Fig. 88.-Unconventional Forms of Rotary Valve Motors Designed to
Meet the Present Day Demand for Silent Valve Action. A-Mead
Motor Using Two Revolving Cylindrical Valves, One at Each Side of
Cylinder. B-Single Ported Cone Valve. C-Application of Two
Single Ported Cones, One Superposed. D-Use of Distinct Valves,
One for Inlet Port, the Other to Govern Exhaust Passage
Fig. 89.-Part Section of Sphinx Valveless Motor in which Poppet Valves
are Replaced by a Split Ring which Reciprocates in the Cylinder
Head, Opening and Closing the Gas Ports as it Moves Up and
Down. A-Inlet Ports Open. B and C-All Ports Closed. D-
Exhaust Ports Open

.

Fig. 90.-Diagrams Illustrating Action of Darracq (French) D Form Rotary Valve Motor. A-Piston at Beginning of Induction Stroke. B-Piston at Inception of Compression Stroke. C-Piston in Position for Receiving Explosion Impact. D-Valve Position at Start of Exhaust Period.

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170

172

Fig. 91.-Section of Hewitt Piston Valve, Motor Cylinder and Valve
Chest

174

Fig. 92.-Hewitt Piston Valve Motor Action Outlined Graphically. A-
Suction Stroke. B-Compression. C-Explosion. D-Exhaust

175

Fig. 93.-Diagram Showing Different Valve Timing Methods
Fig. 94.-Diagram Showing Method of Marking Fly-wheel Circumference
to Obtain Proper Timing of Typical Four-Cylinder Motor

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184

CHAPTER IV

Fig. 95. Forms of Pistons Commonly Employed in Gasoline Engines.
A-Dome Head Piston with Three Packing Rings. B-Flat Top
Form Almost Universally Used. C-Concave Piston Utilized in
Knight Motors and Some Having Overhead Valves. D—Two-Cycle
Engine Member with Deflector Plate Cast Integrally. E-Differ-
ential or Two-Diameter Piston Used in Some Engines Operating on
Two-Cycle Principle

Fig. 96.-Typical Methods of Piston Pin Retention Generally Used in
Engines of American Design. A Single Set Screw and Lock Nut.
B-Set Screw and Check Nut Fitting Groove in Wristpin. C, D-
Two Locking Screws Passing into Interior of Hollow Wristpin. E-
Split Ring Holds Pin in Place. F-Use of Taper Expanding Plugs
Outlined. G-Spring Pressed Plunger Type. H-Piston Pin Pinned
to Connecting Rod. I-Wristpin Clamped in Connecting Rod, Small
End by Bolt

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189

Fig. 97.-Types of Piston Rings and Ring Joints. A-Eccentric Ring.
B-Concentrically Machined Form. C-Lap Joint Ring. D-Butt
Joint, Seldom Used. E-Diagonal Cut Member, a Popular Form 191

Fig. 98. Showing Flat Top Piston Provided with Four Concentric Rings,
One of the Packing Members and the Wristpin with its Bushing.
Fig. 99. Typical Connecting Rod and its Wristpin. Lower Bearing Cap
Held by Four Bolts. White Metal Boxes in Cast Bronze Rod
Fig. 100.-Connecting Rod Types Summarized. A-Simple Connecting
Rod Made in One Piece, Usually Fitted in Small Single-Cylinder
Engines Having Built-up Crank Shafts. B-Marine Type, a Pop-
ular Form on Heavy Engines. C-Conventional Automobile Type, a
Modified Marine Form. D-Type Having Hinged Lower Cap and
Split Wristpin Bushing. E-Connecting Rod Having Diagonally
Divided Big End. F-Ball Bearing Rod. G-Sections Showing
Structural Shapes Commonly Employed in Connecting Rod Con-

struction

Fig. 101. Crank Shaft, Piston and Connecting Rod Assembly Used in
Reo Motors

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193

195

196

Fig. 102. Some of the Components of Corbin " 40" Motor. A-Piston and Connecting Rod Assembly. B-Inlet and Exhaust Cam Shafts. C-Twin Cylinder Casting

197

Fig. 103. Typical Cam Shaft with Valve Lifting Cams and Gears to Op-
erate Auxiliary Devices Forged Integrally
Fig. 104.-Auxiliary Shaft Used in Connection with Cam Shaft Driven
from a Spiral Gear Turns Timer and Oil Pump
Fig. 105.-Showing Method of Making Crank Shaft. A-The Rough
Steel Forging Before Machining. B-The Finished Six-Throw,
Seven-Bearing Crank Shaft

198

.

