? Thou shalt escape better than any party of men, by reason of thy conspicuous innocency, sincerity, and exemplarity of life, and unexceptionable apostolicalness of doctrine. More. Seven Churches, ch. 8. Having no general apostolical mission, being a citizen of a particular state, and being bound up, in a considerable degree, by its public will, I should think it, at least, improper and irregular, for me to open a formal public correspondence with the actual government of a foreign nation. Burke, on the French Revolution. Brooke's, Jerusalem Delivered, book i. APOSTLE, (Toσròλos, from ȧwоσтεw I send forth) properly signifies a messenger or person sent by another on some business; and hence, by way of eminence, it denotes one of the disciples commissioned by Jesus Christ to preach the Gospel. Out of the number of his disciples, Jesus selected twelve, whom he separated from the rest by the name of Apostles, to accompany him constantly through the whole course of his ministry; that they might be faithful and respectable witnesses of the sanctity of his life, and the grandeur of his miracles, to the remotest nations; and also that they might transmit to the latest posterity a genuine account of his sublime doctrines, and of the nature and design of the gospel dispensation. Their names were, Simon - Peter; Andrew his brother; James, the greater, and John, his brother, who were sons of Zebedee; Philip, of Bethsaida; Bartholomew; Thomas; Matthew James, the son of Alpheus, who was also called James the less; Lebbeus his brother, who was surnamed Thaddeus, and was also called Judas or Jude; Simon the Canaanite, and Judas Iscariot, who subsequently betrayed his master, and afterwards committed suicide. Of these, Simon-Peter, Andrew, James the greater, and John were fishermen; and Matthew was a publican, or tax-gatherer; of what profession the rest were, we are not informed, though it is probable that they also were fishermen. These men were poor, illiterate, and of mean extraction, and such alone were truly proper to answer the views of Jesus Christ; ; who avoided the making use of the ministry of per- APOSTLE. sons endowed with the advantages of fortune and birth, or enriched with the treasures of eloquence and learning, lest the fruits of this embassy, and the progress of the gospel, should be attributed to human and natural causes. The researches of the learned have been employed, to find out the reason of Christ's limiting the number of the Apostles to twelve; and various conjectures have been applied to the solution of this question. The most probable is, that it was in allusion to the twelve Patriarchs, as the founders of their several tribes, or to the twelve chief heads or rulers of those tribes, of which the body of the Jewish nation consisted. This opinion seems to be countenanced by the declaration of Christ to his Apostles, that "when the son of man shall sit in the throne of his glory, they also shall sit upon twelve thrones, judging the twelve tribes of Israel.". (Matt. xix. 28.) On the death of the traitor Judas, care was taken to choose another Apostle, to make up the number. (Acts i. 21, 22, 26.) This seems to have been a mark of respect to the Jews, previously to the offer of the gospel to them; whereas, when they had generally rejected it, two more (Paul and Barnabas) were added, without any regard to the number of twelve. Two distinct commissions were given by Jesus Christ to his Apostles. The first was in the third year of his public ministry, about eight months after their solemn designation to their office; when he sent them forth, two and two, to preach exclusively to the Jews. (Matt. x. 5, 6.) Concerning the particular circumstances of this their first preaching, the evangelical history is silent; it simply states that they returned and told their master all that they had done. (Luke ix. 10.) Their second commission, just before Christ's ascension into heaven, was of a more extensive and particular nature; they were no longer to confine their preaching to the Jews, but were to go and teach all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father, of the Son, and of the Holy Ghost."-(Matt. xxviii. 