AR ARMENIAN decided upon the strict interpretation of the sacraMENIA. mental words. They believe in an intermediate state, but not in purgatory; and they pay the same superstitious regard to the pictures of the saints as the MONKS. other Christians of the east. They keep many and rigid fasts, and some festivals. Christmas they celebrate on the 6th of January. Their church government is episcopal, and their clergy is subject to the patriarch, who resides at the great monastery of Echmiyadzin, about 10 miles distant from Erivan. That place is also called Uch kilisèh, and may be considered as the head quarters of the religion and literature of Armenia. The Armenian language is harsh and rough, and has adopted some foreign words and idioms; it may be justly considered as dead, for it is not more intelligible to the unlearned, than the ancient Greek is to the present natives of Greece.. It has the peculiarity of substituting gh for 1, and converting Paulus into Bōghōs. It abounds in inflections, and in the number of its coses is exceeded by no language but that of the Laplanders. The modification of the sense in verbs, and the order of the words in a sentence seem to have been influenced by a desire to copy Greek models. The language was brought to its greatest degree of perfection by Mesrob and his disciples in the fourth and fifth centuries, and in the writings of the learned, is still preserved unaltered. The best work upon it is Schroeder's Thesaurus Linguæ Armeniaca, Amsterdam, 1711, 4to. and Bellaud's Essai sur la langue Armenienne, Paris 1812, one of the most modern. The extreme oppression under which the Armenians have lived for so many centuries must naturally have retarded their progress in literature. Almost the only book in use among them, except the Scriptures, of which Sir P. Ricaut seems to have heard, was a collection of lives of the saints, and yet the historical and geographical works of Moses of Chorene must have been in the hands of the more learned, and the history of Arekel was actually printed ten years before his book appeared. The Armenians have long been aware of the advantage of printing, and besides the books printed at Rome, Amsterdam, Paris, AR ARME NIEN and Marseilles, have long had presses in constant employment at Echmiyadzin, Constantinople, and MENIA. Venice. The Armenian convent on the island of St. Lazarus, near the latter place, has a printing office which was established in the beginning of the last STADT. century, from which, besides commentaries and controversial writings, there have issued grammars, dictionaries, mathematical, philosophical, geographical, and historical works; most of them, however, are modern compilations. The best account of Armenian literature is to be found in Cirbied and Martin's Recherches curieuses sur l'Histoire Ancienne de l'Asie, Paris 1806, and Martin's Mémoires Historiques et Géographiques sur l'Arménie, Paris 1818. No less than 30 historical writers are enumerated in these works, and if half that number could be at all compared with the faithful and intelligent Moses of Chorene, it would be fully sufficient to remove the stigma which has been affixed upon the Armenians considered as an illiterate people. There is likewise another circumstance which gives a considerable degree of interest to the learning of the Armenians; and that is their having translations of Greek writers, of whose works the original is lost. Such, for example, is the Chronicle of Eusebius, of which a Latin translation by Zohrab and Mai, was published at Milan, in 1818, and the Armenian original with another Latin Version by Dr. Aucher, of Angorn, at the convent in the island of St. Lazarus in the same year. The complete works of Philo Judæus are also extant in an Armenian version, and would be published by the members of the convent in St. Lazarus, if sufficient encouragement were held out. The authors from whose works the best information respecting this country may be obtained are Tavernier, Chardin, Tournefort, Güldenstädt, Reineggs, Sauvebœuf, Morier, Macdonnald Kinnier, Rennell, Rousseau, Notice Historique sur la Perse, Marseille, 1818. Tancoigne Lettres sur la Perse, Paris, 1819. Dupré Voyage en Perse, Paris, 1819. Sir W. Ouseley's Travels, vol. iii. Zadour, Etat actuel de la Perse, Paris, 1817. Sir Robert Ker Porter's Travels, Lond. 1821. ARMENIAN MONKS. The smaller number are lay brethren, who follow the severe rule of St. Anthony, the Hermit, in all its rigour. They live as hermits even in their monasteries, and are found principally on the confines of Persia. The greater number follow the rule of St. Basil, but not rigidly. Their monasteries are generally in towns or places of pilgrimage. The most celebrated is that of Ejmiyazin, or Etchmeazin, i. e. the Descent of the Son of God, not far from Erivan, the seat of the Catholicus or patriarch of the Armenian church; where there is also an ecclesiastical seminary and a printing