Addison's Italy, p. 44.

How noble must be the appearance, when an area of many leagues in circumference is formed into one vast mirror, and this mirror surrounded by a combination of great and beautiful objects?

Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c.

In Architecture, area denotes the scite on which an edifice stands. In Geometry, it is the superficial content of any figure.

AREAD, A. S. Arædan, to conjecture, to divine, to guess, to reed; a word, adds Somner, which to this day we use for explaining of riddles.

To conjecture, to guess, to declare, to explain, to

counsel.

While they were on a time for their sport purposing riddles AREAD, amōg the, she beganne to put forth one of hers to, and said, arede my riddle, what is that, I knew one that shot at an hart and killed AREFY. an haddoke. Sir Thos. More's Workes, fol. 552. c. 1.

But stay, my muse, in height of all this speed;
Somewhat plucks back to quench this sacred heat,
And many perils doth to us areed,
In that whereof we seriously entreat.

Drayton's Moses, book ii. 482.
Who ever saw a colt wanton and wilde,
Yok'd with a slow-foote oxe on fallow field,
Can right areed how handsomly besets
Dull spondees with the English dactilets.

Bp. Hall. Satire vi.

He who shall endeavour the amendment of any old neglected grievance in church or state, or in the daily course of life, if he be gifted with abilities of mind that may raise him to so high an undertaking, I grant he hath already much wherof not to repent him, yet let me arreed him, not to be the foreman of any misjudg'd opinion, unless his resolutions be firmly seated in a square and constant mind, not conscious to itself of any deserved blame, and regardless of ungrounded suspicions. Milton's Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce.

AREBO, or ARBON, a town of Benin, situated on the river Formosa, about 60 miles from its mouth. It is large, handsome, and populous, and forms a sort of centre for the trade of this country. Both the English and Dutch had factories here; but the former has been allowed to go into decay. Long. 5° s′ E. Lat. 5° 58' N.

Ge

ARECA, in Botany, a genus of plants class Monoecia, order Monadelphia. Generic character. neral spatha of two valves. Male. Calyx five partite. Corolla of three petals. Stamina six, united at the base. Female. Calyx of five leaves. Corolla of three petals. Nectary six toothed. Styles three, very short. Drupa one seeded. This genus belongs to the interesting tribe of palms, and contains several species. A'RECHE, A. S. Areccan, to get, to obtain, to A'RAUGHT. attain or achieve; to reach, to take. Somner.

Time and heat are fellows in many effects: heat drieth bodies that do easily expire; as parchment leaves, roots, clay, etc.; and so doth time or age arefy; as if in the same bodies.

Bacon's Works, v. i.

It is more probable, that he, that knoweth the nature of arefaction, the nature of assimilation, &c. shall, by ambages of diets, &c. prolong life, or restore some degree of youth or vivacity, than that it can be done with the use of a few drops, or scruples of a liquor or receipt.

Bacon, v. i. p. 62.

AREFY. ARENA.

Some breed in hair of living creatures, as lice, and tikes; which are bred by the sweat close kept, and somewhat arefied by the hair. Bacon's Works, v. i.

ARELAT was the name of a kingdom which comprehended Dauphiné, Provence, Burgundy, Savoy, and the west of Switzerland; and was sometimes called the kingdom of Burgundy. It had its existence in the 9th century, and took its name from Arles, in Provence, its metropolis. It has long been united with the French crown, with the exception of Savoy, and the portion belonging to Switzerland. The pretensions of the emperors of Germany to this territory have been long forgotten; but the elector of Treves continued to number among his titles that of archchancellor of the holy Roman empire, throughout Gaul and the kingdom of Arelat.

ARELEY, King's, or Lower Areley, in the upper division of the hundred of Doddingtree, county of Worcester; a Rectory valued in the King's books at £9.; Patron, the Rector of Martley; Church dedicated to St. Bartholomew. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 377. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £228. 12s. 11d., at 6s. in the pound. It is 3 miles S. by E. from Bewdley. This parish contains the Hamlet of Dimley.

ARELEY, Over, in the south division of the hundred of Seisdon, county of Stafford; a Curacy; Patrons, the Dean and Chapter of Lichfield. Chapel dedicated to St. Peter. The resident population of this parish in 1801, was 693. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £684. 4s. 6d., at 7s. 9d. in the pound. It is 15 miles S. W. by S. from Wolverhampton, and 3 miles W. N. W. from Bewdley, in the county of Worcester.

AREMA, a term applied by Chemists to that property, or part of bodies by which they affect the organs of smelling. Its nature, and the mode of its action is at present a subject of great obscurity.

