TRIM. tenant, is wrought with the spade, and otherwise peasant engaged solely in agriculture is said to feed ANTRIM. The exports of Antrim, in addition to their linen The minerals of this district present nothing remarkable if we except the fossil wood, or wood-coal, as it is more commonly called, and which is here found under masses of basaltic rock. The reader can hardly fail to have heard of the various theories entertained by mineralogists, in regard to the origin of coal, and of the controversy which subsisted between Kirwan, and some contemporary writers, relative to the ingredients of that substance; whether as being altogether mineral, or altogether vegetable, or consisting partly of both. Mr. Playfair, of Edinburgh, was disposed to give the weight of his opinion in favour of the vegetable composition of coal, and referred in support of it to some specimens in his possession, procured in the isle of Sky, (the same geological structure with Antrim,) which presented in one small Antrim has long been celebrated for its linen manu- fragment both perfect wood coal and perfect mineral facture, and the extent to which it is still carried on coal; and thus, in his mind, established at once the may be partly estimated from the quantity of flax an- identity of the two species, and also their common nually raised within the county. A few years ago vegetable origin. In the portion of Ireland of which not less than 11,000 acres were appropriated to the we are now writing, the fossil wood presents itself growth of that article; yielding at the average rate with its original structure so entire that there is no of thirty stones per acre. The manufacture of cotton difficulty in ascertaining its place as a member of the cloth has, however, of late years in some degree super- forest tribes. The bark and knots are quite distinct; seded the staple of Antrim, and given employment to and the rings, denoting the annual growth of the tree, nearly 30,000 persons, young and old; and as German may still be easily counted. It is a circumstance, linens are found to obtain a decided preference in the however, worthy of remark, and certainly involving foreign market to those which are made in any part of no small difficulty, that notwithstanding the ligneous Great Britain, it is probable that the culture of flax origin of the Antrim coal, it is so fully impregnated will gradually give way to the importation of cotton with bitumen as to be thought unfit for the purposes to a still greater extent than even that which has of the arts, and even for the humbler uses of domestic lately taken place. life. The population of this county is estimated at 250,000, exhibiting an increase of near 100,000 in the space of 30 years. Antrim contains a greater proportion of Protestants than perhaps any other county in Ireland; and as the inhabitants are chiefly of Scottish extraction, the majority of them are presbyterians; maintaining a synodical communion either with the indigenous congregations, or with the several bodies of dissenters from the church of Scotland. The food of the common people here, as in many parts of Ireland, is of the meanest description possible. A family consisting of six persons is understood to consume in a week between three and four bushels of potatoes, fourteen herrings, nine quarts of buttermilk, and one pound of salt; the whole amounting, one week with another, to about five shillings. This estimate applies to families employed in manufactures. The This county returns five members to Parliament; namely, two for the shire, and three for the three principal towns, Belfast, Carrickfergus, and Lisburn: whilst in regard to ecclesiastical rule, the whole of it, with the exception, perhaps, of three or four parishes, acknowledges the superintendance of the Bishop of Connor. For the singular basaltic structure which lines the northern boundary of Antrim, we beg to refer the reader to the article GIANT'S CAUSEWAY, in another part of this Work; where a description of that striking geological phenomenon will be given, at some length, in connection with the opinions of such modern authors as have attempted to account for it on the grounds of recognized theory. ANTRIM, a town of Ireland, and capital of the county of that name, situated at the north end of ANTWERP. ANTRIM. Lough Neagh, upon the banks of a small stream, called the Six Mile Water. There is a good pier to the town, near which vessels can lie at low water; but