19, 20.) Accordingly, after our Lord's ascension, and the miraculous effusion of the Holy Spirit upon them, they began publicly to exercise their Apostolic office, daily working miracles in proof of their divine mission, and converting great multitudes to the Christian faith. After the Apostles had exercised their ministry in Palestine, they resolved, (according to an ancient ecclesiastical tradition), to disperse themselves into different parts of the world; but what were the particular provinces assigned to each, does not appear from any authentic history. Eusebius (Hist. Ecc. lib. i. c. 1.), and Socrates, (Hist. Eccl. lib. i. e. 19), on the authority of tradition, concur that Thomas took Parthia for his lot; the latter historian assigns Ethiopia to Matthew, and India to Bartholomew; and Eusebius says that Andrew had Scythia; John, Asia Minor; Peter preached to the Jews who were dispersed in Pontus, Galatia, Bithynia, Cappadocia, and Asia Minor; and Paul preached the gospel from Jerusalem, (where we know from the Acts of the Apostles, that James the less continued, being Bishop of that church) to Illyricum. Of the travels and labours of the Apostles, subsequently to the particulars recorded in the New Testament, as well as of APOSTLE. their deaths, we have very short and imperfect accounts; but we know from the concurrent testimony of Christian and of Heathen writers, that Christianity was very early planted in very many parts of the then known world. The appellation of APOSTLE is, by the author of the epistle to the Hebrews (iii. 1.), applied pre-eminently to Jesus Christ, who was sent by the Father into the world, not to condemn it, but to save it. Saint Paul is also frequently called the Apostle, by way of distinction, and the Apostle of the Gentiles, because his ministry was chiefly directed to the conversion of the gentle world; as St. Peter, who was employed in preaching to the Jews, is on that account termed the Apostle of the circumcision. The several apostles are usually represented with their respective attributes; as James the less with a piller's club; Paul, with a sword; Peter, with the keys; Andrew, with a cross or saltier; John, with a cup and a winged serpent flying from it; Bartholomew, with a knife; Philip, with a long staff, the upper end of which is formed into a cross; Matthew, with a hatchet; Matthias, with a battle-axe; Thomas, with a lance; James the greater, with a Pilgrim's staff, and a gourd-bottle; Simon, with a saw; and Jude with a club. APOSTLE is also an appellation given to the ordinary travelling ministers of the church (see Rom. xvi. 7.), and likewise to those who were sent by the churches to carry their alms to the poor of other churches. This usage was borrowed from the Synagogues of the Jews, who called those sent on this message by the same name. Thus St. Paul, writing to the Philippians, tells them that Epaphroditus, their Apostle, had ministered to his wants. In like manner, this appellation is given to those persons who are said to have first planted the Christian faith in any place. Thus, Dionysius, of Corinth, is called the Apostle of France; Boniface, (an Englishman), the Apostle of Germany; Xavier, the Apostle of the Indies; and in the East Indies the Jesuit Missionaries are styled Apostles. In some ages of the church, the Pope was peculiarly denominated the Apostle; which word Sir Henry Spelman informs us was anciently used for Admiral. APOSTLE, among the Jews, denoted an officer, who was anciently sent into the several parts and provinces in their jurisdiction, as visitors or commissaries, to see that the laws were duly observed, and to collect money for the reparation of the temple, as well as the tribute payable to the Romans. These Apostles were a degree below the Patriarchs, from whom they received their commission. APOSTLE, (άTOσTÓlos), in the Liturgy of the Greek church, is an appeliation given to lectionaries, containing lessons from the Epistles of St. Paul, in the order in which they are appointed to be read throughout the year, as well as the epistles themselves; where such book contains lessons from the gospels and epistles, it is termed arоσтоλоevаyyeλor; and when it comprises the Acts of the Apostles, together with the Epistles, it is called #pağaπoσroλos. (Du Cange, Gloss. Græc. in voce. Bishop Marsh's Michalis, vol. ii. pp. 111, 639.) APOSTLES Creed, a formulary or summary of Christian Faith, so called, not from the fact of its being composed by the Apostles themselves (of which LIC. we have no evidence whatever), but because it con- APOSTLE. tains a brief statement of the doctrines which they taught. It is nearly the same with the creed of Jeru- APOSTO salem, which appears to be the most ancient summary of faith that is extant. The true author of this formulary, it is at this distance of time impossible to determine; though its great antiquity may be inferred from the fact, that the whole form, as it now stands in the English Liturgy, is to be found in the works of Ambrose and Ruffinus, who lived in the fourth century. Though this creed was always used prior to the administration of baptism, when the catechumen made an open profession of his faith, and sometimes in private devotion, yet in the earlier ages it constituted no part of the public liturgy. The constant repetition of it was first introduced into the daily service of the Greek church, at Antioch, in the close of the fifth century; and from the eastern churches this custom was brought into the west, though it was not introduced into the Romish Liturgy until