ing the moving parts. The rear construction houses the differential. and driving gears, and the shafts or axles which transmit the power to the traction wheels. Brakes are used to retard, or stop, the movement of the wheels, and are operated by rods which transmit the force the operator applies at the brake pedal or hand lever to the brake band. Torque members are used to maintain a definite relation between the driving gears in the axle and those in gearset, and to take the driving thrusts off the axle and the strains imposed by braking and driving from the springs. The principles underlying operation of each of the parts shown and the number of different forms in which they may exist, will be described more extensively in the chapters dealing fully with the various groups. Assembling Typical Chassis. The parts which compose the modern automobile and their relation to each other can be very easily ascertained and understood by even those deficient in mechanical knowledge, by consulting Figs. 8 to 13, inclusive. These show the various steps in assembling a typical American car, and have been prepared by the Locomobile Company to show the ease with which their cars may be assembled, or dismantled. At Fig. 8, A is shown the bare pressed steel frame which forms the basis of practically all motor cars, before any of the other parts have been added to it. It will be seen that it consists of two side members of pressed steel, these usually being a channel section. The two side members are joined by a series of four cross pieces. The wide one at the front end serves to support the radiator and the starting crank. The two which are placed a little forward of center in the chassis are utilized to support the change speed gear case. The rear cross member is employed solely as a bracing piece, and is reinforced by two triangular gusset plates. All the frame members are securely joined together by steel rivets. It will be noticed that the front end of the frame is narrower than the rear portion. This is to permit the front wheels to assume a more abrupt angle than would be the case if the frame bars were not cambered. This permits one to maneuver the car more easily in narrow streets because it permits one to turn more briskly. At Fig. 8, B, several parts have been added to the frame. The front springs have been attached directly under the front end, and |