ARI- account of this part of the magian theology, see Art. MANNI. ZOROASTER.

ARIMA

ARIMANNI, was the name given, in the middle THEA. ages, to a class of persons employed in agriculture, and who were free men. They appear to have possessed some small allodial property of their own, but also often farmed land which they tenanted at a fixed rent. ARIMASPÆ, a people of northern Asia, little known to the Greeks, whose accounts of them were much mixed up with fable. The account most to be trusted is that of Herodotus (iv. 27), who tells us that "their name is derived from two Scythian words, arima one, and spu eye," and it therefore has the same sense as the Greek word Cyclops. Strabo (i. 20), suspected that Homer has borrowed his idea of the Cyclops from the Arimaspæ. They inhabited the northern part of Europe, occupying the country beyond the Issedones, as the latter informed Aristeas of Proconnesus, and were separated from the Hyperboreans near the sea, by the Gryphons who guarded the gold. (Herod. iv. 13.) Herodotus disbelieved the story of a whole nation of one-eyed men, and Eustathius, (Dionys. Perieg. v. 31.), explained it by supposing them to be archers, and therefore generally seen by their neighbours taking aim with one eye shut; but as most uncivilized nations are archers this explanation is inadmissible. Pliny, (N. H. v. 31.) places them to the west of the Riphæan mountains. Some of the moderns have fixed on the mountainous regions of Chinese Tartary, as the country of this people, whose name might be suspected of a Persian origin but for the express testimony of Herodotus. It is in this fable that Milton alludes in his second book of Paradise Lost :

:

Lucan speaks of the Arimaspians as a people who ornamented their hair with gold :

Auroque ligatas Substringens Arimaspe comas. ARIMATHÆA, now RAMLA, the name of a city in Palestine, placed by D'Anville, a little to the S. E. of Lydda. The name of Arimathæa is derived from Ramatha, which signifies height; and there is still a town of this name in Palestine, between Joppa and Jerusalem; but this place is very different from Ramathaim Zophim, Samuel's country, (1 Sam. i. 1.) which was to the north of the mountains of Ephraim. Volney tells us, that the Arimathæa of the Bible is now called Ramla, which is one third of a league to the southward of Lydda, or Ludd. Although this town does not now contain 200 families, yet its ruins indicate a place of some considerable extent in former times. Every where in its neighbourhood are dried wells, broken cisterns, large vaulted reservoirs, to a distance of nearly four miles in circumference. It is at present the residence of the Aga of Gaza, who maintains about 100 horsemen, whom he lodges in the ruins of an old Christian church. Volney tells us that in 1784, the Aga employed a Venetian carpenter to build a windmill for him, which is the only one now to be found in Syria, although it is the place from which they were originally introduced. The in

ARISE

habitants manufacture soap from Egypt, which is an ARIMAarticle, we are told by Burckhardt, that passes almost THEA like bank notes, among the people who inhabit Nubia and Upper Egypt; and the women are employed in spinning cotton, which in the time of the French traveller, before mentioned, was regularly purchased from them by two French houses established there.

ARIOLA'TION. Hariolus prius fuit Fariolus, a fari, sive fando. Vossius. Hariolor, hariolatus, to speak of, to prophesy, to divine. Another instance of the use of this word by Sir Thomas Brown, is cited under Auspiciate.

The priests of elder time have put upon them many incredible conceits, nor only deluding their apprehensions with ariolation, sooth-saying and such oblique idolatries, but winning their creduand beetles. lities under the literal and downright adorement of cats, lizzards,

Brown's Vulgar Errors.

ARIOLI, in Antiquity, were a kind of fanatical prophets, who by horrid sacrifices, and abominable prayers at the altars of idols, procured answers to tinguished by an affected disorder in their dress, questions concerning future events. They were dismatted beards and hair, and various arts calculated to impose upon the vulgar. Isid. Orig. 1. viii. c. 9. ARI'SE, v. A. S. arisan, to get up, mount, or ARI'SE, n. ascend; to grow, spring, move upARI'SING.

notice; to become conspicuous, eminent; to become of greater value or esteem.

And be Brytones a ryse faste, so þat, þorw Gode's grace,
Heo hadde pe maistry of þe feld.
R. Gloucester, p. 50.