the beginning of the eleventh century. APOSTOLATE (Apostolatus), the office of an Apostle of Christ; by various ancient writers, of the fourth century, it is used for the office of a bishop; and in the ninth and following centuries, it became appropriated to the papal dignity. APOST'OLIC, (From Apostle), relating to APOSTOL'ICAL, the Apostles, or delivered by APOSTOL'ICALLY. Apostles. This appellation was, in the primitive church, given to all such churches as were founded by the Apostles, and even to the Bishops of those churches, as being the reputed successors of the Apostles. These were, at first, confined to four,-viz., Rome, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem; but, in succeeding ages, other churches assumed the same quality, principally on account of the conformity of their doctrine with that of the churches which were apostolical by foundation, and because all bishops held themselves to be the successors of the Apostles, or acted in their respective dioceses with apostolical authority. In progress of time, however, the Bishop of Rome having acquired greater power than all the rest, and the three Patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch, and Jerusalem, having fallen into the hands of the Saracens, the title apostolical was restricted to the Pope, and to his church alone. APOSTOLIC CANONS, or Constitutions, are certain rules or laws for the government of the Christian church, and supposed by some writers to have been drawn up by the Apostles themselves; but Bishop Beveridge, to whom we are indebted for the best edition of them, is of opinion, that though they were not actually written by the Apostles, yet they are of great antiquity, and are a collection of the canons of several churches, enacted before those made by the council of Nice. Though bearing the name of the Apostles of Christ, they are destitute of the external evidence necessary to support that claim, not being quoted by any of the Christian writers of the first three centuries. They are also destitute of internal evidence, and contain many expressions and allusions which are evidently later than the times of the Apostles, as well as unworthy of them, and many inconsistencies and much false history. They are now APOSTOLIC. generally admitted to have been compiled about the middle of the fourth century. APOSTOLIC CHAMBER, (Camera Apostolica), the treasury of the Pope, as Bishop of Rome; whence he used to draw the necessary sums for his personal expenses. It was also considered as a fund for the support of Christian hospitality, and for relieving the distresses of the poor. APOSTOLICAL FATHERS, an appellation usually given to the writers of the first century, who employed their pens in the cause of Christianity, and who had conversed with the Apostles or their immediate disciples. They are five in number, viz., Clement, Ignatius, Polycarp, Barnabas, and Hermas. Mosheim observes, that these fathers were not remarkable, either for their learning or their eloquence; on the contrary, they express the most pious and admirable sentiments in the plainest and most illiterate style. But this is rather a matter of honour than of reproach to the Christian cause; since we see, from the conversion of a great part of mankind to the gospel, by the ministry of weak and illiterate men, that the progress of Christianity is not to be attributed to human means, but to a divine power. (Mosh. Ecc. Hist. vol. i. p. 114.) The writings of the Apostolic fathers are valuable repositories of the faith and practice of the Christian church during its first and purest age; their testimony to the genuineness and authenticity of the books of the New Testament is peculiarly important; and, as the contemporary friends of any body of men must know the sentiments of such men, more accurately and perfectly than the most sagacious inquirers who flourish many ages after them, the writings of the Apostolic fathers are peculiarly valuable, as confirming those views of the doctrine and government of the church, which we read in the New Testament. The best collective edition of the works of these fathers, is that published by Le Clerc, after Cotelerius, at Amsterdam, in 1724, in two folio volumes, accompanied both with their own annotations and with the remarks of other learned men. The genuine epistles of the Apostolic fathers were translated into English by Archbishop Wake, and have often been reprinted. APOSTOLICS (Apostolici), or Apostles, a name assumed by three different sects, which professed to imitate the manners and the practice of the Apostles. The first, who called themselves Apostles, flourished in the close of the second century; little is known of their peculiar tenets, except that they renounced every kind of property, and had all things in common. (Du Cange, Gloss. Lat., voce Apostolici.) The second sect of the Apostolics