The figures are referred to in a foregoing page of this ARTILarticle. In Plate II. are also illustrated the positions, &c. in artillery exercises, as above described. Plate III., figs. 1 and 2, are correct representations of a brass 6-pounder field-piece; fig. 1 is the elevation, and fig. 2 the plan. Plate IV., fig. 1, is an elevation of the limber to the preceding; fig. 2 is the elevation of a 13-inch mortar on its feet; and fig. 3 is a perspective view of an 8-inch howitzer with its limber. LERY. ARUN DEL. ARTOCARPUS, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Monoecia, order Monandria. Generic character. Male, amentum cylindrical, calyx none, corolla of two petals, filaments the length of the corolla; female, calyx none, corolla none, germens numerous in the form of a globe, style filiform, drupa compound. The A. Încisa, or Bread-fruit Tree, is a native of the South Seas, it grows to the height of about 40 feet; the stem is about the thickness of a man's body. The whole tree is full of a tenacious milky juice, which may be drawn out into threads. The fruit is an important article of food to the inhabitants of the South Sea islands. For a more detailed account of this interesting production, the reader is referred to Capt. Cook's Voyage. The Indian Jaca tree, A. Integrifolia, is a species of this genus. ARTOIS, a province and government of France before the Revolution, which is now included in the departments of the Pas de Calais, and the Somme. It was formerly one of the 17 provinces of which the Netherlands were composed; and in the time of Cæsar was occupied by the Atrebatii, from whom it is supposed to derive its name. It was bounded on the south and west by Picardy; by French Flanders on the north; and to the east by French Hainault and Cambrecis; and was about 22 leagues in length, and 12 in breadth. This district is one of the most fertile in France; but is deficient in wood, and it produces little or no wine. Its manufactures are inconsiderable, and the only articles of export consist of agricultural produce. The principal town is Arras, where before the revolution the provincial states used to assemble, consisting of two bishops, eighteen abbots, eighteen deputies from chapters, and about seventy nobles and representatives of the tiers état. It was in the possession of the houses of Austria and Spain until the year 1640, when it was conquered by Louis XIV, and finally ceded to France by the treaty of Nimeguen, in 1678. ARVANS, (Sr.), in the upper division of the hundred of Caldicot, county of Monmouth; a Chapel, (not in charge), of the certified value of £10.; Patron, the Duke of Beaufort. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 282. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £301. 11s. Od., at 4s. 6d. in the pound.. It is 24 miles N. W. by N. from Chepstow. ARVERNI, the name of one of the most powerful nations of ancient Gaul. When Cæsar took possession of this last country it was divided between the Arverni and the Equi. According to Strabo this country was situated between the ocean, the Pyrennees, and the Rhone; it is from them that the modern name, Auvergne is derived, and their capital was the city now called Clermont. ARVILS, or ARVALS, is the name of a species of funeral entertainments, of a very old date. These feasts, we are informed by Brand, are still kept up in the north of England, and are called by their old name. The custom seems to have been borrowed from the ancients. Juvenal in his Fifth Satire mentions the cœna feralis, and it is in allusion to it that Hamlet says -The funeral baked meat, Did coldly furnish forth the marriage supper. Mousin tells us that in his time it cost more to bury a dead wife in England, than to portion off a daughter. The truth of which remark is illustrated by the following extract from Stowe's London, book i. p. 259, "Margaret Atkinson, widow, by her will, dated Oct. 18, 1544, orders that the next Sunday after her burial, there be provided 2 doz. of bread, a kilderkin of ale, two gammons of bacon, three shoulders of mutton, and two couple of rabbits. Desiring all the parish, as well rich as poor to be partakers thereof; and a table to be set in the midst of the church, with every thing necessary thereto." See Brand's Popular Antiquities, by Ellis, vol. ii. 150. ARUM, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Monoecia, order Polyandria. Generic character. Spatha of one leaf, convolute at the base, perianth none, Spadix with germens at the base, stamina sessile near the middle of the spadix which is naked above, berry one-celled, oneseeded. Hooker, Fl. Scot, 258. This genus contains one British species, the A. Maculatum, Cuckow-Pint, or Lords and Ladies, not uncommon in hedges. It is an extremely acrid plant, The root contains a large portion of starch. ARUNDEL, in the hundred of Avisford, Rape of Arundel, county of Sussex; a discharged Vicarage, valued in the King's Books at £5. Os. 10d.; Patron, Mrs. Groome. The resident population of this town in 1801, was 1855. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £1341. 