Fig. 16.-Plan View Showing Path of Air Currents Around Body of
Gasoline Car when No Attempt Has Been Made to Secure Lessened
Air Resistance

Fig. 17.-Depicting Flow of Air Currents Around Torpedo Body Designed
to Reduce Friction of Atmosphere at High Speeds
Fig. 18.-Plan View of Vehicle Body Shown in Preceding Illustration
which Clearly Indicates Influence of Symmetrical Body Form in
Promoting Lessened Air Resistance

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66

66

Fig. 19.-Outline of Exaggerated Torpedo Body Type, Seldom Seen Except on Racing Cars

67

Fig. 20.-Typical Modern Roadster Chassis Fitted with Fore Door Body,
Showing Application of Stream Line Body Form in Practice

Fig. 21.-Application of Fore Door, Five-Passenger Touring Body to
Gasoline Car Chassis

Fig. 22.-The Coupé; a Popular Form of Closed Body Favored by Pro-
fessional Men

Fig. 23.-The Rockwell Taxicab, or Public Service Vehicle, with Con-
vertible Type Body, which May Be Used as Shown and which Be-
comes a Closed Car when the Top is Raised

Fig. 24.—One and one-half Ton Capacity White Truck; a Conventional
Example of American Commercial Car Having Power Plant Located
Under the Hood, as in Pleasure Car Practice.

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70

Fig. 25. Front and Rear Elevation of Special Sampson Truck, Designed for United States Army Service

Fig. 26.-Side View of Sampson Army Type Transport Wagon
Fig. 27. Showing Typical American Motor Truck Design in which
Power Plant is Placed Under Operator's Feet, thus Providing More
Carrying Space for Body without Lengthening Wheel Base
Fig. 28.-Motor Truck Chassis Fitted with Special Body for Fire Depart-
ment Service; a New Field to which the Gasoline Motor is Par-
ticularly Well Adapted

Fig. 29. Showing Different Body Forms Fitted to Same Chassis Type
Fig. 30.-Light Motor Truck Chassis which Follows Typical Pleasure
Vehicle Design Except in Size of Parts. The Frame and Running
Gear are Heavier and Stronger, to Compensate for the Greater
Load Carrying Capacity

CHAPTER II

Fig. 31.-Typical Motor Car Power Plant Showing External Appearance
and Location of Important Auxiliary Mechanisms.
Fig. 32.-Diagram Comparing Action of Four-Cycle Engine with that of
Muzzle-Loading Cannon in Order to Simplify Explanation of Cycle
of Operations, thus Enabling the Reader to Comprehend this Funda-
mental Principle Clearly

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77

78-79

Fig. 33.-Sectional View One-Cylinder Horizontal Engine Used on Some
Reo Models, a Type that is Rapidly being Replaced by Four-Cylinder
Motors. These Motors were Operated at Moderate Speed and Had
Considerable Vibration if Speeded Up or Run Slowly

Fig. 34. Sectional View of Brush Runabout Motor, a Simple Single-
Cylinder Power Plant of the Vertical Type, Designed to Operate at
High Speeds

Fig. 35.-Diagrams Illustrating Sequence of Cycles in One and Two-
Cylinder Engines Show More Uniform Turning Effort on Crank-
shaft with Two-Cylinder Motors

Fig. 36.-Diagrams Demonstrating Clearly Advantages which Obtain
when Multiple-Cylinder Motors are Used as Power Plants. The
Continuous Power Application Possible Makes for Even Turning
Movement and Reduces Vibration

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85

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89

Fig. 37.-Diagram Showing Actual Duration of Different Strokes in
Degrees

Fig. 38.—Simple Form of Two-Cylinder Motor Having Opposed Cylin-
ders; a Very Popular Form of Power Plant for Light Service

Fig. 39.-Sectional View of Four-Cylinder Motor, the Most Widely Used
Type of Multiple Cylinder Engine

Fig. 40.-Sectional View of Typical Four-Cycle, Four-Cylinder Engine
Showing Important Internal Components and their Relation to Each
Other .

Fig. 41.-Sectional View of Rear Cylinder of Gasoline Engine with Im-
portant Parts Indicated

Fig. 42. Comparing Poppet Valve and Sliding Sleeve Valve Power
Plants. Upper View Shows Knight Engine with Sleeves to Control
Gas Ports. Lower Illustration Shows Gas Passages Controlled by
Mushroom Valves

.