the custom house, which was formerly established on it, has been removed to Belfast, from which it is distant about 12 miles. It appears to have been a borough of considerable importance in former times; for the mayor of Antrim was admiral er officio, of a considerable extent of coast, both in this county and in Down. It is still a place of consideration, and before the Union sent two members to parliament. In the streets of the town a sharp engagement took place in 1798, between a detachment of regular troops, and about 6000 insurgents, who were defeated with loss. It gives the title of earl to the noble family of M'Donnel. It is 84 miles north of Dublin. ANTROBUS, in the West Division of the Hundred of Bucklow, County Palatine of Chester, in the parish of Great Budworth. The resident population of this township is 351. The money raised by the parish rates in 1303, was £212. 14s. 64d., at 2s. 54d. in the pound. It is 5 miles N. N. W. of Northwitch. ANTION, a town of ancient Greece, in that part of Thessaly called Phthiotis. ANTROS, a small island on the west coast of France, at the mouth of the Garonne, on which stands the famous light-house of Corduan. ANTRUM, one of the Alps of Switzerland, in the Valais; there is a communication across it, between Valais and Lombardy. ANTURA, a village of Syria, on Mount Libanus, amidst a grove of mulberry trees. The Jesuits had a convent here, which is now occupied by another order. ANTWERP, Antwerpen, Germ. Dutch. Anvers, Fr. Amberes, Sp. a province of the Netherlands, situated between 4° 13′, and 5° 16′, E. lon. 51°, and 51° 32′, N. lat. having North Brabant on the N. and N. E. Limburg on the S. E. South Brabant on the S., and East Flanders on the W. It contains 1914 square G. M. It is a complete level, lying so low that water is found every where at the depth of 10 or 12 inches. The soil is sandy throughout, but is excellently culti vated and well-watered by the Scheldt, Dyle, Senne, Great and Little Nethe, and the Rupel. It has many stagnant pools and morasses, and two canals; those of Brussels and Lovain. The climate is so moist, that the quantity of rain amounts from 28 to 28+ inches annually. The weather is variable. The skill with which the soil is cultivated amply makes up for its defects, and notwithstanding the populousness of the province, almost as much grain is raised as is required for its own consumption. The average crops are wheat 73,347 cwt.; rye 415,568 cwt.; barley 109,267 cwt.; and oats 237,921 cwt. They also grow, on a large scale, buckwheat, beans, potatoes, turnips, carrots, flax, hemp, rape seed and madder. There are 136,014 acres of arable land, 27,000 acres of wood, 40,345 acres of natural, and 13,155 acres of artificial grass. Much attention is paid to their cattle. Their horses are large and strong, but not handsome. They have many hives of bees, and remove them from place to place, to improve the honey. Their manufactures are numerous, and some of them in great estimation; as, for example, the point-lace of Mecklin. The exports consist entirely of manufactured articles, particularly lace, hats, cloths, ticking, woollen wrap- ANT pers, sugar, starch, leather, beer, brandy, &c. which WERP. are principally exported from Antwerp and Mecklin. The population in 1815, amounted to 287,347 which gives 1500 for every square mile. The majority are Walloons who profess the Roman Catholic religion and have 24 parishes and 131 curacies. The province sends five deputies to the States General; belongs to the fourth military division, and is under the jurisdiction of the High Court of Justice at Brussels. The provincial states consist of 60 members, of whom 15 are sent by the nobility, 24 by the towns, and 21 by the country. The province is divided into the three circles of Antwerp, Mecklin, and Turnhout, which contain 17 districts, and 141 communities. ANTWERP, ANVERS, OF ANTORFF, the capital of the province of the same name, is situated on the Scheldt, and was formerly the place of greatest trade in Europe. In 1550, the epoch of its highest prosperity, it was not unusual to see 2000 vessels at one time in this port. But the wars which raged in the low countries; the sack of the city in 1585, by the Duke of Parma; the persecutions of the Duke of Alva, which forced the most industrious part of the population of the low countries to emigrate; and finally an article in the treaty of Munster, in 1648, which was sanctioned by Philip IV. at the