler, Cornelius Keller Springer Science & Business Media, 9 бер. 2013 р. - 292 стор. Astatine is - besides radon and francium - the only natural radioelement which only has short-Lived isotopes, thereby excluding experiments with . . weighable" amounts of the element. This implies that all available data on physics and chemistry of this element are 12 16 based on experiments on the tracer scale with 10- to 10- g - and this will also not change in future because no longer-Lived isotopes as yet known are to be expected. Due to the fact that the only isotope of At occurring in the natural decay series, 219At, results from the 0. 005% a-branching of 223Fr which itself is produced by the only 1. 38% a-branching of 227 Ac - a member of the 235U series - there is no chance to recover substantial amounts of 219At from natural sources for sCientific research of At. All studies, therefore, are being done with the isotopes 209At to 211At having half-lives in the few hours region and being obtained by irradiation of bismuth with a-particles via (a,xn) reactions or by proton irradiation of heavy elements via spallation reactions. The mostly used isotope is 7. 22 h 211At. The fast separation of the obtained At isotopes is no very difficult procedure and is either being done by wet adsorption-precipitation techniques or making use of its high volatility by destilling in air. |
Зміст
1 | |
Natural Occurrence | 12 |
Nuclear Properties of Astatine Isotopes | 86 |
General Properties of Astatine | 107 |
Analytical Chemistry of Astatine | 129 |
Handling of Astatine | 140 |
Astatine in Biology and Nuclear Medicine | 157 |
Irradiation and SelfIrradiation of Astatine Compounds | 179 |
Astatine196 | 196 |
Astatine202 | 202 |
Astatine208 | 208 |
Astatine214 | 214 |
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Загальні терміни та фрази
acid solution Acta adsorbed adsorption alkaline anion aqueous solutions astatine astatine atom astatine compounds At⁰ At₂ Aten Atº benzene Berei Biol bismuth calculated cation CCl4 Chalkin Khalkin Chem chemical Chemistry chromatography concentration coprecipitation cross section decay scheme distillation dose Dreyer E.H. Appelman E.L. Diemer electron capture element energy extraction extrapolated formation Francium further references G.W.M. Visser gaseous Gmelin Handbook References Gmelin Handbook Table half-life halogen HClO4 heat HNO3 injection Inorg Intern iodine ionization energy irradiation isotopes J.G. Hamilton Khim kJ/mol M.W. Parrott metal Meyer nitric acid Norseev Nucl nuclear obtained organic Originally quoted values oxidation P.W. Durbin particles Phys precipitate Proc Radiat radioactive Radioanal rats reaction redox Rössler S.J. Adelstein Segrè solvents Soviet Radiochem species Stöcklin target tellurium temperature thermodynamic thorium thyroid gland tumor uptake USSR V.A. Khalkin V.A. Khalkin Radiokhimiya valence Vasáros X-ray Yu.V µCi