establishment. See ARMENIA. There are three churches near each other at this place, whence it receives its name of Uch kileseh; and most of the vertabets or doctors in divinity graduated here. The monastery has cells for 80 monks; but seldom more than 50 occupants. The whole number of convents in Persian and Turk ish Armenia is about 40, and the number of monks about 200. Their revenues are very small, and their discipline extremely rigid. There are also 15 nunneries in Persian Armenia. There is a convent of Armenian monks of the order of St. Basil at Jerusalem, which has been richly endowed by the liberality of the pilgrims. Most if not all the monks of the united or conforming Armenian church (i. e. that part of it which acknowledges the supremacy of Rome,) are branches of the order of St. Dominic. Helyot Hist. des Ordres Religieux, i. c. 5. ARMENIENSTADT, in Hungarian Szamos Ujvár, pronounced Samosh Uïvar; in Walonian Nyimtin Gyerli, (Nyimtin Jerli); in Latin Armenopolis, a handsome town in Transylvania (Siebenbürgen), in the county of Szolnock, (Solnok). It has all the privileges of a city, and is inhabited by 400 Armenian families, rated at 400,000 gulden. Grazing and ARMIN, in the lower division of the Wapentake of Osgoldcross, West Riding, county of York, in the parish of Snaith; a Chapel, with the Chapel of Snaith, of the certified value of £7.; Patrons, Earl Percy, and E. Starkie, Esq., alternately. The resident population of this township in 1801, was 391. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £350. 1s. Od., at 4s. 4d. in the pound. It is 34 miles S. W. by S. from Howden. ARMINGHALL, or AMERINGHALL, in the hundred of Henstead, county of Norfolk; a Curacy, of the certified value of £16.; Patrons, the Dean and Chapter of Norwich. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 81. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £79. 7s. 6d., at 3s. 4d. in the pound, on the rack rental. It is 34 miles S. E. by S. from Norwich. ARMINIANISM, see ECCLESIASTICAL HISTORY. ARMIPOTENT, arma, arms; and potens, able; able, strong, powerful in arms; warlike. And dounward from an hill under a bent, Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. i. p. 79. Beneath the low'ring brow, and on a bent, Dryden. ARMISTICE, arma, arms; and sisto, to stay, to cease; a cessation from arms, from war; a suspension of arms. Many reasons of prudence might incline the king of England to think this armistice more desireable than a continuance of the war. Lyttelton. This made an armistice (that is, speaking with regard to my uncle Toby,-but, with respect to Mrs. Wadman, a vacancy)-of almost eleven years. Sterne's Tristram Shandy. ARMITAGE, in the south division of the hundred of Offlow, county of Stafford; a Curacy, of the clear yearly value of £20. 10s.; Patron, the Prebendary of Handesacre, in the Cathedral Church of Lichfield. The resident population of this parish in 1801, (including the township of Handesacre), was 464. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £191. Ss. 6d. It is 24 miles E. S. E. from Rudgeley. ARMORACIA, see COCHLEARIA, ARMTHORPE, in the lower division of the Wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill, West Riding, county of York, a Rectory, valued in the King's Books at £S. 18s. 9d.; Patron, the King. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 273. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £187. Is. Itd. It is 4 miles E. N. E. from Don- ARNALL. caster. ARNALL, in the north division of the Wapentake of Broxtow, county of Nottingham; a discharged Vicarage, valued in the King's Books at £7. 17s. 8d.; Patron, the Duke of Devonshire. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 2768. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £860. 16s. 10d., at 3s. 9d. in the pound. It is 3 miles N. by E. from Nottingham. ARNCLIFFE, in the west division of the Wapentake of Staincliffe and Ewcross, West Riding, county of York, in the parish of Arncliffe; a discharged Vicarage, valued in the King's Books at £13. 6s. 8d.; Patron, University College, Oxford. The resident population of this township in 1801, was 241. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £134. 4s. 8d. It is 10 miles N. E. from Settle. ARNESBY, in the hundred of Guthlaxton, county of Leicester; a discharged Vicarage, valued in the King's Books at 45. 16s. 8d.; Patron, John Sherwin, Esq. The resident population of this parish is 321. The money raised by the parish rates in 1863, was £385. 1s. 34d., at 6s. 5d. in the pound. It is 8 miles S. by E. from Leicester. ARNHEIM, or ARNHEIM, the capital of the Dutch province of Guelderland, and of the quarter of Veluwe in particular. It was, before the late changes, the meeting-place of the States, and the seat of the courts of justice and exchequer. It was in a former age the residence of the dukes of Guelderland, and afterwards of the governors of the province. It lies at the foot of a hill near the Rhine, 34 miles from the spot where the Yssel branches off from that river. It is neatly built, and its fortifications were greatly enlarged by the famous Coehorn in 1702. It is well situated for trade, and was a member of the confederacy of the Hanse towns. Population in 1796, 10,080. 