199

200

Fig. 106.-Defining Built-Up Crankshaft Construction Sometimes Used in
Small Motors

201

Fig. 107.—Showing Form of Crank Shaft for Twin-Cylinder Opposed
Power Plant

202

Fig. 108.-Two Forms of Four-Cylinder Crank Shaft. A-Five-Bearing Type with Fly-wheel Fastening Key at Front End. B-Three-Bearing Type with Flange for Securing Fly-Wheel Formed Integral . Fig. 109.-Representative Three-Bearing Crank Shafts. A-For Use with Cylinders Cast in Pairs. B-Used with Individually Cast Cylinders. Note Round Section Portions Connecting Ends to Center Crank Throws

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203

Fig. 110.-Bottom View of Premier Engine Showing Four-Bearing Six-
Cylinder Crank Shaft with Connecting Rods in Place
Fig. 111.-Design of Four-Cylinder Crank Shaft Mounted on Two An-
nular Ball Bearings. Note Method of Fly-Wheel Retention by Key
and Taper and Bearing Housing

204

204

Fig. 112.-Four-Throw, Two-Bearing Chalmers Crank Shaft Mounted on
Anti-Friction Journals of the Ball-Bearing Type

205

Fig. 113.-Four-Throw, Three-Bearing Lozier Crank Shaft and Connecting
Rod Assembly Mounted on Three Large Annular Ball Bearings.
Note Connecting Rod Design and the Use of Plain Bearings at Both
Wristpin and Crankpin Ends

Fig. 114.-Typical Fly-wheel Showing Female Member of Cone Clutch
and Fan Blade Spokes. Rim is Light Because of Large Diameter
Fig. 115.-Rear View of Overland Power Plant Showing Fan Blade Spoke
Fly-wheel Construction

Fig. 116.—Outlining Methods of Fly-wheel Retention Commonly Used.
A-By Gib Key. B-By Woodruff Key, Taper and Clamp Nut.
C-By Bolting to Flange Forged Integrally with Crank Shaft
Fig. 117. Showing Method of Marking Rim of Six-Cylinder Fly-wheel
for Guiding Repairman or Motorist to Retain Correct Valve
Timing

Fig. 118.—Crank Case of Reo Four-Cylinder Motor, a Barrel Type with
Ends Closed by Plates which Support Crank Shaft
Fig. 119.-Crank Case of Corbin " 40" Power Plant Made in Two Halves.
Crankshaft Bearings and Caps Secured to Upper Half, which also
Has Supporting Arms Cast Integral. Lower Portion of Crank Case
Simply Acts as Oil Container. This is the Common Construction
Fig. 120. Bottom View of Inter-State Power Plant. Crank Case a Barrel
Form with Removable Bottom Plate to Permit Access to Engine
Interior. Important Power Plant Parts Clearly Shown.
Fig. 121.-Top Half of Knox Crank Case. Note Method of Supporting
Five-Bearing Crank Shaft and Substantial Yoke Encircling Space
for Fly-wheel and Serving to Hold Transmission Gearing to Form
Unit Power Plant

.

Fig. 122.-Sectional Views of Amplex Two-Cycle Motor Cylinder. A-
Piston at Top of Stroke, Ready to Receive Impact Due to Gas Ex-
plosion. B-Piston at Bottom of Stroke. Note Gas Transfer
from Engine Base and Expulsion of Burnt Gases
Fig. 123. Sectional View Showing Construction of Legros (French)
Motor Defining Peculiar Cylinder Construction

.

Fig. 124.-The Coté (French) Two-Cycle Motor is a Good Example of the Type Employing a Two-Diameter Piston and Distributor Valve

Fig. 125.-The Rayner (English) Two-Cycle Motor Employs Distinctive Double-Piston Arrangement. A-Side View Showing Crank Shaft and Connecting Rods. B-End Section Showing Relative Angularity of Connecting Rods. C-Inner Piston Uncovers Inlet Ports, Outer Piston Covers Exhaust Passages

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206

208

209

211

212

214

215

216

217

219

221

999

223

Fig. 126.-Inlet Side of Typical Four-Cylinder Power Plant Showing
Carburetor and Magneto Placing

225

Fig. 127.-Exhaust Side of Four-Cylinder Power Plant Showing Water
Pump Location.

Fig. 128.-Valve Side Regal Motor Showing Compactness of Design Pos-
sible with L Cylinder Construction. Note Manifold Placing and
Magneto and Carburetor Location

Fig. 129.-Exhaust Side of Columbia "Mark 85" Motor. Note En-
closed Valve Springs and Arrangement of Parts
Fig. 130.-Inlet Side of Matheson "Silent Six" Power Plant, an Over-
head Valve Type

Fig. 131.-View of Eight-Cylinder Hendee Motor, a Type Seldom Used on Motor Cars, but Popular for Aviation. Eight-Cylinder Motors Designed for Automobile Propulsion are Always of the V Type, which Permits Compactness and no Greater Overall than the Usual Four-Cylinder Power Unit.