lived in the twelfth century, and were men of the lowest birth, who gained their subsistence by bodily labour. As soon as they formed themselves into a sect, they drew after them a multitude of adherents, of all ranks and orders. Their religious doctrine, (as Bernard, who wrote against them, acknowledges), was free from error; and their lives and manners were irreproachable and exemplary. Yet they were reprehensible, on account of the following peculiarities. They held it to be unlawful to take an oath; they permitted their hair and beards to grow to an enormous length; they preferred celibacy to wedlock, and called themselves the chaste brethren and sisters. VOL. XVII. Notwithstanding which, each man had a spiritual APOSsister with him, after the manner of the Apostles, TOLIC with whom he lived in a domestic relation. APOS The third sect of the Apostles arose in the thirteenth TROPHE, century, its members made little or no alteration in the doctrinal part of the public religion; their efforts were chiefly directed to the introduction of the simplicity of the primitive times, and more especially the manner of life observed by the Apostles. Gerhard Sagarelli, the founder of this sect, obliged his followers to itinerate from place to place, clothed in white, with long beards, dishevelled hair, and bare heads, accompanied by women, whom they termed spiritual sisters. They also renounced all kinds of property and possessions, and inveighed against the increasing corruptions of the church of Rome; the overthrow of which they pretended to foretel, together with the establishment of a purer church on its ruins. Sagarelli was burnt at Parma in the year 1300, and was succeeded by a bold and enterprising man named Dulcinus, a native of Navara, who published his predictions with more courage, and maintained them with greater zeal than his predecessor. He appeared at the head of the Apostles; and, acting as a general as well as a prophet, assembled an army to maintain his cause. He was opposed by Raynerius, Bishop of Vercelli, who defended the interest of the Roman Pontiff, and carried on a bloody war against this chief of the Apostles. At length, after fighting several battles with obstinate courage, Dulcinus was taken prisoner, and put to death in the most barbarous manner, in the year 1307. His sect continued to subsist in France, Germany, and other countries, until the beginning of the fifteenth century, when it was totally extirpated under the Pontificate of Boniface IX. [Mosheim's Eccl. Hist. vol iii. pp. 132, 133, 290, 292.] APOSTOLES, some islands in the strait of Magellan, which lie at its entrance into the Pacific Ocean, close to the Cape Deseado. They are twelve in number; from which circumstance their name is given them. They are all small, barren, and desert; their shores, though they abound with good shell-fish, are very dangerous, from being rocky. Long. 75° 6' W. Lat. 52° 34' S. APOSTROPHE, Αποστροφή, from αποστρέφω, APOSTROPHIZE, to turn away; from ano, and APOSTROPHICK. OTрew, to turn. A turning away from; in speech or writing a turning from the course pursued, and directing the discourse to some other person or thing. How absurd would it appear, in our temperate and calm speakers, to make use of an apostrophe, like that noble one of Demosthenes, so much celebrated by Quintillian and Longinus, when justifying the unsuccessful battle of Charonea, he breaks out, the manes of those heroes, who fought for the same cause in the "No, my fellow-citizens, no; you have not erred. I swear by plains of Marathon and Platea.” Hume's Essays. Apostrophe is a sudden change in our discourse; when, without giving previous notice, we address ourselves to a person or thing different from that to which we were addressing ourselves before. Beattie's Elements of Moral Science. Alas! Tom! thou smilest no more, cried the corporal, looking on one side of him upon the ground, as if he apostrophised him in his dungeon. Sterne's Tristram Shandy. 4 U АРОТАСTITE. APOTACTITÆ, or APOTACTICI, from aоTаTTW, I renounce; an ancient sect who renounced all property, APPAL. and professed poverty, in imitation of the apostles. APOTHECARY, a person who sells drugs, employed in medicine, conformable to the prescriptions of physicians, from anо0ŋŋ, a repository. The Apothecary's Company in London, obtained a charter of incorporation in the 15th of James I. For a full account of the history of this branch of the medical profession, see Beckmann. Hist. Inv. ii. 121. APOTHEOSIS, from aro and Oeos, a god; a ceremony by which the ancients used to enrol their heroes and great men among the gods. For an account of the manner in which it was performed, see Herodian, lib. iv. cap. ii. 2127 APOTOME, in Music, is a small interval remaining after a limma is taken from a major tone, expressed by 2013. The ancients thought that the greater tone could not