instance of the Dutch, by which it was stipulated that no large merchant vessels should sail up to this city, but that the cargo should be first unloaded in the Dutch ports, and thence conveyed in small craft to Antwerp-these, together with other causes, combined to strip this once celebrated city of its commercial grandeur and pre-eminence. According to Guicciardini, the population of Antwerp was formerly 100,0000; but Busching, a better authority in this case, raises the number to 200,000. It contains at present 61,800. It is still, however, a large and well built city, the streets are 200 in number, and the squares, which amount to 22, are spacious and elegant. The street called the Mere, is one of the widest in Europe; the cathedral is a very noble pile, and contains the celebrated Descent from the Cross, of Rubens, which is considered by many as the chef d'œuvre of art. The exchange is reckoned the handsomest building of its kind in existence; it cost 300,000 crowns, and furnished the model for the Exchanges of London and Amsterdam; and a striking monument of its past commercial greatness still remains in the celebrated house of Osterlins, in the cellars and magazines of which the commerce of the world was formerly deposited. Antwerp has been fated almost more than any city in Europe to experience the effects of war, as until its late occupation by the French it was an open town, defended only by a citadel erected by the Duke of Alva in 1568. Under their dominion however, it underwent great and extensive improvements; its harbour was enlarged; dock yards for building vessels of war were constructed, and it became, one of the first naval ports in Europe. The harbour will contain upwards of a 1000 vessels which, by means of canals, can penetrate to almost any part of the town. 22 miles north of Brussels. E. lon. 4° 24'. North lat. 51° 13. See Guicciardini, Descrittione di tutti i Paesi Bassi, in Anversa. Busching's Dict. Geog. et Com. vol. ii. Hume vol. iii. p. 398. v. 195. L ANUA. ANUS. ANUA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Palestine, in the tribe of Zebulon. This was also the name of a town in the tribe of Ephraim. ANUI, GREAT and DRY, two large rivers of Siberia, which fall into the Kolyma, or Kovyma, nearly opposite to the fortress Nischney Kolymsk. The course of the former is 600 miles, and that of the latter 330, and the banks of both are inhabited by a tribe called Yukagirians. } AN'VIL, Sax. Enfille, which Skinner derives AN'VILLE. from En, on, and feallan, to fall, because the hammer frequently falls upon the anvil, and the anvil is exposed to the frequent blows of the hammer. Although I could not make so wele As coud Lamekes son Tuball That found out first the art of song For as his brothers hammers rong The dreame of Chaucer, fol. 244. c. 1. -Some thrusting forth fro bellows blasting winds Incessant yéeld and draw, some dips in lakes and troughes of stones Hot hissing gleads: all Ætna vaults with anuilds mourning grones Eneidos, by Thos. Phaer, book viii. One stirs the fire, and one the bellows blows. Yet they with patience can by none be read. That know not how they uncorrected stand; Snatcht from the forge, ere throughly anviled; Deprived of my last life-giving hand. Dryden. Sandys's Ovid's Tristia. Tho, when he saw no power might prevaile, His trusty sword he cald to his last aid, Wherewith he fiersly did his foe assaile, And double blowes about him stoutly laid, That glauncing fire out of the yron plaid, As sparkles from the andvile use to fly, When heavy hammers on the wedg are swaid. Spenser's Faerie Queene, book i. c. 12. -Allegiance Tempted too far is like the trial of A good sword on an anvil; as that often And is too late repented. Massinger's Great Duke of Florence, act ii. sc. 3. The anvil is a smith's utensil, which is used as a place, on which to place the work that is to be hammered or forged. Forged nails are better than those of cast work, and the best have the upper part made of steel. Locksmith's have a smaller kind of anvil, which they call a stake. ANUROGRAMMUM, the capital and royal residence of Taprobane, (Ceylon,) on the north side not far from the western coast, now called Anarodgurro, but in ruins. Ptol. vii. 2. ANUS, in Anatomy, is the termination of the in testinum rectum; in Botany, it denotes the posterior ANUS. opening of a monopetalous flower; in Conchology, it is a species of Murex, which is found in the Mediterranean. ANWEILER, a