AREMBERG, a small principality of Germany, on the Eiffel, lying between Cologne, Juliers, and Blankenheim, and now included in the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine, which belongs to Prussia. It contains 3000 inhabitants, and brings in a revenue of 30,000 florins. The duke of Aremberg possessed many other territories in different parts of Germany and the Netherlands; their united magnitude amounted to 1100 square miles, with a population of 60,000, and a revenue of 320,000 florins (£30,000. sterling.) The family of Aremberg is descended from the house of Ligue; they were raised to the dignity of princes of the empire by Maximilian II. and to that of duke by Ferdinand III. They had a seat and vote in the diet of the empire, as well as in the circular diet of the Lower Rhine. The present duke's situation was modified; but not materially altered, by Bonaparte; the greater part of his other territories are in the temporary occupation of the great powers. ARENA,

Lat. arena, sand, from areo, to ARENA CROUS.} dry (quia arida bibulaque) because sand is dry and bibulous.

The amphitheatre is usually so called, says Vossius, because that place is spread with sand in usum

pugnæ.

Herevnto may be added the arena, the place below in which their games were exhibited, so called, for that it was strowed ouer with sand for the drinking in of the bloud, which was spilt vpon

it, and officers they had purposely for this business, who in the ARENA. lawes and writings of the Christian doctours are tearmed, arenarii Sanders. AREOLA. Hakewill's Apology.

In the centre of the edifice, the arena, a stage was strewed with the finest sand, and successively assumed the most different forms. Gibbon's History, v. ii.

ARENA, in Architecture, is the middle or body of a temple.

ARENARIA in Botany, a genus of plants, class Decandria. Order Trigynia. Generic character. Calyx of five leaves, spreading. Petals entire. Capsule of one cell, many seeded,

This is rather a numerous genus; it belongs to the natural order Caryophylleæ of Jussieu, and is very nearly allied to Cerastiuin and Stellaria. The Arenaria or Sandworts, are chiefly inhabitants of the temperate and cold climates. Eight species are enumerated in the British Flora.

ARENAS, a small island of South America, on the mouth of the great river Orinoco, of a sandy soil, and covered with 12 or 15 feet of water in high tides.Another on the coast of the kingdom of Terra Firma, in the province of Carthagena.-Also two other islands to the north of the island of St. Domingo.

ARENAS, BAHIA DE, a bay on the coast of the straits of Magellan. There are also three points or capes of this name, one on the coast of Maracaibo, another on the western coast of South America, in the bay of Guayaquil, opposite to the island of La Puna, between the second and third degrees of S. lat.; and another on the coast of Terra del Fuego.

ARENAS, CAPE, on the coast of Terra del Fuego. ARENAS GONDAS, CAPE DE LAS, on the east coast of Patagonia. Lat. 38° S.

ARENAS, PUNTA DE, a cape on the east coast of the island of La Puna, in the South Pacific Ocean, in the middle of the gulf of Guayaquil.

ARENDAL, or ARNDAL, a small town of Norway, on the river of its own name, in the province of Christiansand, not far from the sea. It is built for the most part on piles. The river here forms itself into a small bay, to which vessels of considerable size can ascend from its mouth; and intercourse is carried on between different parts of the town by means` of canals. Its foreign trade is chiefly in wood, many vessels being fitted out here for home and distant navigation. Iron mines are wrought in the neighbourhood.

ARENS DE MAR, or SANTA MARIA DE ARENS, a town of Spain, on the coast of Catalonia, 12 leagues from Gerona. It contains an elegant parish church, a convent of Capuchins, manufactures of anchors, silk and cotton stockings, and other stuffs; a navigation school, with a dock yard for the construction of small vessels. This place is favoured with a delightful situation and a salubrious climate; the activity, industry, and cleanliness which prevail throughout is very gratifying when compared with the ordinary filth and indolence of Spanish villages. The women are employed in making lace, and the men in fishing, navigation, and trade. The vessels, though of small dimensions, make voyages to different ports in Spain, Roussillon, Italy, and even Spanish America. Population 3500.

AREOLA, in Anatomy, the coloured circle which

AREOPA- surrounds the nipple of the breast. In Natural HisGUS. tory a species of madrepore.

AREOPAGUS, a judicial tribunal at Athens, in great reputation among the Greeks, and it is somewhat remarkable, considering what celebrity it attained both at home and abroad, and how frequent mention is made of it in history, that there is hardly any circumstance connected with its origin, about which writers are agreed. It is uncertain when it was instituted. The origin of its name is controverted; the number of its members, and who they were is also a matter of dispute. By some it is said to have consisted only of 39, by others this number is enlarged to 51; while some again contend that it was composed of 500. Maximus tells us it consisted of 51, besides such of the nobility as were eminent for their virtue and riches ; πλὴν ἐξ εὐπατριῶν καὶ πλούτῳ δέ βιῳ σωφρονι dia pépovτwv; by which words he is commonly understood to mean the nine archons, who were the constant seminary from whom this great tribunal was supplied; and who having discharged their office regularly passed into the areopagus. And this was probably the reason why their number was so fluctuating. When Socrates was condemned by this court, we find no less than 280 voting against him, besides those who voted for his acquittal; and in an ancient inscription erected to the memory of Rufus Festus, proconsul of Greece, the number of the areopagus is Isaid to be 300.