Ac þat heo mygte ofte y se, in cler weder, þere
Est ward, as be sonne a ros, a lond as yt were.

Er it was day, as she was wont to do,

She was arisen, and all redy dight.

Id. p. 41.

ARITH

ARK.

There may be some, who, deluded by the specious shew of disMETICK. covering abstracted verities, waste their time in arithmetical theoremes and problemes, which have not any use. Berkeley's Works, Though the fifth part of a xestes being a fraction, and arithmetically regular, it is yet no proper part of that measure. Arbuthnot on Coins.

ARITHMOMANCY, compound of api@uos, number, and parcia, divination, a method of foretelling future events by means of numbers. The Platonists and Pythagoreans were addicted to this superstition; and the first species of Jewish cabala, is also an example of it.

ARK, arca, a coffer or chest, from arcere, to confine, to contain.

The applications of this word appear in the following examples.

Arke, a cofer or chest, as our shrines, saue it was flatte, and the sample of ours was taken thereof,

Tindale's Workes, p. 11.

And aftir the veil the secounde tabernacle, that is seid sancta sanctorum, that is hooli of hooli thingis hauynge a goldun censer and the arke of the testament keuered aboute on ech side with gold, in which was a pott of gold hauynge manna, and the gherde of Aaron that florischide and the tablis of the testament, on which thingis weren cherubyns of glorie ouerschadewynge the propi

ciatorie.

As there is a foolish wisdome, so there is a wise ignorance; in not prying into Gods arke; not enquiring into things not revealed.

The Works of Bishop Hall, v. i. The ark of the Lord was taken, the impious priest (who made the sacrifice of the Lord to become an abomination to the people), were slain with the sword of the Philistines, old Eli lost his life, and the wife of Phinehas died with sorrow, and the miscarriages of child-birth, crying out, that the glory was departed from Israel, Taylor's Apology for Authorized and set forms of Liturgy, Pref. From what hath been said it may appear, that the measure and capacity of the ark, which some artheistical irreligious men make use of, as an argument against the scripture, ought rather to be esteemed a most rational confirmation of the truth and divine authority of it.

because the ark of God was taken.

Wilkins on Real Character.

There is sure another flood toward, and these couples are comming to the arke. Shakespeare. As You Like It, fol. 296. And his next son for wealth and wisdom fam'd, The clouded ark of God till then in tents Wand'ring, shall in a glorious temple enshrine.

Milton's Par. Lost, book xii. ARK. This word is the name of two distinct objects in Scripture History; viz. of a large floating vessel which was built by Noah for the preservation of several species of animals from the deluge; and also of a kind of chest (as is explained in the quotations) in

which were kept, among a variety of other sacred symbols, the Tables of the Covenant, whence it was called the Ark of the Covenant. With respect to the former of these senses, which is that referred to in the quotation from Shakespeare, the time which Noah employed in finishing the ark, the materials of which it was constructed, the place where it was built, the spot where it rested after the flood, its dimensions and capacity, are points which have afforded critics a fruitful subject of inquiry. They are, however, all of them topics merely of curiosity, except the last mentioned particular, which is one of some importance. The dimensions of the ark, as stated by Moses, was 300 cubits in length, 50 in breadth, and 30 in height. From the description given of it in the Bible, it is supposed to have contained three separate stories, the lower of which was appropriated to beasts, the middle to food and provisions, the upper to Noah himself, and his family, together with the birds. With regard to the quantity of space which each of these separate stories would afford, that will depend upon the length to which we suppose the cubit to extend. If we suppose with Buteo and Kircher, who are followed by Parkhurst, that a cubit was equal only to a foot and a half of our measure, it may still be shewn that the ark was abundantly sufficient to contain all the inhabitants who were intended to occupy it. But Bishop Cumberland extends the cubit to nearly 29 inches; on which supposition, its solid capacity would large for the purposes to which it was applied. be nearly doubled, and certainly would be abundantly