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226

227

228

229

CHAPTER V

Fig. 132.-Illustrating Method of Storing Fuel in Brush Runabout, which
Permits Short and Direct Gasoline Piping
Fig. 133.-Defining the Usual Methods of Fuel Storage in Motor Cars.
A-Oval Tank Back of Seat. B-Round Tank at Rear of Chassis,
Common on Racing Cars. C-Container Under Front Seat, the
Conventional Method. D-Tank at Rear of Frame, Underslung,
which Makes Pressure Feed Necessary

Fig. 134.-Complete Fuel System Used on Some Models of Peerless Cars, Showing Method of Supplying Carburetor with Fuel and Joining It to Cylinders

242

243

245

Fig. 135.-Unconventional System in which a Pump is Depended Upon
to Draw Fuel from Container and Deliver It to Vaporizer
Fig. 136.-First Forms of Gasoline Vaporizers. A-An Early Wick Car-
buretor. B-Type in which Air is Drawn Through Fuel to Charge
It with Explosive Vapor

246

Fig. 137.-Marine Type Mixing Valve, by which Gasoline is Sprayed into
Air Stream Through Small Opening in Air Valve Seat.
Fig. 138.-Lanchester Wick Feed Carburetor. The Only Modern Adapta-
tion of Earlier Forms.

Fig. 139.-Tracing Evolution of Modern Spray Carburetor. A-Early
Form Evolved by Maybach. B-Phoenix-Daimler Modification of
Maybach's Principle. C-Modern Concentric Float Automatic Com-
pensating Carburetor

248

250

251

253

Fig. 140.-Showing Common Forms of Mixing Chambers and Spray Nozzle Locations

257

Fig. 141.-Types of Float Chambers in Common Use Defining Various
Methods of Controlling Fuel Supply Valve

259

Fig. 142.-Spray Nozzle Forms and Methods of Supplying Auxiliary Air to Modern Carburetors

Fig. 143.-Showing Method of Regulating Fuel Mixture Supplied the Cylinders by Means of Centrifugal Governor, which Automatically Reduces the Quantity when Engine Speed Exceeds a Certain Predetermined Limit.

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263

Fig. 144. Schebler Carburetor Construction Outlined. This is One of the
Simplest Forms that Have Been Used Extensively.
Fig. 145.-Kingston Automatic Carburetor Admits Auxiliary Air
Through Ball-Controlled Ports at Side of Mixing Chamber.
Fig. 146.-Holley Carburetor with Spring Controlled Poppet Valve to
Regulate Auxiliary Air Passage

265

266

267

.

Fig. 147.-Latest Model of Holley Carburetor with By-Pass Tube to Provide Easier Starting

269

270

271

Fig. 148.-Mercedes Carburetor, which Has Retained Substantially the
Same Form as when First Designed Nearly a Decade Ago
Fig. 149.—Sectional View of Chapin Carburetor, which Has Mechanical
Control of Auxiliary Air Opening and Spray Nozzle Needle
Fig. 150.-Sectional View of Excelsior Carburetor. A-Side Section De-
picting Floating Ball Controlling Mixture Passage. B-Showing
Peculiar Air Valve Spring and Geared Control of Air Valve Stem 272
Fig. 151.—Views of the Efficient Vaporizer Used on Pierce-Arrow Cars,
Showing Method of Fuel Regulation, Auxiliary Air Control by
Reeds, and Mixture Supply Regulation by Cylindrical Throttle
Valve

Fig. 152.-Grouvelle and Arquemburg (French) Carburetor with Venturi
Tube Mixing Chamber and Air Port Control by Floating Balls
Fig. 153.—Peerless Carburetor, which is Combined with Induction Mani-
fold. Has Spray Nozzle and Float Chamber at Bottom and Air
Valve at Top

Fig. 154. Showing Details of Breeze Carburetor, a Simple, Automatic
Instrument. Note Fuel Adjustment by Needle Valve Over Spray
Nozzle.

274

275

277

279

Fig. 155.-Details of Stromberg Double-Jet Carburetor, which Provides Extra Fuel Through Auxiliary Spray Jet when Motor Demands It 280 Fig. 156. Carburetor Incorporated in F. I. A. T. Cylinder Casting is a Multiple-Jet Type Having Two Spray Tubes

281

Fig. 157.-Defining Principles of Construction Incorporated in Saurer. Economy Carburetor, a Two-Jet Form Having Automatic Control of Mixture.

283

Fig. 158. The Zenith Carburetor, which Embodies Novel Application of
Double-Jet Principle, One Spray Nozzle Being Concentric with the

Other

285