The areopagus assembled thrice every month; their meetings were always in the open air, and they determined all causes at night, and in the dark. The first circumstance was owing to a superstitious notion of the pollution contracted by being under the same roof with murderers and other flagitious criminals, whose offences fell under their cognizance; the second custom was observed, in order that the minds of the members might be wholly intent upon the evidence, and at the same time secured against prepossession in favour either of plaintiff or defendant.

By Solon's institution the custody of the laws, of public manners, as well as the punishment of all offences against religion, were committed to this court; and in a more particular manner the crime of murder was placed under their cognizance. It was, however, only until the time of Pericles that the areopagus continued to exercise the extensive and censorial jurisdiction which Solon had assigned to it. From some motive which we cannot rightly explain, Pericles appears to have regarded this court with a malignant eye; and the studied contempt with which he systematically treated it, seems to have given a blow to its authority from which it never recovered; although Demosthenes tells us, that till his time, there never had been so much as one of its determinations, of which any party had just reason to complain; a dictum which surely must be received with considerable qualifications, if we believe that it was by this tribunal that Socrates was condemned.

Mr. Spon, who examined the antiquities of Athens, found some remains of what he supposes to have been the areopagus still existing in the middle of the Temple of Theseus, which was formerly within the city, but is now without the walls. The foundation of the areopagus, he describes as being a semicircle with an esplanade round it of 140 paces, which pro

perly made the hall of this court. There is a tribunal AREOPAcut in the middle of a rock, with seats on each side of GUS. it, on which the areopagites were seated, and which are exposed to the open air.

AREQUIPA, a province and government of Peru, bounded on the north by that of Collaguas; east by that of Lampa; south by that of Moquehua and Arica; west by the South Sea; and north west by the province of Cumana. It is 16 leagues in length, and from north west to south east 12 wide.

AREQUIPA, the capital of the above province, founded by order of Pizarro in 1536, in the valley of Quilca, at 20 leagues distance from the Pacific Ocean. It is one of the largest towns in Peru, containing about 40,000 inhabitants, and the houses are well built of stone, and vaulted; they are not of an equal height, though they are generally lofty and commodious, and finely decorated on the outside. It is watered by the river Chili, which is let off by sluices to irrigate the environs and to enrich the fields; it is also conducted through the city by means of canals, by which the streets are kept clean, and all the filth swept away. But these advantages are counterbalanced by the dreadful shocks of earthquakes to which it is so subject, in common with all those parts of South America, that it has been four times laid in ruins by those convulsions of nature, besides having experienced smaller shocks not attended with such terrible consequences. These have happened in the years 1582, 1600, 1604, 1687, 1725, 1732, and 1738. It is 217 leagues S. E. of Lima, 60 from Cuzco, and 50 N. of Arica. Long. 71° 58′ W. Lat. 16° 16′ S. ARERE. A. S. erect, to excite.

aræran; to rear or raise up; to

ARESON. Fr. arraisoner, to reason with. Tyrwhit. Fr. Raison. It. Ragione. Lat. Ratio, from reor, ratus,

to think. And see ARRAIGN.

To think, to censure, to accuse, to arraign.

Right thus while false Seblat sermoneth

Eft sones loue him aresoneth

And brake his tale in his speaking

As though he had him tolde leasing

And saied: what deuil is that I heare?

Chaucer. The Romant of the Rose, fol. 145. c. 2.
Thus Retchelessnesse in a rage, aresonede clergie
And scornede sépture.

The Vision of Pier's Plouhman, p. 222.
As the kyng rod with duykes and earlis,
He mette with two olde cheorlis.
To the navel theo berd heng:
Thus aresoned heom the kyng.

Kyng Alisaunder in Webber, v.i.

ARESON

ARE

RGANA.

ARETHUSA, is the name of several fountains that HUSA. have been celebrated by the ancient poets. There was one of this name in Boeotia, near Thebes; another in Euboea, as also in Thrace. But the fountain of this name which is chiefly known, is that to which Virgil refers in his tenth Eclogue, which was in Sicily, near Syracuse.

Extremum hunc, Arethusa, mihi concede laborem, Sic tibi cum fluctus subterlabêre Sicanos Doris amara suam non intermisceat undam. ARETHUSA, in Botany, a genus of orchideous plants, containing one species, a native of North America. Brown in Hort. Kew.

ARETIA, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Pentandria. Order Monogynia. Generic character. Corolla hypocrateriform, five cleft, the tube ovate. Stigma depresso-capitate. Capsule of one cell, globose, generally five-seeded.