be divided into two equal parts, for which reason they called the first apotome, and the second limma, (Neuua,) the remainder. APPAIR. The common word now is impair, from empirer, which Menage derives from the barbarous Latin, impejorare, to make worse. But to pare, to cut, to reduce or diminish by paring or cutting sufficiently, accounts for all the usages of appaire; to reduce the size or value of, to diminish it. PAIRE. If I speak ought to paire her loos, i. e. to impair their credit or reputation. Tyrwhit. It is a sinne, and eke a gret folie, Chaucer. The Miller's Prologue, v. i. p. 124. Richard Cœur De Lion, in Ellis, Romances, v. ii. But whiche thingis weren to me wynnnyngis, I haue demed these apeyryngis for crist. nethelesse I gesse alle thingis to be peyrement for the cleer science of iesus crist my lord, for whom I made alle thingis peyrement, and I deme as dryt, that I wynne Wiclif. Filipensis, c. 3. crist. Whan it is night myn heade appalleth; Gower. Con. A. book iv. And glader ought his frend ben of his deth, Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. i. p. 120. DOLP. BAST. Stow's Chronicles. The storms of sad confusion, that may grow -The dreadfull sagittary Shakespeare's Troylus and Cressida. Shakespeare. Henry VI. part i. fol. 98. -If wearied nature sinks, His sleep is troubled; visions of the night Appal his spirit; starting, he forsakes A thorny pillow; rushes on the deck With lamentations to the midnight moon. Glover's Anthenaid, book i. and She came with speed in her steps, and eagerness in her eye, said, "Give me here John the Baptist's head in a charger." This savage request appalled even the unfeeling heart of Herod himself. Porteus's Lectures. APPAL APPARA TUS The appalled traveller arriving at the spot, surveys it with dis may. Return, he dare not-for he knows what a variety of terrors he has already passed. Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. Cowper's Iliad, book vi. APPALACHIAN MOUNTAINS. See ALLEGANNY MOUNTAINS. APPARATUS, from apparo, I prepare; signifies properly any formal preparation, but is commonly appropriated to the utensils and appendages of machinery. ARA PA ICE. He said to his country mote him saile, Chaucer. Legend of Good Women. fol. 209. In vengeaunce taking, in werre, in bataille, and in warnestoring, er thou beginne, I rede that thou appareile thee therto, and do it with gret deliberation. For Tullius sayth, that longe appareilling tofore the bataille, maketh short victorie. Chaucer. Tale of Melibæus, v. ii. p. 101. And whanne sum men seiden of the temple that it was aparelid with goode stoones, and giftis he seide, &c. Wiclif. Luk. c. xxi. p. 52. In þe parail of a pilgrim, and in a poure licknesse The maiden is ready for to ride, In a full rich aparaylment, Of samyte green, with mickle pride Morte Arthur. Ellis Romances, v. i. SOM. And on my side it is so well apparrell'd, Costly thy habit as thy purse can buy; Before the gate in gilded armour shone Denham's Essay on Virgil. Scarce vere they gone out of the inne, when the curate begann to dread a little that he had done ill, in apparelling himself in that wise, accounting it a very indecent thing, that a priest should dight himself so. And yet yf the thyng yt thei require would content them: it hath not lacked. For there hath in euery country and in enery age apparisions bene had, & well knowen and testifyed, by whiche men haue had sufficient reuelacion and proofe of purgatorige. Sir Thos. More's Workes, fol. 325. GOLD. Heere is thy fee; arrest him, officer;- Again is lost this outside of a king, But yet was held to be the dearest thing And learn this lesson ;-Draw thy sword in right. Shakespeare's K. Henry VI. part iii. Yea, and what sonne? the sonne whose swelling pride Stoode in the likelihode to possesse the whole. Sackville's Ferrex and Porrex, act ii. sc. 1. That blessed word hath wrought in me a sensible abatement of my corrupt affections; and hath produced an apparent renovation of my mind. Bp. Hall's Temptations Repelled. The starry host, rode brightest, till the moon, Apparent queen unveil'd her peerless light, Milton's Pur. Lost, book iv. When there is no apparent cause in the sky, the water will sometimes appear dappled with large spots of shade. Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. There is something captivating in spirit and intrepidity, to which we often yield, as to a resistless power; nor can he reasonably expect the confidence of others, who too apparently distrusts himself. Johnson's Rambler, No. 1. In common language the word apparent, as applied to the heir of any estate or property, signifies the eldest son, in contradistinction from presumptive, or collateral heir. In Astronomy, it is an epithet applied to things, as they appear to the eye in distinction, from what they really are. Thus we say apparent conjunction, distance, time, &c. |