"They are (says the same author) of an elegant and active make; of a restless and timid disposition; extremely watchful, of great vivacity, remarkably swift and agile, and most of their boundings so light, as to strike the spectator with astonishment. What is very singular is, that they will stop in the midst of their course, gaze for a moment at their pursuers, and then resume their flight."

"The fleetness of the Antelope," he continues, was proverbial in the country it inhabited even in the earliest times: the speed of Asahel (2 Sam. ii, 18.) is beautifully compared to the Tzebi: and the Gadites were said to be as swift as the Antelopes (translated Roes) upon the mountains. The sacred writers took their similes from such objects as were before the eyes of the people to whom they were addressed. There is another instance drawn from the same subject. The disciple raised to life at Joppa was supposed to have been called Tabitha, or Dorcas, from the beauty of her eyes; and to this day, one of the highest compliments that can be paid to female beauty in the eastern region, is Aine el Gazel, you have the eyes of an Antelope."

They live in large herds of two or three thousand, or in small parties of five or six, and generally in hilly countries, browsing like goats, and living on the tender shoots of trees. They are elegantly formed, active, restless, shy, and uncommonly swift, running with vast bounds, and leaping with surprising agility. The chace of them is a favourite diversion in the east, where they are not only hunted with the greyhound and hunting leopard, but also with the falcon, which is trained for that purpose. M. Pallas, in his Travels through Russia and the North of Asia, has given a very interesting account of the mode of hunting the Antelope among the Tonguses, who inhabit the heaths of Daouria beyond the lake Backal. See Pallas's Travels, vol. i. p. 402.; vol. iii. p. 204. The pursuit of the Chamois, which belongs to this genus, is a favourite diversion of the Swiss and the fatigue and dangers they undergo in that chace are well known.

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The horns of the antelope genus are composed of solid bony processes attached to the os frontis, similar to those of the deer kind, but covered with horn, and not deciduous in other respects they are similar to that genus; generally, though not always having the lachrymal fossæ, or tear-pits.

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For further particulars as to their anatomical structure and classification, see COMPARATIVE ANATOMY and ZOOLOGY.

They have been divided into sections from the form of their horns, both by Pennant and Cuvier: the division of the latter is adopted here.

a. Horns annulated, having a double or triple curve, and pointing forwards, downwards, or upwards.

A. Dorcas Pall. Gmel. Cuv. Capra Dorcas Lin. Algazel Buff. Ghazal of the Arabs, Aopkas Ælian. Barbary Antelope, Pen.-This animal is in height and form like the roebuck (Cervus Capreolus) i. e. about three feet nine inches from nose to tail, and two feet four inches high. The horns are twelve inches long, of a cylindrical form, incline backwards, bend in the middle, and revert forwards, and are marked with thirteen rings,

VOL. XVII.

The animal is of a bright reddish brown colour, with a white breast, and brown stripe along each flank; it has a tuft of hair on each knee, and a deep pouch in the groins. It inhabits, India, Persia, and the north of Africa, living in large troops, which, when attacked, form a ring, and present their horns to their adversary; they are easily tamed, and their habits furnish numerous images to the sprightly poetry of the Arabs: var. A. Corinna Pall. Gmel. le Corine Buff. Corine Antelope Pen., a variety of the preceding from which it differs only in having the horns more slender.

A. Kevella Pall. Gmel. Cuv. le Kevel Buff. Flathorned Antelope, Pen. Is very similar in form and colour to the A. Dorcas, but has the horns flattened on the sides, and the rings on them more numerous. Cuvier says, that he knows no difference between this animal and the Ahu of Kampfer, and the Tseiran of the Persians and Turks, (A. Subgutturosa Gmel.) except that the latter has a slight protuberance under the throat.

A. Pygarga, Pall. Gmel. Whitefaced Antelope, Pen. Is very similar to the preceding, but larger like that, its horns are flattened; but those of the female are said to be smooth. The face is white, the cheeks and neck of a bright bay; the tail is covered with hair, which extends several inches beyond the end.

A. Gutturosa, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. Hoang yang and Whang yang, or Yellow Goat of the Chinese, Dseren of the Mongol Tartars, Chinese Antelope, Pen. As large as the stag, its horns and skin similar to the A. Dorcas; the female has no horns: the neck is very prominent opposite the larynx, or upper part of the windpipe, in consequence of that organ being very large it has also a large pouch under the belly: they live in herds in the deserts of Asia, and are so fearful of water, that they will not enter it, though hunted to its edge by dogs, to save themselves

A. Euchore, Forster, Cuv. la Gazelle à bourse sur le dos Buff. Spring Bock of the Cape, Springer Antelope, Pen. Larger than the Gazelle; has a remarkable white line extending from the tail half way up the back; which, when frightened, it has the power of expanding into a circle, and when the alarm is over, returns it to the original lineal form. Mr. Masson says, that they make periodical migrations in seven or eight years, in herds of many hundreds of thousands, from the north, as he supposes, from the interior part of Terra del Natal, to which they are compelled by the excessive drought in that region in their course they desolate Caffraria; and it is observed, that those which arrive first at the Cape are very fat, the next less so, and those which come last very poor and lean, in consequence of the havoc their predecessors have made they continue in the neighbourhood of the Cape for a few months, and then collecting, go off in large herds to the interior, where they are quite fearless of man, and will not make way for him unless he compel them with a stick. When taken they can be easily tamed.

