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Taylor and Fillmore's Administrations. 173

1849. - Extract from the first and only Annual Message of Pres. Taylor: "Attachment to the Union of the States should be habitually fostered in every American heart. For more than half a century, during which kingdoms and empires have fallen, this Union has stood unshaken. The patriots who formed it have long since descended to the grave; yet still it remains the proudest monument to their memory, and the object of affection and admiration with every one worthy to bear the American name. Upon its preservation must depend our own happiness and that of countless generations to come. Whatever dangers may threaten it, I shall stand by it, and maintain it in its integrity to the full extent of the obligations imposed and the power conferred upon me by the Constitution.

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"ZACHARY TAYLOR."

PIERCE'S ADMINISTRATION.

1853

ΤΟ 1857.

THE CABINET.

PRESIDENT:

FRANKLIN PIERCE, NEW HAMPSHIRE.

VICE-PRESIDENT:

WILLIAM R. KING, ALabama (died 1853).

SECRETARY OF STATE:

1853.-WILLIAM L. MARCY, New York.

SECRETARY OF THE TREASURY:

1853.JAMES GUTHRIE, Kentucky.

SECRETARY OF WAR:

1853. JEFFERSON DAVIS, Mississippi.

SECRETARY OF THE NAVY:

1853. JAMES C. DOBBIN, North Carolina.

SECRETARY OF THE INTERIOR:

1853.- -ROBERT MCCLELLAND, Michigan.

POSTMASTER-GENERAL:

1853.JAMES CAMPBELL, Pennsylvania.

ATTORNEY-GENERAL:

1853. CALEB CUSHING, Massachusetts.

CONTEMPORANEOUS ENGLISH HISTORY.

Reign.-Victoria.

Premier. - Earl of Aberdeen, to 1855.

Lord Palmerston, to 1857 (and 1858).

Dispute between Russia and Turkey.

War with Russia declared March 27, 1854.

(Crimea, Alma, Balaklava, Inkermann, Sebastopol.)

Treaty of peace signed at Paris, March 30, 1856.

English loss, 24,000 men.

French loss, 63,500 men.

Russian loss, 500,000 men.

English debt and taxes increased eighty-two million pounds sterling. War between England and Persia, November to March, 1857.

FRANKLIN PIERCE.

FROM -- -1853 to 1857.

DURATION.-One term,
PARTY.-Democratic.

four years.

.

PRINCIPAL EVENTS.-Death of Vice-President W. R. King, April 18, 1853. Dispute, under the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, respecting boundary-lines in New Mexico. Mesilla-valley road to California purchased by the United States of Santa Anna, President of the Republic of Mexico, for ten million dollars. Isthmus of Tehuantepec Railroad arranged for. Free navigation of the Gulf of California and River Colorado included in the purchase. Treaty concluded with Japan. Two ports opened to the United States by Com. Perry. Dr. Kane's second search for Sir John Franklin. Expeditions over the Rocky Mountains to the Pacific. Railway route surveyed. Koszta, the Hungarian refugee at Smyrna, is rescued as an American citizen by Capt. Ingraham. Senator Stephen A. Douglas of Illinois, in 1854, advocates the Kansas-Nebraska Bill; the people of those vast territories to decide for themselves the question of slavery. Messrs. Everett, Sumner, Wade, Houston, and Bell, oppose it. By the Missouri compromises of 1820-1821, slavery being excluded from this region, the free States insist that it shall be forever excluded. A bill making void the Missouri Compromise, after a long and bitter contest, is passed, and signed by the President, May, 1854. Emigration to Kangas swiftly follows. "Squatter sovereignty" is established. Quarrels ensue, The polls are managed by armed

men from the South. Free-States men hold conventions, and are

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