Fig. 43. Showing Action of Inlet Valve and Cam of Conventional Type. Note Gradual Valve Opening, which Does Not Attain its Full Value for Some Time

Fig. 44. Showing Action of Exhaust Valve of Conventional Motor Type 102
Fig. 45.-End Sectional View of Knight Sliding Sleeve Type Motor

Showing Sleeves which Take Place of the Poppet Valves of Conven-
tional Motors. A-Outer Valve Shell. B-Inner Valve Shell. C-
Operating Lever for A. D-Operating Lever for B. E-Lay Shaft,
F-Crank Shaft. G-Helical Gears. H-Valve Opening. K-Cyl-
inder Head. L-Sparking Plug Holes. O-Cross-shaft Driving
Pump and Magneto. U-Piston
Fig. 46.-Diagrams Depicting Action of Sliding Sleeves on Intake Stroke.
A-Inlet Port About to Open. B-Inlet Port Fully Open. C-Inlet
Port Closed

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104--105

Fig. 47.—Diagrams Illustrating Movement of Sliding Sleeve Valves on the Exhaust Stroke. A-Exhaust Port About to Open. B-Exhaust Port Fully Open. C-Exhaust Port Closed

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104-105 107

Fig. 48.—Defining Two-Port, Two-Cycle Engine Action
Fig. 49. Showing Three-Port, Two-Cycle Engine Operation

109

Fig. 50.-Explaining Action of Differential Piston Type of Two-Cycle

Engine

111

Fig. 51.—Defining Advantages of Unit Power Plant Construction when
Supported on Three Points .

114

Fig. 52.—Four-Cylinder Power Plant and Transmission Unit Adapted for
Three-Point Support

115

Fig. 53. Six-Cylinder Unit Power Plant Utilized in Knox Motor Car is
Supported by Four Points .

115

Fig. 54.-Views of Typical Power Plant as Installed in Motor Car Frame,
the Common Method of Installation in Pleasure Cars
Fig. 55.-Showing Method of Installing Engine in Light Truck.
and Dashboard Units Removed to Illustrate Accessibility of Engine
if Extensive Repairs are Necessary

116

Seat

118

CHAPTER III

Fig. 56.-Illustrating Different Methods of Cylinder Construction Commonly Employed. A-Single or One-Cylinder Casting Used on Jackson Cars. B-Individual Cylinder Forming Part of Knox Power Plant. C-Typical Twin Casting Generally Used on Motor Car Engines. D-Four Cylinders Cast in One Block, a Feature of the Chalmers "30" Motor

Fig. 57.-Block Casting of Everitt "Six," a Remarkable Innovation in Motor Design Because the Six Cylinders, Upper Part of Crank Case and Inlet and Exhaust Manifolds are Included in One Casting . Fig. 58. Example of Four-Cylinder Block Motor Having One Separately Cast Head Member Common to All Cylinders. A Copper-Asbestos Gasket is Utilized in Making a Gas and Water Tight Joint Between the Parts. Note Accessibility of Pistons and Valves

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122

123

125

Fig. 59. Showing Separable Head Construction of Argyl Sleeve Valve
Motor, Made Necessary by Use of Sleeve

Fig. 60.-Section Through Sheffield Simplex (English) Engine, Presented

to Show Excellent Proportions of Water-jacket Spaces and Easy
Gas Passages Leading to Valve Chest

127

Fig. 61.—Section Through Sizaire-Naudin (French) Motor Showing a
Typical Small Bore, Long Stroke Cylinder

128

Fig. 62.-End View Humber (English) Motor Depicting Off-set Cylinder
Construction

129

Fig. 63.-Diagrams Demonstrating Advantages of Off-set Crank Shaft
Construction

131

Fig. 64.-Part Sectional View of Sheffield Simplex Six-Cylinder Motor
Showing Use of Block Castings, Seven-Bearing Crank Shaft and
Other Constructional Details. Note Exceptionally Good Water-
jacketing of Cylinders

Fig. 65. Section Through Typical Four-Cylinder Block Motor with
Three-Bearing Crank Shaft

Fig. 66.-Sectional View Knox Model R Motor Illustrating Application
of Individual Cylinder Castings, Separable Head Members and Five-
Bearing Crank Shaft. A Simple and Substantial Design that is En-
during and Efficient

Fig. 67.-Sectional View of Typical Four-Cylinder Motor Using Indi-
vidual Cylinder Castings with Cylinder Heads Cast Integral. Gen-
eral Design Fair, Excepting that of Connecting Rods
Fig. 68.-Illustrating Typical Methods of Valve Installation in Internal
Combustion Motors. A-Valves on Opposite Sides of T Head
Cylinder. B-L Head Cylinder Having Intake Valve Placed Di-
rectly in the Center of the Cylinder Head .