3s., at 8s. in the pound. It is 10 miles E. by N. from Chichester, and 60 miles S. S. W. from London. The river Arun is navigable up to the town for ships of 100 tons burden. The DEL. DELIAN MAR BLES. ARUN. Petty Sessions are held here. This town sends two Members to Parliament, chosen by the inhabitants paying scot and lot; the Mayor is the returning officer. ARUN- It is a borough by prescription, and is governed by a Mayor, 12 Burgesses, a Steward, and other officers. The Mayor, who is chosen annually, is Judge at the Court Leet of the Lord of the Manor, which is holden every three weeks; he appoints the collectors of the package and stallage, the ale-conners and flesh-tasters; and no writ can be executed within the borough, without his permission; he has also the authority of a Justice of the Peace. The castle (to which the manor is inseparably annexed), belongs to the noble family of the Howards, Earls of Arundel, and Dukes of Norfolk; and it is declared by an act of parliament, passed in the reign of Henry VI., that whoever hath DEL MAR the castle, becomes thereby an Earl without any other ARUN creation. It is supposed to have been built during the reign of King Alfred, or not long before. Bevis, a ARUNgiant of ancient times, is said (by tradition), to have DELIAN been the founder. He was able (says Gilpin), to wade the channel to the Isle of Wight, and frequently BLES did so for his amusement. He was warder of the gate to the Earls of Arundel, who weekly supplied him with two hogsheads of beer, a whole ox, and bread, &c., mustard in proportion. Soon after the Norman Conquest, this castle was given by William I. to his kinsman, Roger De Montgomery, whom he at the same time created Earl of Arundel and Shrewsbury. Here the Empress Maud was first received when she landed in England to dispute her claims with Stephen.* ARUNDELIAN MARBLES. ARUNDELIAN MARBLES. Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel, who lived in the time of James and Charles the First, devoted a large portion of his fortune to the collection of monuments, illustrative of the arts, and of the history of Greece and Rome. He himself resided a long time in Italy, where he had frequent opportunities of adding to his store; but, not satisfied with his own individual exertions, he employed men of learning to travel at his expense in quest of such treasures; and among them, one peculiarly fitted for such an undertaking, Mr. William Petty, who explored, sometimes at the risk of his life, the ruins of Greece, the Archipelago, and the shores of Asia Minor and succeeded in procuring above two hundred relics of antiquity. Among them were those of which we are about to speak, and which, in honour of their noble collector, have been called the Arundelian Marbles. : Gassendi tells us, in his life of Peiresc, that a Jew who was employed by that celebrated antiquary to purchase antiquities for him, had paid fifty pieces of gold for these marbles, but was seized, together with the antiquities which he had collected, by the Turks, who wished to extort a higher price; and that the whole was redeemed from the latter by Petty, the agent of Lord Arundel. This story has much the air of a fable, and has not, we believe, been generally credited at all events it does not appear that Petty was ever charged with having used any unfair means to get possession of these treasures. They arrived in England in the year 1627, with the rest of the collection; which then consisted of 37 statues, 128 busts, and 250 inscriptions, together with a large number of altars, sarcophagi, fragments of sculpture, and an invaluable assemblage of gems. The inscriptions were inserted in the wall of the garden at the back of Arundel House, in the Strand, and were examined, soon after they had been placed there, by Selden, and two other scholars, at the recommendation of Sir Robert Cotton. Those learned men used their utmost endeavours in cleaning and decyphering these monuments, and succeeded with great labour and difficulty in decyphering 29 of the Greek, and 10 of the Latin, inscriptions, those which Selden judged to be of the greatest importance; and in the following year he published them, in a thin folio volume, under the title of Marmora Arundelliana. It might have been supposed that curiosities (and such these stones must have appeared to the ignorant as well as the learned) procured at such an expense, and preserved with so much care, would, in a civilized country, have been secured from further delapidation; but such was not the case. The noble family of Arundel was compelled to abandon its mansion, during the civil wars, to the commonwealth; and the parliament, who put it under sequestration, suffered the collection of marbles, deposited in its garden, to be plundered and defaced in the most shameless manner; and it is supposed that not more than half of the original number escaped dispersion or destruction in that disastrous period. A better fate awaited that portion of these reliques which was preserved; for it was presented by Henry Howard, Duke of Norfolk, grandson of the collector, to the university of Oxford. These inscriptions were now in the hands of men who could appreciate their value, and give them to the world, accompanied by such illustrations as were requisite to make them eminently useful to the scholar and the antiquary. Humphrey Prideaux, afterwards dean of Norwich, a man of profound and various learning, undertook the publication of the whole collection, and brought out his work in 1676. They were again reprinted in 1732, under the care of Maittaire; and, subsequently, in a more exact and splendid manner, by the learned Dr. Chandler, in 1763, nearly a century after the original publication. Those who have ever attempted to transcribe almost obliterated inscriptions, will feel no surprise, when they learn, that there is a considerable disagreement be From the time of the civil wars in the 17th century, Arundel Duke of