30 miles E. of Utrecht, and 45 S. E. of Amsterdam. Long. 5° 37' E. Lat. 52° N. Iron ARNHEIM BAY, a spacious bay at the north west extremity of the gulf of Carpentaria, containing an area of above 100 square miles, fit for the reception of shipping. The shores are low; wood is plentiful upon them, and fish may be taken on the coast. ore is found on the flat ground, which is covered with vegetation. Kangaroos are abundant, and parrots are seen in the woods. The entrance of the bay lies in 12° 11′ S. lat. and 136° 3′ E. long. ARNICA, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Syngenesia, order Polygamia Superflua. Generic character. Receptacle naked. Pappus simple, divisions of the calyx equal, florets of the ray frequently containing abortive stamina. The best known species of this genus is the A. Montana, or Leopard's Bane. A. Montana, leaves ovate, entire, stem leaves opposite, in pairs. This is a common plant in the alpine parts of Germany, in Sweden, Lapland, and Switzerland. The flowers and the root have been used in medicine, and still retain a place in the pharmacopoeias of Edinburgh and Dublin; they are stimulating and slightly aromatic, and have chiefly been given in cases of paralysis in the form of infusion. ARNO, the principal river in Tuscany, has its source ARNO. ARNO. AROMATICK. in the hill of Falterona, one of the Appenines, and after traversing the grand duchy in its whole breadth from east to west, loses itself in that part of the Mediterranean called the Tuscan sea. It is increased in its course by a multitude of small rivers, divides the city of Florence into two unequal parts, and enters the sea 12 miles N. from Leghorn, and 4 below Pisa, to which place it is navigable for small vessels.-The Arno formerly gave name to an extensive and populous department in the French empire,, which was formed out of the north-eastern part of the grand duchy. It was divided into the arrondissements of Florence, Aroyzo, and Pistoja. Florence was the chief city. The population amounted to about 600,000. Long. 10° 16' E. Lat. 43° 40′ N. ARNO, CIVITA D', a town of Italy, in the States of the Church, district of Perugiano. Three miles E. N. E. of Perugiano. ARNON, in ancient Geography, a river of Palestine which rose among the mountains of Gilead, in Arabia, and traversing the desert, discharged itself into the Dead Sea. By its course it divided the Amorites from the Moabites. ARNOPOGON, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Syngenesia, order Polygamia Aqualis. Generic character. Receptacle naked, pappus plumose, stipitate, calyx of one leaf eight-partite turbi nate. English name, Sheep's beard, a genus allied to Tragopogon, or Goat's Beard, there are three species, natives of the south of Europe. AROMATICK, AROMA'TICAL, AROMA TICKS, AROMATIZE, ARO'MATIZER. Apwpa, of uncertain etymology. Vossius prefers Apwua, ab api, par>ticula aventiŋ et ofw, sive odun. Apwpu, proprie sit, quod bonum spirat odorem. Aromatick is commonly applied to that which is spicy; smelling of, scented with, spices. My chaber is strowed with mirre & insence Chaucer. Remedie of Loue, fol. 324. c. 1. Ver hath made the plesant field Odours aromatical; From faire Astra's cherrie lip They in pleasyng passen all. William Browne. Praise to his Mistress. Unto converted Jews who are of the same seed, no man imputeth this unsavoury odor; as though aromatized by their conversion, they lost their scent with their religion, and smelt no longer then they savoured of the Jew. Brown's Vulgar Errors. But Sancho, thou canst not denie me one thing; when thou didst approach her, didst thou not feele a most odiriferous smell, an aromatical fragancy, an-I cannot tell what,—so pleasing, as I know not how to term it. Shelton's Trans. Don Quix. CLORIS. O that these dews rose-water were for thee, These mists perfumes that hang upon these thicks; And that the winds were all aromatics, Which if my wish could make them they should be. Drayton's Nymph. iv. Drink the first cup at supper hot, and half an hour before supper something hot and aromatized. Bacon. AROMATICS, in Medicine, a term applied to a class of medicines, which have a grateful spicy scent, and an agreeable pungent taste, as cloves, cinnamon, &c. Their peculiar flavour resides in their essential oil, and rises in distillation with water or spirit. ARONA, a town of Italy, in the Upper Novarese, or Piedmontese, part of the county of Anghiera. It is seated on the west bank of the Lago Maggiore, opposite the town of Anghiera. Here is an old castle, the hereditary governor of which was the eldest of the family of Borromai, to whom the town belonged as a fief. In this castle