Fig. 69.-Benz Racing Motor, Presented to Show Method of Valve
Placing so These Members Open Directly into the Cylinder Head .
Fig. 70.—Part Sectional View of Bergdoll Motor Showing Placing of
Valves. The Exhaust Member is Fitted in a Side Pocket of the L
Cylinder. The Inlet Valve is Placed Directly in the Center of the
Combustion Chamber

Fig. 71.-Cylinder Head of Knox Engine Cut in Two to Show Method of
Valve Placing and Seating Directly in Separately Cast Member.
Valves Operated by Rocker Arms. Note Exceptionally Good Water
Spaces Around Valve Seats .

Fig. 72.—Section Through Concentric Valve Used on Some Franklin
Models. The Exhaust Valve, which is a Regular Poppet Type,
Seats in the Inlet Member, which is a Hollow Shell of Metal. Both
Valves Open Directly into the Combustion Chamber
Fig. 73.-Section Through Cylinder of Hudson Car. A Typical Form
Having L Shape Cylinder with Inlet and Exhaust Valves on Same
Side of Cylinder and Actuated from Common Cam Shaft. Note
Plate Used to Enclose Valve Springs

Fig. 74.-Types of Valves in Common Use. A-One-Piece Steel Valve of
Good Design which Permits Easy Gas Flow. B-Steel Valve Made
by Electrically Welding a Nickel Steel Head to a Carbon Steel Stem.
C-A Construction Often Employed for Exhaust Valves, a Two-
Piece Built-Up Member. D-Valve with Flat Seat, Often Used to
Admit Mixture to Cylinder.

Fig. 75.-Forms of Valve-Lifting Cams Generally Employed. A-Cam
Profile for Long Dwell and Quick Lift. B-Typical Inlet Cam Used

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134

135

138

139

141

142

143

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146

with Mushroom Type Follower. C-Average Form of Cam. D-
Designed to Give Quick Lift and Gradual Closing

Fig. 76.-Showing Principal Types of Cam Followers which Have Re-
ceived General Application

Fig. 77.-Defining Different Possible Methods of Valve Operation. A—
Overhead Valve Actuated by Rocker Arm, Tappet Rod and Roller
Type Cam Follower. B-Both Valves Operated from One Cam, T
Head Cylinder. C-Valves of L Type Twin Cylinder Casting
Operated by Mushroom Type Cam Followers. D-Suggested
Method of Indirect Valve Operation

Fig. 78.-Diagram Showing Forms of Cylinder Demanded by Different
Valve Placings. A-T Head Type, Valves on Opposite Sides. B-L
Head Cylinder, Valves Side by Side. C-L Head Cylinder, One
Valve in Head, Other in Pocket. D-Inlet Valve Over Exhaust
Member, Both in Side Pocket. E-Valve-in-the-Head Type with
Vertical Valves. F-Inclined Valves Placed to Open Directly into
Combustion Chamber

Fig. 79.—Cam Shaft and Valve Operating Plunger Case of Hupp Motor,
a Separate Member. Note Simple Type of Cam Follower
Fig. 80.-Front View of Warren-Detroit "30" Motor with Timing Gear
Case Cover Removed to Show Arrangement of Cam Shaft and Water
Pump Driving Gears

Fig. 81. Showing Use of Silent Chain Connection Between Crank Shaft
and Cam Shaft, and also for Driving Water Pump and Magneto
Shafts. A-Chain Drive on Wolseley (English) 1912 Motor. B-
Method of Using Silent Chains on White & Poppe (English) Power
Plant

Fig. 82.-Section Through Cylinder of Knight Motor Showing Important
Parts of Valve Motion

Fig. 83.-Diagram Showing Relative Movement of Sleeves and Cam Shaft
of Knight Type Motor. Note Port Opening at Various Piston Posi-
tions. Shaded Portions of Sleeves Represent Ports

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148

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151

153

154

156

157

159

160

Fig. 84.-Sectional Views Showing Action of Miesse Combination Sleeve and Piston Valve at Different Points in Cycle of Engine Operation Fig. 85.-Defining Action of Peculiar Rotary Valve Used in Latest Itala (Italian) Motor

162

164

Fig. 86. Partial Section of Reynolds Rotary Valve Motor Cylinder
Showing Method of Rotating Simple Disk Valve and Ports in
Cylinder Head

165

Fig. 87.-Part Section of Reynolds Rotary Valve Motor Showing Prac-
tical Application of Ported Disk in Controlling Gas Passages. Note
Compact Design of Cylinder Block and Two-Bearing Four-Throw
Crank Shaft .

167