small town with 1800 inhabitants, in the Duchy of Deux-Ponts, on the river Queich, six miles from Landau, belonging at present to Bavaria. Anweiler was originally a free city of the empire, but was brought under the dominion of the Counts Palatine in 1330. The inhabitants are partly Catholic and partly of the reformed religion. The Queich serves as a medium of communication between this place and Landau. The only manufacturing establishments here are tanneries. Long. 8° E. Lat. 49° 13'. N. ANWICK, in the Wapentake of Flaxwell, parish of Kesteven, County of Lincoln; a discharged Vicarage, (united to the Rectory of Branswell, in 1718), valued in the King's books at £5. 3s. 111⁄2d.; Patrons, Mrs. Gardiner, and the Earl of Bristol, alternately; Church dedicated to St. Edith. The resident population of this parish is 209. The money raised by the parish rates in 1803, was £111. 15s. 4d.; at 2s. 7d. in the pound. It is five miles E. N. E. from Sleaford. ANXA, the name given by the Romans to Callipolis, the modern Gallipoli, in the kingdom of Naples, a town of Frentani. ANXIETY, Immediately from the Latin ANXIOUS, anxietas, from ango, which VosAN'XIOUSLY, sius derives from the Greek Αγχω, AN'XIOUSNESS. to strangle, to suffocate. The German has anget. Joy several times uses anxt. Anxiety, anguish, and anger, appear to have the same ultimate origin. See ANGUISH and ANGER. Anxiety is always used, where some degree of uncertainty exists; and is applied to the painfulness arising from doubt, uncertainty, perplexity; to an eager desire, or solicitude, where the result is not certain. And albeit that god comaunded yt we should chiefly seke for heuen and promiseth that if we do so, all other thiges that we nede shal be cast vnto vs, and would that we should in no wise liue in anxyete, and trouble of minde for any fere of lack. Sir Thomas More's Works, fol. 197. c. 2. The life of the desperate equals the anxieties of death; who in uncessant inquietudes but act the life of the damned, and anticipate the desolations of hell. Brown's Vulgar Errours. How fully hast thou satisfied me, pure To interrupt the sweet of life, from which I know a lady so given up to this sort of devotion, that though she employs six or eight hours of the twenty-four at cards, she never misses one constant hour of prayer, for which time another holds her cards, to which she returns with no little anxiousness till two or three in the morning. Spectator, No. 79. . ANXIETY. He beod for to geue hym ys dogter in spousyng, R. Gloucester, p. 65. R. Brunne, p. 56. It was, ne neuer shall be founde Betweene foryettilnes and drede, That man shulde any cause spede. Gower Con, Am, book iv. Neyther besemeth it suche as are in Christes stede, to be anywhere oftener, then in the temple. Udall. Marke, c. 11. LOD. Oh thou Othello, that was once so good, Falne in the practise of a cursed slaue, What shall be saide to thee. Orп. Why any thing: An honourable murderer if you will. Shakespeare's Othello, act v. sc. 2. And taking the whole of the collection together, it is an unquestionable truth that there is no one book extant, in any language, or in any country, which can in any degree be compared with it for antiquity, for authority, for the importance, the dignity, the variety, and the curiosity of the matter it contains. Porteus's Lectures. ANYM, a town of Palestine, supposed by Calmet to be the same with Anam. ANZAR, a town in the northern part of China, in which Tamerlane died. ANZO, ANZEO, or ANTIS, CAPE, a promontory of Italy, in the Campagna di Roma, on which there is a strong tower. Pope Benedict XIV. caused a commodious harbour to be constructed here, an undertaking, which had been ineffectually attempted by his predecessor, Innocent XII. The ruins of the ancient town of Antium, from which it takes its name, cover a con.siderable space in the neighbourhood. ANZICO, called sometimes Micocco, an extensive region in the interior of the west coast of Africa, immediately behind Congo. It is very little known, nor have we any more recent accounts of it than those given in the 16th century, by the Portuguese travellers, Lopez and Merolla. The people are stated to be brave, active, and of the most extraordinary agility, but savage and cruel, in a degree almost unparalleled. Human flesh is said to be sold in their markets as beef and mutton in those of Europe; they devour not only the prisoners taken in war, but their own slaves; ANZICO. nay it is considered as