George Howard, Sir Warham St. Leger, Sir John Witchard, Mr. Buckhurst, and Captain Brett. Among the nobles who followed the Prince of Anhalt to Juliers were, the Duke of Wurtemburg, the Count of Waldeck, Baron Dona, &c. The Prince of Portugal' attached himself to Prince Maurice of Nassau's division, and learnt a lesson in the art of war from one of the first masters in Europe.

We left Leopold of Austria-" that bold and bustling prelate" as Motley styles the Prince-Bishop-in the town of Juliers, which he had taken such summary possession of. But he did not remain there until the allied forces came before the town to batter the walls down about

his priestly ears. His departure was not caused by cowardice, as he was one of those fighting prelates who loved the sword better than the crozier, but by the force of circumstances. Not having the wherewithal to pay the troops that had followed him to Juliers, he sent all the troops that were not required for the immediate defence of this place into the province of Liege, "there to live upon the Spoyle of the Countrey until the season of the yeare should call them into the field " In consequence of the depredations committed by these marauders, the States-General, acting in concert with the Dukes of Brandenburg and Neuburg, sent Prince Henry of Nassau with a large force of horse to Liege, to co-operate with a force under the

This was doubtless Colonel Sir Warham St. Leger, the younger, who for a short time acted as Vice-President of Munster. His father, known as Sir Warham St. Leger, the elder, distinguished himself in Ireland, and was Lord President of Munster in the reign of Queen Elizabeth.

2 Don Emanuel of Portugal, an outcast and wanderer from his native land, which was now ruled over by the King of Spain. He had married Amelia of Nassau.

3 Winwood to Salisbury, April 22nd, 1610. Winwood's Memorials, iii. pp. 148-9.

Prince of Anhalt, and drive the Leopoldians out of the country. The States' and German troops were fortunate enough to take the Bishop's troops by surprise, and, finding them scattered, inflicted great loss upon them, killing 300, and taking many prisoners, who were taken to Dusseldorf.1 This disaster to Archduke Leopold happened in April, and as he had no other footholds in the duchies except Juliers and the castle of Bredebent, which had been captured from its rightful owner-Brandenburg-he felt himself awkwardly situated. The Austrian soldiers in Juliers were entertained at the expense of the townspeople, who strongly favoured a ruler of their own religion. But troops are not fed and paid for nothing, and the fighting prelate, being an old soldier, knew that if the sinews of war were not soon forthcoming his days in the duchies were numbered. Leopold was a man of boundless ambition, and had secret hopes of reaching the Crown of Bohemia on the Emperor's back, and being declared heir to his Imperial Majesty." That feeble prop, the Emperor Rudolph, who at first had strenuously upheld Leopold in all he did, and had been the prime mover in the seizure of Juliers, had been so badgered, worried and blamed about his share in this Cleves business, by all parties concerned, and even by his own subjects, that his weak and unstable character could not bear the strain put upon it. He therefore thought to get out of a dilemma by summoning Leopold back to Prague. On receipt of this most unwelcome summons, Leopold had the effrontery to demand of the Princes, whose capital he had seized, a safe conduct for a free passage for himself, his suite and his baggage, out of the country. The Princes were most anxious to get rid of this "old man of the sea," by hook or

by crook, but they naturally refused his request unless Juliers was delivered up to them.' This ultimatum put a stop to further negotiations, as there was no intention of restoring Juliers. The Bishop took his departure for Brussels in May, and was made welcome at the court of Archduke Albert, who furnished him with money. The command of the fortress of Juliers was entrusted to Russenburg, a native of the duchy of Juliers, while the Bishop of Strasburg was employed in raising money and recruits elsewhere. And in this congenial employment we must for the present leave Leopoldus and continue the narration of the siege of Juliers.

Russenburg not having had much experience in sieges, did not, it was said, make as much of his strong defences as he ought to have done, but he showed no lack of bravery, and on the first day of the siege had made a sally with 300 men upon his enemy in their most unprotected quarter, but they were repulsed with great loss.3 The Cecilians worked so hard at their trenches and batteries, that by August 5th they had planted all their guns and brought their approaches so near the half moon, for which they were making, that they had to begin sapping "From the 27 to the 30th (old style) we continued sapping towards the halfe moone," wrote Waymouth, "and finisht up our Batteries, and planted 4 peices in the 4th Batterie next the halfe moone; by this tyme Grave Maurice his aproach, mett with Generall Cecill's before the halfe moone; dureing this tyme the enemy hung over the walls

1 Winwood to Salisbury, May 14th, 1610. Winwood's Memorials, iii. p. 164.

2 Trumbull in a letter to Winwood, from Brussels, June 2nd, 1610, says, "These Provinces have sent 150 waggons laden with Cannon bullets to the frontier towns, whereof the greatest proportion is to serve for the furnishing of those places which front upon Juliers."