St. Paul's cathedral is 500 feet long; the ark upon the lowest computation would be longer than this; and if we adopt Bishop Cumberland's it would be longer by about 47 feet; and about narrower than that church is at its entrance, where the width is exactly 100 feet. This gives a measurement not quite equal to that of three of our first rate ships of war. With respect to the internal arrangement of the ark, the number and size of its stalls, it would be a waste of time to repeat the hypotheses which have been proposed on that part of the subject. Buteo computes that all the animals contained in the ark, would not have been equal to 500 horses; and Father Laray diminishes this supposed necessary number by one half; so that if there had been room for 250 horses, he calculates that there would have been room for all the animals. The same authors also demonstrate that one floor would have sufficed for the largest number above mentioned, allowing nine feet square to a horse. With respect to food, an ox, according to Columella, eats, about as much hay as would occupy a solid cubit; the second story would contain 150,000 of such cubits, and consequently more hay by two thirds than would be required to support 230 oxen for a

SAW.

ARK. by observing, that no proportion could have been pitched upon, even by the most expert mathematician, KAN- better adapted for the purposes for which the ark was designed, than those which have been given in Scripture; and that with respect to its absolute size, the more it is considered, the stronger confirmation it will afford of the veracity of Scripture; for, as he justly remarks, had the account which we have of the ark, been of human invention, it would have been contrived according to the wild imaginations of a rude people, and have been made as much too large, as some have fancied it too little. With respect to zoological difficulties arising from the habits of animals and other merely physiological peculiarities, they are manifestly of no weight in a question of this nature, where the miraculous interposition of God is plainly presupposed. See Buteo De Arca Noe. Pelletier Dissertation sur l'Arche de Noe, ch.ii. p.29. Bishop Wilkins's Essay towards a real Character, part ii. ch. 5. Bryant's Mythology, vol. ii. p. 213.

ARK OF THE COVENANT, was a small chest or coffer, three feet nine inches in length, two feet three inches in breadth, and the same in height, in which were contained the various sacred articles mentioned in the quotations. It was made of shittim wood, and covered with the mercy seat, called also the propitiatory, as the Septuagint expresses it, Ιλαςτηρίου επίθημα that is, the lid or cover of propitiation; because in the typical language of Scripture, those sins which are forgiven are said to be covered. This lid was made of pure gold; at either end was a cherub looking towards each other, and embracing the whole circumference of the mercy seat with their expanded wings, Exod. xxv. 17. 22. and ch. xxxix. 1-9; between which the Shechinah, or symbol of the divine presence, manifested itself in the appearance of a cloud, hovering, as it were, over the mercy-seat, Lev. xvi. 2. From hence the divine oracles were given, and hence it is that God was said to dwell between the cherubims, 2 Kings xix. 15. Isa. lxxx. 1. And for this reason the high priest, once every year, on the great day of expiation, appeared before the mercy-seat, to make atonement for the people, Heb. ix. 7. The ark was placed in the sanctuary of the temple of Solomon; before his time it was kept in the tabernacle, and was moved about as circumstances dictated. At the captivity it appears to have been either lost or destroyed, for the Jews universally concur in stating that among the things wanting in the second Temple, one was the Ark of the Covenant. Spencer de legibus Hebraorum. Abarbanel in Danielen. Carpzovi. Ann. in Goodwinum, p. 200.

ARKANSAW, ARKANSAS, Or ALKANSAS, a large river of North America, which runs into the Missisippi, in W. long. 91° 10′, and N. lat. 33° 35'. The course of this river was unknown until it was explored by Major Pike in 1807. According to this geographer, the length of it, counting from its source, is 40° N. lat. among the rocky mountains, until its junction with the Missisippi, is not less than 2173 miles; of which distance it is navigable by boats for nearly 1981 miles, when its course becomes obstructed among the mountains. This, however, is only at those seasons of the year, when the river is filled with water from the rains; at other seasons at 1500 miles from its mouth it will be found nearly dry. Major Pike

ARKLOW.

calls this river the "Paradise of Savages," from the ARKANnumber of wild animals of all kinds which are con- SAW. tinually wandering on its banks. The course of the stream in many places is over ground, which contains large quantities of salt, by which the water is so impregnated as to render it unfit for drinking. Arkansas is also the name of a large tribe of Indians, inhabiting the south side of the river, and occupying a territory of about 300 miles along its banks. They are at war with the Osages, and speak their language. They raise corn, and are represented as an honest and friendly race.