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A. Säiga, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. Säiga Buff. Colus Strabo, Scythian Antelope, Pen. As large as a stag; its horns are like those of the A. Dorcas, but yellow, semitransparent, and strongly annulated. The skin is brown in summer, but becoming greyish white in winter: it has a large prominent muzzle divided longitudinally

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LOPE.

ANTI- by a small furrow, with very open nostrils; the tail is naked below, but covered with upright hairs, terminating in a tuft above. They live in the deserts between the Dnieper and Danube and the river Irtish, in herds of many thousands; one of them watches whilst the rest sleep, and is relieved by turns, &c. They are very timid, and extremely swift, but cannot run long without stopping to take breath. They are hunted with dogs or eagles, (the black eagle of Pen.) trained for that purpose, for the sake of their skins.

A. Cervicapra, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. Capra Cervicapra Lin. Gazella Africana Ray, Antilope des Indes Buff. Lidmee of the Arabs, Common Antelope Pen. This animal is rather smaller than a fallow deer; the horns about sixteen inches long, are black, distinctly annulated, and have three curves. "Their form," says Pennant, "when on the skull is not unlike that of the ancient lyre, to which Pliny compares those of his Strepsiceros. The brachia, or sides of that instrument, were frequently made from its horns, as appears from ancient gems.' The animal is of a reddish brown above, and white below; around the orbits of the eyes is white, which is continued into a white patch on either side of the forehead; the muzzle is black. The female is known by having no horns, and by a white stripe on the flanks. The horns of the Antelope are employed in the east as offensive weapons, being bound together for that purpose.

Though one of the most common species, the habits of this animal are but little known; it inhabits Africa and India.

A. Senegalensis, le Koba ou Grande Vache brune Buff. Senegal Antelope, Pen. Horns close at the base, bending outwards and backwards above; the head large and clumsy; the animal is of a reddish brown colour, with a stripe of black from the horns to the nose, and another down the hind part of the neck; the rump dirty white, hoofs small, tail covered with coarse black hairs.

A. Lerwia, Gmel. le Kob ou petite Vache brune Buff. Gambian Antelope, Pen. Of this animal nothing is known saving the horns, "unless," says Cuvier, "it be the same as the Pallah of Daniels (African Scenery) for then it would be most like the Gazelle, except being larger."

b. Horns annulated having a double curve, differing in direction from the preceding section, and having the points turned backwards.

Å. Bubalis, Pail. Gmel. Cuv. Capra Dorcas Lin. Vache de Barbarie Mém. de l'Acad. le Bubale Buff. Bekker el Wash of the Arabs, Hartebeest of the Dutch, Cervine Antelope, Pen. This animal is larger and more clumsy than the other species of Antelope, partaking of the stag and heifer, with a large head, broad thick nose, and a reddish brown coat, except at the tip of the tail, which is furnished with a tuft of black hair; the horns bend outwards and backwards, then forwards and again backwards. This animal was described by Dr. Caius in the reign of Queen Elizabeth, under the name of Buselaphus. It is common in Barbary, and the northern parts of Africa.

A. Caama Cuv. Cape Stag of the Dutch, Caama Antelope. Very like the preceding, but has the curve of the horns more angular; the coronet of the horns, the line at the base of the forehead, the line on the

neck, and a longitudinal stripe on either leg, and the ANTItip of the tail all black. They are very common at LOPE the Cape. c. Horns annulated and straight, or but slightly curved.

A. Oryx, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. Capra Gazella, Lin. le Pasan, Buff. Cape Chamois of the Dutch, Egyptian Antelope, Pen. The history of this animal has been well detailed by Dr. Forster and Mr. Klockner. It is as large as a deer; the horns slender, straight, round, and pointed, about three feet in length, and annulated near the base, but smooth above; those of the female much smaller; its coat is greyish, but the head is white, and marked with black bars, and another extends along the spine and on each flank; the shoulders and thighs are marked with a patch of chestnut, continued down the front of the leg in form of a stripe, which again expands some distance above the feet; the tail is long and black, and the hair along the ridge of the spine rough, and directed towards the nape of the neck; the hoofs and horns are black. It lives in pairs and not in herds, and is found in Egypt, Arabia, about the Cape of Good Hope, &c. This singular animal is the Oryx of Ælian, and one of them having been caught which had lost a horn, gave rise to the notion of an unicorn, about which there has been so much dispute.