Crosse, p. 1292.

greate lightes, whereby they saw our men at worke, and did us great harme;1 and about the same tyme the Castle made a sallie upon the trenches of the French, who valientlie defended them, yet lost some 60 men."

Sir Ralph Winwood, the British Ambassador to the United Provinces, had been sent to Dusseldorf in May, "in case the Princes and those that have interest in this Busyness shall desyre it." He came to Juliers during the siege, and sent frequent accounts of its progress to Lord Salisbury and to Mr. Trumbull, British Resident at Brussels. Writing to the former on July 27, o. s., from Dusseldorf, he says, in speaking of General Cecil :

"I cannot sufficiently represent unto your Lp. his industry and dilligence, and how by his example, to stirre up watchfullnes and care in others, he doth descend to the duety of a simple Captaine. If any thing be to be desired in him, it is this, that he would be more respectfull of his person, wh he dothe often hazard3y expose to danger; quem sæpe transit casus aliquando invenit: his horse this weeke was killed under him, by a shotte of a culveryn."

And in a letter to Mr. Trumbull, written a day iater, Winwood says:—

"Our siege is far advanced; our men already are lodged in the Fosse; and we think (if our skill doth not deceive us) to carry both Town and Castle within 12 days. I am not able to say the Marshall will come; he may be near to the Passage of the Moselle, but whether he will pass, seeing he is refused the escorte he desired of 6000 Foote and 1200 Horse, may be doubted."

It may readily be supposed that Sir Edward Cecil had very scant time for letter writing, his time being so fully occupied both day and night. He found time, however, to

1 A tract published in 1611, entitled, Newes out of Cleaveland, says General Cecil was present all this time, and had his own company there to guard the workmen. The British lost 40 men in killed and wounded.

2 Salisbury to Winwood, May 19, 1610.

keep his uncle, Lord Salisbury, advertised of the progress of the siege. The Lord Treasurer refers to these letters in his despatches to Winwood; but unfortunately these letters from Juliers are not extant. The three letters written by General Cecil to Henry, Prince of Wales2, from Juliers, are still preserved, and are interesting relics, both of Edward Cecil and the gallant young Prince, to whom they were addressed. We shall have a good deal to say regarding Henry, Prince of Wales, in a succeeding chapter, as he naturally loved the sight of a soldier and every valiant man. The first letter3 from General Cecil to the Prince is dated July 29th, old style.

SIR E. CECIL TO HENRY, PRINce of Wales.

"MAY IT PLEASE Y' HIGHNES,

"I humble beseach y° that I may bepardoned that I have. deferred to offer to y' Hig" the actions of these partes, nothing having happend as yet worthy of y' reading. But now we have invested the Town of Guliers, and allredy used such dilligence in our Aproches, that wee have lodged our selves in the poynts of some of there oute workes. And because y' Hig. may more perticularly understand how the Seage hath hetherto beeyne caried; I have presumed to present y' Hig" wth a draft of our Quarter, how wee lighe, and of the Towne and Castell, and of our Aproches to it. The place is exceading strong by arte. The Governer well furnished wth menn and Amunition, yet wee prease him nighly wth our Aproches, that if his exspected reliefe from the Emperer and the Arch Diuke falle him, as wth out doubte it will, the Towne in 3 weakes tyne more will, in all menns iudgement, be rendered in to our hands. And I dare promis it shall apeare to yr Hig., that y1 humble and loyall servants have not gained to them selves the least part of honour and reputation in the cariage of the whole seage.

1 Salisbury to Winwood, Sept. 9, o.s., 1610, Memorials, iii. pp. 215-16. 2 Henry Stuart was created Prince of Wales on June 4, 1610.

This letter, preserved among the Harleian MSS. in the British Museum (Harl. 7007), has been printed in Dr. Birch's Life of Henry, Prince of Wales