Norfolk undertook to restore it to its ancient magniCastle continued little better than a mass of ruins, till the last ficence. The only parts now remaining of the ancient ruins are the keep, and some of the walls. ARUN- tween these different copies of the Arundelian MarDELIAN bles; and it is to be lamented, that the learned MARuniversity to which they now belong, has not caused BLES. fac similes of the most important ones to be engraved. The art of lithography, which is extremely applicable to such purposes, offers the means of perpetuating, as it were, the original inscriptions themselves, by a method unattended by any considerable expense. Some of these inscriptions record treaties and public contracts; others, are memorials of the gratitude of the state to patriotic individuals; but by far the greater number are sepulchral, and entirely of a private nature. One, however, has deservedly attracted more notice than the rest, and it is that to which we chiefly direct the reader's attention. It is commonly known by the name of "The Parian Chronicle;" because it is in fact a chronological table of events, and appears to have been made in the island of Paros. This stone was, in the time of Selden, two feet seven inches in height, and six feet six inches in breadth: containing 93 lines, arranged in two columns. It originally contained a chronological account of the principal events in Grecian, and particularly Athenian, history, during a period of 1318 years, from the reign of Cecrops to the archonship of Diognetus, B. c. 264; but it has suffered considerable injury, much of it having been effaced, so that it now terminates with the archonship of Diotimus, B. c. 354; about 90 years earlier than the period to which it originally extended. Had not Selden most fortunately transcribed it with peculiar care, a great portion of it would have been irrecoverably lost; for no less than 31 out of the 79 epochs, legible upon it, in his time, have been knocked off, for the purpose, it is said, of repairing a fire-place. The epochs are all dated retrospectively from the archonship of Diognetus at Athens, 264 years before Christ, and briefly record the most important events, in the order in which they took place. This monument therefore is invaluable, if its authenticity can be depended upon; the more so, as several facts are recorded here, of which no account is to be found elsewhere. Its authority, indeed, was never called in question, till of late years; but in 1788, a Mr. Robertson published an essay, entitled The Parian Chronicle, in which he has assailed its genuineness with considerable learning, and a great appearance of candour, such as has caused it to be considered by some persons as a fabrication of no very ancient date. But the, truth is, that it would be difficult to find any inscription, professing to be of considerable antiquity, which answers all the conditions required by that writer, who seems to have reversed the usual order of reasoning on subjects of this nature, and begins by maintaining, that no inscription can be admitted as genuine, till it has been shewn that no probable arguments can be adduced against its authenticity; instead of allowing, as seems more equitable, that its genuineness ought not to be doubted, till such arguments have been produced. Whether those alleged by Mr. Robertson are such, our readers will be best able to determine, by seeing them, in his own words, as they are summed up by himself; and we shall not hesitate to add, very briefly, our own estimate of their real value, as their ingenuity and speciousness might easily mislead the un wary, and foster a spirit of groundless scepticism, by ARUN carelessly or artfully giving to plausible conjectures, DELIAN the authority of positive facts. Mr. Robertson's 1st objection is, that "the characters have no certain or unequivocal mark of antiquity;" but it may be asked, what such marks are? and till it has been shewn that those unequivocal evidences are wanting in the Arundelian inscription, it can hardly be deemed reasonable to give it up as a forgery. The best evidence, surely, that can be adduced in such a case, is a resemblance, in style and execution, to other monuments of nearly the same age: now, by Mr. Robertson's own confession, "the characters" of this inscription " seem to resemble, more than any other, those of the Marmor Cyzicenum; and they agree in many respects with those of the Marmor Sandvicense;" which are the two inscriptions, to the age of which it most nearly approaches. His 2d objection is, that "it is improbable that the Chronicle was engraved for private use: 1. because the expense was such as few learned Greeks could afford; and 2. Because a manuscript would be more easily circulated." But if there was one both able and willing to incur such an expense, that would be sufficient: and whence does it appear, that the cheapest and most convenient method of executing a work is always preferred to one more laborious and expensive? If there were no examples of records eugraved on marble, of so late a date as the probable age of this Chronicle, Mr. Robertson's argument would have some weight; but even then, it would give nothing more than a probable surmise: and of public monuments of this nature we have some in almost every collection down to a much later period than that of the Ptolemies. But Mr. Robertson objects, in the 3d place, that "this marble does not appear to have been engraved by public authority." Be it so; yet, is it so extremely improbable, that