an homage due to their soveANZIKO. reign, that his subject should offer themselves to him to be used as food. To balance these reports, which they are an industrious people, and manufacture wear somewhat of a fabulous aspect, we learn, that tree. They carry on an extensive trade both with cloths, both from silk and from the fibres of the palm Congo and with the interior of Africa, and seen to have by much the most active commercial spirit of any nation in this part of the continent. They have a language entirely different from that of Congo. Upon the whole, they seem a people with regard to whom we would wish to be better informed, and as they lie directly in the track of expeditions up the Congo, we may expect, some time, more particular and authentic intelligence. ANZIKO, a kingdom in Africa, placed almost under the equator, 200 or 300 leagues from the coast, bounded on the east by the river Umbre or Vambre, which runs into the Zaïse, and the kingdom of Wangua; on the west by the Amboes; on the south by the provinces of Sonio and Sunda. Its northern boundaries are entirely unknown. The old writers named it the desart of Nubia merely because they thought it necessary to mention some country, and according to their erroneous notions of geography, Nubia and Abyssinia were carried 30 or 40 degrees too far to the south, which brought them almost in contact with Congo and Angola. The principal article of trade produced in this country, is sandal wood (santalum, Linn.) of which there are two kinds, the red and the white. There are also mines of copper in the mountains, and all the tropical productions might be easily raised. The currency of the country is a small shell called zimbo, found in the sea near Loando, in Angola. Anziko is inhabited by the Monsols or Meticas, and Jagas, (see JAGA.) They are chiefly wandering tribes remarkable for their courage and ferocity, and the most determined canibals, if the accounts of the old writers are to be trusted. It is however remarkable, that there are no traces of these horrible savages in the most authentic modern accounts of this part of Africa. In They are idolaters and polytheists, as are most of the African nations, and practise circumcision, though whether from religious motives is doubtful. manners and customs they greatly resemble the other tribes of negroes, but exceed them all in ferocity. Their dress, weapons, and accoutrements, differ little from those of their neighbours to the north and south, and as far as can be collected from the imperfect accounts we have, they rank considerably below many other African nations in the knowledge of the useful arts. The sovereign of Anziko was called Macoco, and was paramount over a great number of tributary kings; but we may safely reduce the extent of his dominions, and numbers of his subjects by comparing the accounts given by the old navigators, such as Lopez and Pigafetta with what is now known respecting the negro kingdoms, north and south; and there can be little doubt that the accounts of the power of the Macoco were greatly exaggerated. The notion that the Jagas came originally from Sierra Leone seems wholly destitute of foundation, though repeated by almost AOSTA. ANZIKO. every writer on the negro tribes in Africa, and apparently credited by Bruce. Pigafetta. Dapper. Modern Universal History xiii. 266-8. Moreri. AONE, or AONIANS, a people of Boeotia, in ancient Geography; the name of Aonia was sometimes given to Boeotia. AORISTIA, was a term of frequent use in the ancient philosophy, and technically signified that state of mind, in which the mind neither denies nor affirms, but speaks of things as only seeming. AORIST. (Aópioτos, undefined.) The name of a tense in Greek grammar; so called, because it denotes that the action, which the verb expresses, is absolutely passed by and done with, without limiting it to a period more or less remote from the present, or denoting its continuance; whereas the imperfect denotes a past action continuing for a certain time, or taking place at a certain time, as ÈTUTTOV, I was beating. The perfect expresses an action completed at the present moment, as Térupa, I have beaten. The pluperfect, an action which was complete at a time past, which is referred to; TETуpew, I had beaten. But ἔτυψα, or ἔτυπον, the aorists, simply express an action gone by, I did beat, or, have beaten. This is the general distinction which the grammarians lay down as existing between the past