An alpine genus allied to Primula; it contains three species which inhabit the mountains of Europe.

ARETTE. In barbarous Latin is found arretare, the same, says Du Cange, as retare, rettare, for rectare; to warn an accused person to do right (rectum), to summon to justice.

Sir Thomas More writes "arrect."

Arrette, says Skinner, seems to mean to censure, to estimate, from the Fr. arrester, to judge.

Arrette, Fr. to impute to. Tyrwhit.

The Greek Aoyoua, is rendered by the Vulgate, imputor, reputor, and these by Wicliff arette. Tindall translates the Greek variously, to conte, to reckon, to impute, to lay to the charge.

Perhaps arette, is arate, to rate, from reor, ratus, to reckon, value, estimate, to place to the account, to lay to the charge.

But firste I praie you of your curtesie,
That ye ne arette it not my vilanie,

Though that I plainly speke in this matere,
To tellen you hir wordes and hir chere.

Chaucer. The Prologue, v. i.

Wiclif. Filemon.

But God because he hath from the begynnyng chosen the to euerlastying blisse, therfore he arrecteeth no blame of theyr dedes vnto them, but all the workes of a iust man that is to say quod he, of a person by God predestinate to glory, turne him to good, how euil so euer they be.

Sir Thos. More's Workes, fol. 271. c. 2. ARGALI, in Zoology, a name synonymous with musimon, ovis ammon, wild sheep, mouflon, &c. It is the same animal from which, as is believed, all the varieties and domesticated kinds of that useful creature, the common sheep, have originated, and is found in a state of nature in the alpine regions of the great continent of Asia. See Ovis.

ARGANA, ARGEENAH, or HARGANA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, the capital of a district of the same

VOL. XVII.

ARGEN

TAN.

name, in the government of Diarbekir. It is a consi- ARGANA derable place, situated on the side of a mountain, and the streets so steep that a stranger can walk with difficulty. It is joined by roads ascending the mountain so dangerous that a false step would be attended with inevitable destruction. It is inhabited by Curds and Turks. General Gardanne affirms that it consists of only 60 houses. Mr. Jackson describes it as a large and populous town. The neighbourhood abounds in iron ore. Long. 39° 20′ E. Lat. 38° 15′ N.

ARGANA, a town of Asiatic Turkey, 18 miles S. S. W. of Erzerum.

ARGAS, in Zoology, a genus of the class Arachnides, order Acera, family Riciniæ, of Latreille.

Generic character. Palpi free, not enclosing the haustellum, conical, inferior, as is also the haustellum. The animals of this genus live by sucking the blood of mammalia, birds, and reptiles. They belong to the Linnean genus Acarus.

ARGEMONE, in Botany, a genus of plants, class
Polyandria. Order Monogynia. Generic character.
Corolla of six petals. Calyx of three leaves. Capsule
semi-valved.

A genus closely allied to papaver.
A'RGENT,
A'RGENTINE,
A'RGENTRY.

}

Argentum, silver, from apupos, so called παρα τοαργον, from its whiteness.

Silvery; having the appearances of silver.
The duke lookt vp, and saw the azure skie,
With argent beames of siluer morning spred,
And started vp, for praise and vertue lie
In toil and trauell, sinne and shame in bed.

Fairefax's Tasso, book xiv. And dyrecte against the gate was deuised a hallpas, and at thentry of the staier was images of sore and terrible coûtenaunces, all armed in curious woorke of argentyne.

Hall. Henry VIII. fol. 73.
No medals, of rich stuff of Tyrian dye;
No costly bowls of frosted argentry.

He wav'd his royal banner in the wind. Where in an argent field the god of war Was drawn triumphant on his iron carr.

Howell, p. 7.

Dryden's Fables.

Amid the lustre of meridian day,
In slow procession, solemnly advance
A hundred youths in spotless tunics white,
Sustaining argent wands.

Glover's Athenaid, book xiv.

ARGENTINE, in Botany, a name given to the Onopordum Acanthium, or Cotton Thistle.

ARGENT, in Heraldry, signifies white or silver, and is the blazoning of the arms of gentlemen, knights, and baronets, this colour is so named; but in the arms of barons, viscounts, earls, &c. it is called pearl; in those of princes, linea. By engravings it is represented plain.

ARGENTAC, or ARGENTAT, a town of France, in the Lower Limousin, with 2580 inhabitants. It lies on the Dordogne, and belongs to the arrondissement of Tulle, in the department of the Correze. 12 miles S. E. of Tulle.

ARGENTAN, a town in Lower Normandy, situated on an elevation in the midst of a fertile plain, watered by the Orne. The houses in the town are tolerably regular and well built; it is surrounded with walls and ditches, and has on the rampart a fine avenue of trees. It is farther protected by an old castle.

5 D