Of this species there are two varieties.

Var. a. A. Leucoryr, Pall. Gmel. White Antelope, Shaw, Leucoryx Antelope, Pen.

b. A. Gazella, Pall. Gmel. Capra Bezoartica, Lin. Algazel Antelope.

Pen. From this animal the finest bezoars are taken. A. Oreotragus, Schreber, Gmel. Cuv.le Klippspringer, Buff. Klipspringer Antelope, Pen. Inhabits the Cape and has short straight horns.

A. Grimmia, Pall. Schreb. Gmel. Cuv. Capra Grimmia, Lin. le Grimme, Buff. Guinea Antelope, Pen. Is only eighteen inches high, according to Pennant; the horns short and thick. It is of a light yellowish or tawny brown colour; the tail is loose haired; the lachrymal sinuses very conspicuous. The animal is remarkable for an upright pointed tuft of strong black hair rising from the top of the forehead, about two inches and a half high between the horns. It lives among the brush wood, in that part of Africa between Guinea and the Cape of Good Hope.

A. Pygmæa, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. le Chevrotain de Guinée Buff. Royal Antelope Pen., is not more than nine inches high, its horns are strong, short, sharp pointed, and perfectly black, the female has none; its colour is a bright bay, paler beneath and on the insides of the limbs; the legs are scarcely thicker than a

quill; being occasionally tipped with gold, they have been used as tobacco stoppers. They inhabit the hottest parts of Africa, and are said to be so active as to be able to leap over a wall twelve feet high.

A. Scoparia, Schreb. Cuv. Ourebi Buff. Ourebi Antelope Pen. Dr. Shaw thinks this perhaps only a variety of the Ritbock.

A. Duiker, Cuv Plunging Stag of the Cape, also belongs to this section.

d. Horns annulated with a single curve, the points turned backwards.

A. Leucophæa, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. Blue Goat of the

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Cape, Blue Antelope Pen. larger than a deer, both OPE. sexes have large horns curving regularly backwards, and bearing at most twenty rings; it is of an ash blue colour, but the belly, insides of the legs, and the tip of the tail are white, with a large white spot beneath each eye. It has been improperly named Gazelle Tzeiran by Buffon. It is found north of the Cape. A. Equina Cuv. Equine Antelope, about the size of a horse, of a reddish grey colour, with a brown head, and a white badge below each eye, and a mane on the neck.

e. Horns annulated, and having a single curve pointing forwards.

A. Dama, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. le Nanguer Buff. Dama? Plin. Swift Antelope Pen.; about two feet eight inches high, and three feet eight inches long; the horns round and black, of a tawny brown colour, the neck, belly, and rump white; it inhabits Senegal, is the swiftest of the genus, and can be but rarely taken. This animal was probably known to the ancients by the name Dama.

A. Redunca, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. le Nagor Buff., Red Antelope Pen., very similar to the preceding, but the hair is stiff, long, glossy, and does not lie close to the skin.

A. Arundinacea, Shaw Cuv. l'Antelope de roseaux Buff. Rictrheeboch, or Roebuck of the Reeds, of the Cape, Ritbock Allam. Pen. This animal gets its name from living in reedy places; it is about two feet and a half high, of an elegant pale grey hue, has no line of separation along the sides of the body as the other Antelopes have; the tail is long, flat, and covered with white hairs. Mr. Allamand says, that this animal is called by the Hottentots á, ei, á, each syllable being pronounced with a kind of clacking of the tongue, not easily described or imitated by a European.

A. Eleotragus, Schreb. Cuv. Cinereous Antelope Pen. Similar to the preceding, the horns marked with a spiral wreath. Cuvier considers both this species, and the A. Arundinacea probably to be the same as the A. Lerwia or Kob of Buffon, of which we have only the horns.

f. Horns surrounded with a spiral wreath. A. Oreas, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. le Canna, Buff. Cape Elk of the Dutch, Indian Antelope, Pen. This animal has been improperly called Coudous by Buffon, the name properly belonging to his Condoma, says Pennant; it is as large as a horse, has strong straight conical horns, around which a prominent spiral wreath is wound; it is of greyish colour, has a kind of dewlap or pendent tuft of hair under the neck, a short coarse black mane running down the whole length of the back, and the tail terminating in a long black tuft. It lives in herds on the mountains north of the Cape.

A. Scripta, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. le Guib, Buff., Bonte Bock, or Spotted Goat of the Cape, Harnessed Antelope Pen.; measures about two feet high, and is of a chestnut colour, its body is marked by two white longitudinal stripes, which are crossed by two descending bands; the rump is also marked with two white stripes; the horns point backwards, and are marked by two spiral wreaths.