tenses in the Greek language. But the various usages of the aorist, which it is almost impossible to reconcile with this distinction, lead us to conclude, that the peculiar propriety of this tense, in certain propositions, where, as far as our apprehension goes, another preterite, or even a present tense might have been used, was one of those delicate features of language, which are discernible only to those persons who speak it as their vernacular tongue. The aorist admits in Greek of other moods besides the indicative. The imperative aorist és, no doubt conveyed to Greek ears, a meaning somewhat different from that of Ti0e, the imperative of the present; but in English we can only express it by the present. In one or two phrases, perhaps, we use something like an imperative of the perfect, or aorist; as, " have done." So in the optative, we may render unvoro, let it not happen; un yévoiro, let it not be done. The reader may consult Matthiæ's Greek Grammar, pp. 195, 730, of the English translation; and Hermann's De Emendanda Ratione Græca Grammatica, p. 180. AORNUS, or AORNI. See AVERNUS. AORNUS, a large town of Bactria, with a citadel on a rock, which was taken by Alexander. Arrian. Exp. Alex. iii. 19. AORTA, derived from a Greek word (aopτη) signifying a bag. It is the great artery which proceeds from the left ventricle of the heart, and from which all the other arteries either mediately or immediately originate. AOSTA, the name of a duchy in Piedmont, separated by the Alps from Savoy and the Valais, and bounded on the east and south by the Navarese, and the provinces of Biella and Ivrea. The general aspect of the country is mountainous, but there are several vallies of great extent, particularly that known by the name of the Val d'Aosta. By the industry of the inhabitants these low grounds are rendered abundantly fruitful in wine, oil, and pasture. The mountains yield plenty of iron and copper; hence forges for these metals are very numerous. Many AOSTA. of the inhabitants are inclined to a wandering life; they amount in all to about 66,000. A prince of the APAGOroyal family, (frequently the king's brother) takes his title from this duchy. AOSTA, the chief town of the foregoing duchy, is seated on the river Doria, at the foot of the Alps, where the great commercial roads from Savoy and the Valais to Piedmont, over the Great and Little St. Bernard, meet each other. The bishop here is subordinate to the archbishop of Milan. The town is large, but meanly built and thinly peopled; the only edifice of note is the Episcopal palace. Population 5550. 25 miles N. W. of Ivrea, 150 N. N. W of Turin. AOTUS, in Botany, a genus of plants. consisting of one species, a native of New Holland. Botanical Magazine, 949. AOUTA, the name of a tree called the Paper Mulberry Tree, which grows in the islands of the South Sea, and from which the natives manufacture a kind of cloth, which is cool and soft, but as liable to tear as paper. In Hawkesworth's Voyages, vol. ii. p. 212, &c. an account is given of the manner in which it is prepared. APACE. On pace, in speed, in haste; speedily, hastily. Thou farest eke by me Pandarus As he, that whan a wight is wo bigon He cometh to him apace, and saith right thus To Bialacoil she went a paas And to him shortely in a clause She said. Id. Romaunt. of the Rose, fol. 133. c. 3. Gallop a-pace bright Phoebus through the sky, And dusky night, in rusty iron car, Between you both, shorten the time, I pray, When we may meet these traitors in the field. APACHES, a people of North America, in New Mexico, who occupy an extensive country and still preserve their independence, though they continue on terms of friendship and alliance with the Spaniards. APAFALVA, a large market town of Transylvania, in the county of Dobock. APAGOGICAL, Aаywyn, abducto, from año, and ayw, to draw, or lead away. The application of this word in dialectics may be seen in the citation from Beattie. If this be not admitted, I demand a reason why any other apagogical demonstration, or demonstration ad absurdum, should be admitted in geometry rather than this: or that some real difference be assigned between this and others as such. Berkley's Works. Analyst. The are two sorts of mathematical demonstration. The one is principles which render it necessarily true: and this, though a called direct, and takes place when a conclusion is inferred from more perfect or more simple sort of proof, is not more convincing GICAL. |