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JEFFERSON'S ADMINISTRATION.

1801 TO 1809.

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SECRETARIES OF THE NAVY:

1801.-BENJAMIN STODDERT, Maryland.
ROBERT SMITH, Maryland.

1802.

1805. JACOB CROWNINSHIELD, Massachusetts.

POSTMASTERS-GENERAL:

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1801.

1801.

1805.

1803.

THEOPHILUS PARSONS, Massachusetts (declined).
LEVI LINCOLN, Massachusetts.

ROBERT SMITH, Maryland.

JOHN BRECKENRIDGE, Kentucky.

1807.-ČESAR A. RODNEY, Delaware.

CONTEMPORANEOUS ENGLISH HISTORY.

George III., King of England.

Mr. Addington, Prime-Minister, 1801 to 1804.

Mr. Pitt, Prime-Minister, 1804, until his death, at 47, in 1806.
Lord Grenville, and Duke of Portland, 1806 to 1809.

The Peace of Amiens in 1802.

Renewal of war with France in 1803.

Abolition of the slave-trade in 1807.
Peninsular War commenced in 1808.

THOMAS JEFFERSON.

FROM-1801 to 1809.

*DURATION.-Two terms, -eight years.

PARTY. - Republican (State-Sovereignty or Democratic). PRINCIPAL EVENTS.-Ohio admitted into the Union in 1802. Louisiana ceded by Spain to France in 1800; purchased from France, for fifteen millions of dollars, in 1803. War with Tripoli, Africa, on account of seizures of American vessels. Duel between Burr and Hamilton, and death of the latter. Impressment of American seamen by British officers. Conspiracy of Burr to divide the Union: trial for treason; acquitted, 1807. American frigate "Chesapeake " fired into by the British frigate Leopard." Embargo Act passed, December, 1807. Non-intercourse with Great Britain and France in 1809. James Madison elected President.

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1801. March 4. "About to enter, fellowcitizens, on the exercise of duties which comprehend every thing dear and valuable to you, it is. proper you should understand what I deem the essential principles of our government, and, consequently, these which ought to shape its administration. I will compress them within the narrow

est compass they will bear, stating the general principle, but not all its limitations: Equal and exact justice to all men, of whatever State or persuasion, religious or political; peace, commerce, and honest friendship, with all nations, entangling alliances with none; the support of the State governments in all their rights, as the most compe-. tent administrations for our domestic concerns, and the surest bulwarks against anti-republican tendencies; the preservation of the General Government in its whole constitutional vigor, as the sheet-anchor of our peace at home, and safety abroad; a jealous care of the right of election by the people, a mild and safe corrective of abuses which are lopped by the sword of revolution where peaceable remedies are unprovided; absolute acquiescence in the decisions of the majority, the vital principle of republics, from which there is no appeal but to force, the vital principle and immediate parent of despotism; a well-disciplined militia, our best reliance in peace, and for the first moments of war, till regulars may relieve them; the supremacy of the civil over the military authority; economy in the public expenses, that ·

labor may be lightly burdened; the honest payment of our debts, and sacred preservation of the public faith; encouragement of agriculture, and of commerce as its handmaid; the diffusion of information, and arraignment of all abuses at the bar of the public reason; freedom of religion, freedom of the press, and freedom of person under the protection of the habeas-corpus; and trial by juries impartially selected. These principles form the bright constellation which has gone before us, and guided our steps through an age of revolution. and reformation. The wisdom of our sages, and blood of our heroes, have been devoted to their attainment: they should be the creed of our political faith, the text of civic instruction, the touchstone by which to try the services of those we trust; and, should we wander from them in moments of error or of alarm, let us hasten to retrace our steps, and to regain the road which alone leads to peace, liberty, and safety. . . . I repair then, fellow-citizens, to the post you have assigned me, with experience enough in subordinate offices to have seen the difficulties of this, the greatest of all. I have learned to expect that it will rarely fall to the

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