ARKENGARTH-DALE, in the Wapentake of Gilling West, North Riding, county of York, a Chapel to the Vicarage of Startforth, of the certified value of £8.; Patron, Sir J. Lowther, Bart. The resident population of this parish in 1801 was 1186. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £366. 17s. 3d., at 1s. 6d. in the pound. It is 12 miles W. by N. from Richmond.

ARKESDEN, in the hundred of Uttlesford, county of Essex, a discharged Vicarage, valued in the King's Books at £13. 6s. 8d.; Patron, Miss Cheeke. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 400. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £357. 12s., at 6s. in the pound. It is 5 miles S. W. by W. from Saffron Walden.

ARKHOLME, in the hundred of Lonsdale, South of the Sands, county Palatine of Lancaster, in the parish of Melling; a chapel of the certified value of £8. 10s.; Patron, the Vicar of Melling. The resident population of this township, in 1801 (including the township of Cawood), was 303. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £278. 178. 64d., at 5s. 54d. in the pound. It is 12 miles N. E. by N. from Lancaster, and 5 miles S. S. W. from Kirkby Lonsdale, in the county of Westmoreland.

ARKITES, the name given to the descendants of Noah, who established themselves in different parts of the globe, so denominated from the ark, according to Bryant, who fancies that he can trace their peculiar rites, in all the early religions of the world.

ARKLOW, a sea port town of Ireland, in the county of Wicklow, situated on the south side of the river Avoca, or Ovoca, near the Irish sea. It is distant 12 miles S. from Wicklow, and 36 S. E. from Dublin. Long. 6° W. Lat. 52° 48′ N. This is a small neat town; the river is crossed by a bridge of 19 arches, and there is a chartered school for 50 girls. In 1798, a great part of the town was destroyed by the rebels, who set fire to the houses after a repulse which they sustained from the king's troops under General Needham. In 1795, some native gold was discovered in a brook which descends from a mountain called Kinshilly, about seven miles west of Arklow. As soon as the discovery was made public, researches were instituted by the inhabitants in all directions, and in about a period of six weeks the quantity of gold collected was supposed to have amounted to 800 oz. It was of a bright yellow colour, perfectly malleable, and found in specimens weighing from the most minute particles, to pieces which in one instance weighed 2 oz.; and in another 22 oz. Two specimens of the gold were assayed by the mint, one of which appeared to contain in 24

ARKLOW. carats, 21% of fine gold, 1% of fine silver, and of alloy, which last seemed to be copper tinged with a ARLES. little iron. The works were taken possession of by order of government, and the activity of the peasants was in consequence discontinued. See Philosophical Transactions, vol. lxxxvi. p. 34, 35.

ARKSEY, in the lower division of the Wapentake of Strafforth and Tickhill, West Riding, county of York, in the parish of Arksey; a Vicarage valued in the King's Books at £12. 17s. 6d.; Patron, Sir G. Cooke, Bart. The resident population of this township in 1801, (including the township of Bentley), was 980. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £1142. 19s. 10d., at 4s. 9d. in the pound. It is 3 miles N. from Doncaster.

ARLECDON, or ARLOCHDON, in Aleerdale Ward, above Darwent, county of Cumberland, in the parish of Arlecdon; a Curacy, of the certified value of £10.; Patron, the Bishop of Chester. The resident population of this township in 1801, was 134. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, (including the townships of Frizington and Whillymoor), was £96. 13s. Od. It is 5 miles E. N. E. from Whitehaven.

ARLES, a large, ancient, and well built town of France, in Lower Provence, on the left bank of the Rhone, where the canal of Crapone unites itself with the river, which here divides into two branches. It was founded by the Romans, and was long the station of the prætorian prefect of Gaul; hence it has many remains of antiquities. After various changes, it became the capital of the kingdom of Arelat, or Arles, in the year 879. It received from its sovereigns different important privileges, was a flourishing free town from 1218 to 1251, but was in the latter year brought under the dominion of the court of Provence, with the preservation, however, of most of its rights. The house of Anjou acquired the county of Provence by marriage, in the 13th century, and on the extinction of that house, Arles went with the rest of the county to the French crown, in 1481. Before the revolution it was the capital of one of the eight districts of Provence, the seat of an archbishop, and of a provincial tax-office. The archbishop had under him the bishops of Marseilles, St. Paul, Trois-Chateaux, Toulon, and Orange; he had the title of prince of Montdragon, a diocese of 51 parishes, and a revenue of about £1200. sterling. Arles is now in the diocese of the archbishop of Aix. Besides the cathedral church, there were a collegiate church, 6 parish churches, 2 abbeys, 17 religious houses, a Jesuits' college, an hospital, and a royal academy of sciences founded in 1689. Here have been held, at different periods, no less than 13 ecclesiastical councils, of which the most important was that in A. D. 314.