some wealthy individual should be willing to confer a benefit on his countrymen, by leaving them such "a memorial of his learning and magnificence?" And though there is no evidence that this marble was engraved by public authority, it must be remembered, that there is also no evidence that it was not; inasmuch, as the usual formularies naming the authorities by whom the inscription was ordered, are often omitted in monuments indisputably raised at the public expense ;-such as the survey of the Temple of Minerva at Athens. The 4th objection is drawn from "the darkness and confusion of the Grecian history:" for "the Greek and Roman writers complain, long after the date of this work, that they had no chronological accounts of the affairs of ancient Greece." But had they no materials to work upon? And was it not possible for any one to attempt to reconcile the discordant accounts found in different writers? Were there not many works extant, at the time when this Chronicle is supposed to have been compiled, which are now lost? And unless it differed from other ancient authorities where they all agree, what inference can be drawn against its genuineness? May it not have followed one in preference to another? And even, if it did disagree with them, where they are unanimous, what proof would this afford of its being a modern compilation? MARBLES. ARUN MARBLES. 5th. "This chronicle is not once mentioned by any DELIAN writer of antiquity." But if that circumstance be a proof of its being surreptitious, most of the inscrip, tions allowed to be ancient, must be given up as modern; for few, if any of them, have been distinctly noticed by ancient writers; it must, however, always be borne in mind, that only a small portion of the works of antiquity are known to the moderns; and that, consequently, such arguments as this are deserving of very little attention; for the suspected inscription might have been mentioned by many authors whose writings are lost. The stone, moreover, on which this chronicle is engraved, is not so large as to have been necessarily placed in a conspicuous situation; and if it were not, it would not necessarily attract the notice of any ordinary traveller: so that it might have remained long in so small an island as Paros, without being generally known in Greece. 6th."Some of the facts seem borrowed from writers of a later date." To this objection it is surely fair to reply, by asking-whether later writers may not have borrowed from this inscription? or, what is more probable, from the same source as the compiler of this inscription? The only instance adduced by Mr. Robertson, which has any thing of a suspicious character, is the agreement between the catalogue of the twelve cities of Ionia, given on the marble, and that found in Ælian's Various History. But what proof is there that Ælian did not derive his list from the same source, as the author of this chronicle? The silence of Ælian, as to his authority, can prove nothing, for abundant instances of similar omissions might be produced from his work. It may also be asked, whether one, who had skill enough to forge such a monument as the Parian Chronicle, would not take special care to avoid all appearance of copying so modern a writer as Ælian? 7th. "Parachronisms appear in some of the epochas, which we can scarcely suppose a Greek chronologer in the 129th Olympiad would be liable to commit." Admitting that there are errors in the dates here recorded, it seems difficult to discover how it can be thence inferred that the inscription is a forgery. Such errors are to be found in many of the principal Greek and Roman writers; and those observed on this monument are of very small importance. Would not a forger have obviated such objections by taking some known author for his guide? The instances, indeed, in which this marble is at variance with other authorities, might be as reasonably alleged as arguments for its genuineness. 8th. The history of the discovery of these marbles," Mr. Robertson says, "is obscure and unsatisfactory." The only facts, however, which he has mentioned as corroborating that opinion, are the imperfect account which has been preserved of the circumstances under which the marble was discovered and procured, together with the omission of any mention of it in Sir Thomas Roe's negotiations. But if there was nothing calculated to excite suspicion in the conduct of the persons from whom Petty purchased the marble, why should he be solicitous to preserve a minute account of all the circumstances attending the purchase? If no suspicions arose when the marble was first brought to light, when it was MAR BLES. easy to inquire into all the details of its history, while ARUNthe persons who discovered it were yet alive, is it rea- DELIAN sonable to entertain suspicions now, when such inquiries can no longer be made? What ground is there for supposing that this stone would be mentioned in Sir Thomas Roe's correspondence? None, we may venture to say, whatever; for it is well known how little such objects interest the Turks, and the mention of their interference, in the bargain between Samson, Peiresc's Jew, and the original proprietors, is one of those circumstances which give that story so much the appearance of falsehood. 