was born the famous Carolus Borromæus, whom the Catholics have canonised, and whose pretended miracles have drawn many thousand pilgrims to the place of his birth. In order to convert it into an establishment similar to that of the holy house of Loretto, the room in which the saint was born was moved to a neighbouring eminence, and enclosed in a splendid church, which contains different chapels, a seminary, and a large metal statue of its patron saint. The hill is hence called Monte di San Carlo. The position of the town on the lake is favourable for trade, and the adjoining country abounds in excellent wine. Population 4000. miles N. N. W. of Novar. Long. 8° 32′ E. Lat. 45° 46' N. 17 ARONA, or ARONE, a small river of Italy, in the States of the Church, which issues from the lake of Bracciano, and falls into the Mediterranean. AROUND, prep ARO'UND. adv. from rota, a wheel. ronde, from the Lat. rotundus, On round. It. ronda. Fr. In A. S. (says Tooke) the place of this preposition is supplied by Hweil, and Onhweil. The baron came to the grene wode, Wi mickle dule and care, And there he first spied Gill Morice That sweetly wav'd around his face, Gill Morice in Percy's Reliques, v. 3. Around him all the planets, with this our earth, single, or with attendants, continually move; seeking to receive the blessing of his light, and lively warmth. Shaftsbury. Characteristicks. No war, or battel's sound The idle spear and shield were high up hung. Their embryon atoms; they around the flag The goddess heard, and bade the muses raise Pope. The Temple of Fame. AROUND. The whole atmosphere glowed, and every thing around was in a Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. He who could have summoned twelve legions of angels to form Horsley's Sermons. AROUSE. Perhaps formed upon the past participle arose, of the verb arise. In a frolick bouse, Recubans sub tegmine fagi. F. Beaumont. In praise of Suck. But absent, what fantastic woes arous'd, With a pard's spotted hide his shoulders broad ARO'W. Arewe. On row. A. S. hræwa. Angl. In an orderly line; in regular succession. po hu come to Guldeforde, pys erle Godwyne be ssrewe An telle out euere pe tepe man, & þe nýne þoru out he nome R. Gloucester, p. 327. For joye he hent hire in his armes two ; Shakespeare's Comedy of Errors, fol. 98. The borders of their peticoats below, Begnawed thee; be thou gnawed, eaten, consumed; AROYNT. A saylor's wife had chesnuts in her lappe, Aroynt thee, Witch, the rumpe-fed Ronyon cryes. ARPEGGI, ARPEGGIATURA, in Music, is a mark ARPI, in ancient Geography, a town of Italy, in Apulia, between Luceria and Sipontum. It is now in ruins, but was a populous city in the time of Livy, and supplied Annibal with 3000 soldiers. ARPINO, in Geography, formerly Arpinum, a town ARQUA, or ARQUATO, a village of Italy, in the In the Italian Archibuso, com- And now farewell both spear and shield, See, see, what sighs my heart doth yield Nicholas Breton, in Ellis, v. ii. Then pushed souldiers with their pikes, And duns the ayre with misty smokes. Stowe. Chronicle. Soldiers armed with guns, of whatsoever sort or denomination the latter, appear to have been called arquebusiers, though the weapon termed an arquebuse (originally a haque or haquebut), is distinguished by a particular description in dictionaries and glossaries. It is probable, however, that haques or arquebuses, antiently signified guns in general; in proof of which a gunsmith is still called in French an arquebusier. The strange alteration from harquebut to arquebuse may be gradually traced in these papers; where the bearers of the weapons in question are variously stiled, "hackbutters, or hagbutters, or harquebuttiers, &c.;" from Fr. ronger, to gnaw, knap, or nibble off; to fret, haque, a term of unknown derivation, and buter, Fr. to aim at. eat, or wear away. Cotgrave. Lodge's Illustrations, v. i. p. 238. BUSE, its name ARQUES, a river of France, in the department of the Lower Seine, which passes by the town of Arques, and loses itself in the English channel, near Dieppe. ARQUES, a small town of France, in the department of the Lower Seine, arrondissement of Dieppe, lying in what was called the land of Caux, in Upper Normandy. It is situated on a river of the same name, two leagues S. E. of Dieppe, and 11 N. of Rouen. Population 1700. ARQUES, a village of France, in Artois, arrondissement of St. Omer, with 600 inhabitants. 13 leagues N. E. of Arras. nese. ARQUES, a village of France, in Lower Languedoc, department of the Aude, arrondissement of Limoux, with 115 houses. 