The population is about 21,000. It is the head of a canton, and is 174 miles S. S. E. of Paris. Long. E. 5° 43'. Lat. N. 43° 40. This town is now principally interesting from some very noble monuments of Roman antiquities. Among these the most remarkable is the amphitheatre, which was commenced by Julius Cæsar, but never finished. It is of an oval form, about 1164 feet in circumference, and 102 feet high in front. The arena is 142 by 104 yards. The porticoes are partly remaining; they are built of three stories, each of which contains 60 arches. The whole

ARM

of the area is now covered with houses, and the ARLES, quarter retains the name of Les Arenes. In 1675, a granite obelisk of 58 feet high and 7 feet diameter, was dug up in a private garden. Besides the above splendid monuments of antiquity, there are the remains of a triumphal arch, and the ruins of two temples. Arles was chosen as the seat of the western empire by Constantine the Great, who embellished it with a palace; and it was here that the celebrated statue of Diana was found, which is now in the Louvre.

ARLESEY, in the hundred of Clifton, county of Bedford, a discharged Vicarage, (united in 1764 to the Rectory of Astwick), valued in the King's Books at £8.; Patron, J. Schutz, Esq. The resident population in this parish in 1801, was 404. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £273. 16s. 5d., at 4s. 2d. in the pound. It is 54 miles S. by E. from Biggleswade, and 44 miles N. W. by W. from Baldock, in the county of Hertford.

ARLEY, in Kirby Division, in the hundred of Knightlow, county of Warwick, a Rectory valued in the King's Books at £9. Os. 7d.; Patron, Mrs. Miller. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 254. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £358. 18s. 32d., at 4s. 3d. in the pound. It is 6 miles W. by S. from Nun Eaton.

ARLINGHAM, in the upper division of the hundred of Berkeley, though locally situate in the upper division of the hundred of Whiston, in the county of Gloucester; a Vicarage valued in the King's Books at £19. 7s. 3d.; Patron, Mrs. Rogers. The resident population of this parish in 1801 was 506. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £409. 1s. 24d., at 3s. 74d. in the pound. It is 2 miles S. E. by E. from Newnham. The hamlets of Milton End and Overton, are in this parish.

ARLINGTON, in the hundred of Sherwell, county of Devon, a Rectory valued in the King's Books at £13. 18s. 1.; Patron, Lord Viscount Courtenay. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 207. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £105. Ss. 9d., at 15s. 6d. in the pound. It is 6 miles N. E. by N. from Barnstaple.

ARLINGTON, in the hundred of Longbridge, Rape of Pevensey, county of Sussex; a discharged Vicarage valued in the King's Books at £10. 6s. 11d.; Patron, the Prebendary of Woodhorne, in the church of Chichester. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 472. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £1054. 1s., at 6s. 9d. in the pound. It is 33 miles W. S. W. from Halsham. liberty of the Duchy of Lancaster. ARM, ARMS,

ARMA'DA,

It is within the

Goth. arms. Sax. earm, eorm. The Greek Appos. Latin, armus, and Armoric armm, is the whole A'RMAMENT, joint from the shoulder to the fist. A'RMATURE, The origin of all these words is either from Epw, necto, to bind; or from Ger. eren, aipei, capere, to take. From arm, the Latins seem A'RMOURY, to have taken arma. Wachter.

A'RMORER, A'RMORY, A'RMOUR,

A'RMY.

To put on, furnish, or supply, that which may protect, strengthen, or defend; that which may offend, injure, or destroy; to provide with weapons of offence or defence.