9th. The concluding objection is contained in a proposition to which, with some limitations, every one will assent, that "the world has been frequently imposed upon by spurious books and inscriptions, and therefore we should be extremely cautious with regard to what we receive under the venerable name of antiquity." That such impositions have been occasionally practised, is certainly true, and that caution is requisite in forming a judgment on the genuineness of monuments which may be spurious, will not be denied; but when it is considered how much skill and knowledge; what a variety of means and resources; what a concurrence of favourable circumstances, are all requisite to enable any modern to forge an inscription like that of the Parian Chronicle, in such a manner as to deceive any one at all accustomed to the examination of such works; it will, we think, be readily allowed, that the supposition of its having been forged in modern times, is in the highest degree improbable. That it is an ancient forgery, does not appear to have been ever suggested; nor is there any ground for such a surmise. Those who are acquainted with the state of learning and arts among the present inhabitants of Greece and Asia Minor, will agree with us, in affirming that it would be now nearly impossible to find any persons in those countries capable of executing such a forgery in a style which should escape detection; but the Greeks of the present day are far superior in wealth and knowledge, and therefore far more capable of succeeding in such an attempt than their forefathers were two centuries ago; while they were yet smarting under the lash of Turkish despotism, and but just beginning to emerge from the mists of ignorance and barbarism, which had enveloped their country ever since the extinction of their empire. It may also be observed, that of Mr. Robertson's nine arguments, three only are positive; nor are they even strictly applicable to this case; but negative arguments afford, at best, only a tottering basis for an hypothesis, and can never be allowed to have any weight except when supported by unexpected coincidences. Such of our readers as have any desire to see this question more fully and ably discussed, will find a very able vindication of the Parian Chronicle in Professor Porson's Review of Mr. Robertson's Essay, in the Monthly Review, Jan. 1789, p. 690; or Porson's Tracts, by Kidd, p. 57. See also Marmora Oxoniensia, ut supra; Mémoires de l'Acad. des Inscriptions, xxvi. 157; Lenglet Dufresnoy, Tablettes Chronologiques, i. 29. ed. 1778, 12mo.; Robertson's Parian Chronicle, Lond. 1788; Hewlett's Vindication of Ditto; Archæologia, ix. No. 15; Brewster's Encycloped. ii. 530. ARUSPICES, were an order of priests among the ancient Romans, whose business it was to divine events by inspecting the entrails of beasts. These diviners, were at first all brought from Etruria, among whom this particular mode of divination was reduced into the form of a regular art; but afterwards the Senate ordered twelve of the sons of the most considerable persons in Rome, to be sent into the country, in order to acquaint themselves fully with the rites and ceremonies of this part of the Etruscan religion. The custom of inspecting the entrails of the victims, is probably the remains of the Patriarchal religion. It is evident from scripture, that in early times God signified his acceptance of sacrifices by certain visible appearances. And these being withdrawn, it was not unnatural that men should search for some other more occult intimation of the will of God. AS, is an article; and (however and whenever used in English), means the same as it, or that, or which. In the German, where it still evidently retains its original signification and use, (as Se also does), it is written Es. Tooke i. 274. Sire, heo seyde, y leue not pat my sustren al sop seide. Id. p. 457. Of all þat grete tresoure þat euer he biwan, For Cassiodore sayth, that as evil doth he that vengeth him by outrage, as he that doth the outrage. Chaucer. The Tale of Melibeus, v. ii. p. 112. And Palamon that hath swiche love to me, Gladly, quod she, sin that it may you like. As taketh not a greefe of that I say, For min entente is not but for to play. Id. The Wif of Bathes Prologue. v. i. p. 234. The multitude of angels with a shout Milton's Par. Lost, book iii. As if (which might induce us to accord) Milton's Par. Lost, book ii. As, is sometimes used, among Antiquaries, to express a particular weight, which is the same with the Roman libra or pound. As, was also the name of a Roman coin, which, like those of modern Europe, was of different weights at different periods. In the early ages of the Republic, it weighed a Roman pound, or twelve ounces; and Mr. Pinkerton thinks its value may then have been about eight pence English. But after the treasury had been exhausted by the first Punic war, the as was reduced to two ounces; Pinkerton, however, thinks that Pliny was mistaken in supposing, that the weight of the as was first reduced so late as the period just mentioned. In the second Punic war, the as was further reduced to one ounce. Lastly, by the Papirian law, (A. C. 191.), it was reduced to half an ounce, at which weight it continued until the time of Vespasian. As, was also used to denote any integer, in which sense it is the origin of the English word ace. Hares ex asse, was the heir to the whole inheritance. The jugerum, or Roman acre, was also called as, and divided like the coin into twelve parts, which also was divided like the coin in the deunx, dextans, dodrans, bis, &c. ASABACCA, see ASARUM. ASAFOETIDA, see FERULA. north east side of Bengal, about 700 miles in length, ASAM, ASSAM, properly Ashām, a kingdom on the and from 60 to 80 in breadth; but in a few places ASAM. |