6 leagues S. of Carcassonne. ARRAC, ARRACK, ARAC, RACK, SAMSU of the ChiAn ardent spirit obtained by distillation from the external pulp of different species of palms, or from rice, which has been fermented. At Goa, and in Ceylon, the arrack is distilled from toddy, (tar'i or ta'di,) the fluid obtained from cocoa-nut and palmyra, (cocos nucifera and elate sylvestris, in Portuguese palineyra,) by an incision made near the top of the tree. A pot sufficient to hold two quarts is fixed, at night, just below the place whence a shoot has been cut, and in the morning it is removed filled with juice. At Batavia, arrack is distilled from paddi, or rice in the husk. Good arrack should be clear, yellow, of a strong smell and taste, and have, at least, 52-54 per cent. of alcohol. That made at Goa, and thrice rectified, is the best. The Batavian is not so clear or well coloured. The Parriar, Colombo, and Quilon arrack, are very strong and fiery. The Chinese increase its stimulus by the addition of holothurias, a sort of worm found in the East Indies. ARRACAN. See BARMA. ARRACISSA, a sea-port town of Brazil, in the captainship of Pernambuco. It is esteemed the strongest maritime place in Brazil; nevertheless James Lancaster, in 1595, with some English vessels, made himself master of the place, and obtained immense plunder. Since that time it has been greatly strengthened. ARRAGON, a province of Spain, which before the union with Castile, in the person of Charles V. was governed by its own king and laws. The kingdom of Arragon comprised the provinces of Valencia, Catalonia, and Mallorka; but Arragon proper is bounded on the north by the Pyrennees, on the east by Catalonia and Valencia, by New Castille on the south, and by Navarre on the west. According to these boundaries, Arragon is not less than 240 miles in length, and about 160 in breadth. The name of Arragon has by some been derived from a small and obscure river of the same name; but as the province contains some of the finest rivers in Spain, as the Ebro, Xalon, the Cinca, it seems unlikely that it should have taken its name in preference from a stream; which, except from the accident of its appellation, would hardly have been noticed. The more common derivation is from the Roman province of Tarraconensis, by dropping the first letter, in the same way as the name of AR Andalousia is derived from Vandalicia, or Vandelousia. ARRAArragon enjoys a pure and sweet climate, but the GON. great disadvantage under which it labours, is the want of water; a peculiarity the more remarkable, RAIGN. as there is no province of Spain through which so many and such large rivers take their course. It is only the districts near these that are susceptible of general cultivation; all the rest of the province being either parched and sandy, or else a rocky and mountainous tract, the wealth of which consists wholly in mines, which in this part of Spain are very abundant. It is said that in the time of the Romans the mines of Arragon were an object of great attention; and the remains of silver mines may still be found. Copper; lead, and iron, however, are extremely plentiful; and the Arragonese blades, of which Martial and Pliny speak, were celebrated to a late time. The cobalt, salt, and alum, of Arragon, are still in high repute, as is also its marble. The natural history of this province is only peculiar from the number of wild beasts, which infest it, in greater numbers than are to be found in any other part of Europe. The black bear, the lynx, the wolf, are commonly met with in the mountains towards the Pyrennees. The principal commercial wealth of the province is derived from its wool, of which large quantities used annually to be exported. The sum total of exports has lately been estimated at £230,000. The population is about 630,000, of which 10,000 were ecclesiastics, and 9000 belonged to the privileged class of noblesse. The chief town is Sarragossa, a place that distinguished itself, by a most obstinate and courageous defence against the French, during the late peninsular war. ARRAGONITE, in mineralogy, a species of mineral, which was, until lately, supposed to consist only of carbonic acid and lime, and in the same proportions in which those substances occur in common carbonate of lime. Its crystalline form, however, being incompatible with that of carbonate of lime, it was conjectured that some of its constituent elements had escaped the researches of former chemists. A new analysis was therefore undertaken by Stromeyer, who succeeded in detecting carbonate of strontian as one of its component parts. A translated notice of this discovery was published in the Annals of Philosophy, vol. iv. p. 244. The proportion of carbonate of strontian is asserted by Stromeyer to be chemically combined, and to be constant and definite. The name of Arragonite was given to this substance from its having been first discovered in Molina, in Arragon, near a spot called el salto del frayle: it has since been found in many other parts of Europe. It does not generally occur in masses of sufficient size to be applicable to any purposes of art; the large sarcophagus, however, recently brought from Egypt by Belzoni, and now deposited in the British Museum, is said to be arragonite. See MINERALOGY. ARRAIGN, ARRAIGNMENT. Ad rationem, ponere, araisonner, ner and arraisner.) |