A. Sylvatica, Sparman, Gmel. le Bosbock, Buff. Forest Antelope, Pen., very similar to the last, but marked with several white spots, the body being

LOPE.

brown; the female is said to have no horns. The ANTIvoice of this animal resembles the barking of a dog. A. Strepsiceros, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. le Condoma Buff., le Coudous Cuv., Striped Antelope Pen. Has been wrongly named Condoma by Buffon; it is as large as a stag, of a reddish grey colour and striped with white; it has a small beard under the chin, and a mane extending along the spine, the tail terminates in long flocky hairs; the male alone bears large smooth horns, having a slightly spiral longitudinal prominence, and a triple curve, they are about four feet long. These animals are very active, and leap in an extraordinary manner; Dr. Forster says, he saw one leap a fence ten feet high. It lives north of the Cape.

g. Horns smooth.

A. Picta, Pall. Cuv. le Gnu, Gmel., Bos Gnou Zimmerman, le Nil Gaut Buff., Nyl Ghau Hunter, White footed Antelope, Pen.; four feet high to the top of the shoulder, the horns short, pointed, smooth, and of a blackish colour, bending a little forwards; the hair greyish, and have a large patch of white beneath the throat; the feet, just above the hoofs, marked by two white bands in the male, and three black, with two white ones in the female; a slight mane of black hair traverses the neck, and a larger tuft of a similar colour is situated on the breast; the female has no horns, is smaller, and of a pale brown colour. It inhabits the interior of India. Dr. W. Hunter has described this animal in the Philosophical Transactions.

A. Trago-camelus, Pall. Gmel. Indostan Antelope Pen. Is not of so elegant form as the other species, but seems to resemble the Camel, having a strong bending neck, with a large protuberance above the shoulders, which is covered with long hair; the breast has a dewlap like the cow; the hind quarters are much smaller than the fore; the tail is nearly two feet long. Dr. Parsons says, that the animal he saw was thirteen feet high. In its manner and habits of laying down and getting up, it resembles the Camel, they say; and that its voice is hoarse and croaking. It is a native of India. Cuvier considers this as belonging to the species A. Picta.

A. Rupicapra, Pall. Gmel. Cuv. Capra Rupicapra Lin. le Chamois Buff. Rupicapra Plin. Chamois Antelope Pen. “ Is the only ruminating animal of the west of Europe," says Cuvier, "which can be compared to the Antelope," it has, however, some peculiar characters; it is about the size of a common Goat, of a rufous brown colour, with the cheeks, chin, throat, and belly of a yellowish white, and a streak of black passing from the eye down to the muzzle; its horns, which are straight, have their points suddenly curved back, like a fish hook; behind the ears is a bag, which opens outwards by a small aperture, its use is not at present understood.

This is a very timorous animal, it lives in small troops, in the middle regions of very high mountains, skipping with great activity over the steep rocks; it feeds chiefly early in the morning and evening, during which time a sentinel is on the watch, who alarms the herd by a shrill cry. The chase of them is very laborious.

A. Gnu, Sparm. Gmel. Cuv. le Gnou ou Niou Buff. Gnou Antelope Pen. This animal differs from the Antelope, even more than the Chamois

ANTIpresents to the eye a monster made up of the parts of LOPE. different animals; its body and hind quarters are ANTIsimilar to those of a small horse, covered with brown NOMY. hair; the tail is furnished with long white hairs, also like the Horse; and on the neck is a fine straight mane, which is white at the roots but black at the edge; its head is large, and the mouth square like the Ox, the lips covered with short stiff bristles, and from the nose up the forehead runs an oblong square brush of stiff bristles; round the eyes grow several radii of strong white bristles; it is said to have only one false hoof behind each foot instead of two, and the foot is marked just above the hoof with a dusky bar; the horns, like those of the Cape Buffalo, are near each other at their base, and very thick, they dip downwards and curve upwards at their point; though the form of the head is heavy, yet the limbs are light like those of the stag. Both sexes are horned, and the horns of the young are said to be straight. It is a fierce and dangerous animal, living in large herds in the mountains north of the Cape. Cuvier thinks it was known to the ancients under the name of Catoblepas.

Mr. Hamilton Smith has described in the 13th volume of the Linnæan Transactions, what he considers some new species of Antelopes, but some of them are very doubtful, the names he gives them are Antelope Furcifer, Palmata, Mazama, Lemamazama, and Lanigera.

Linnæi Systema Naturæ curd Gmelin-Pallas Spicilegia Zoologica-Pennant's History of Quadrupeds

-Buffon Histoire Naturelle-Schreber Histoire des Mammifères-Shaw's General Zoology-Cuvier Règne Animal-Illiger Prodromus Systematis Mammalium et Avium.

ANTILYPUS PULVIS, in Medicine, reckoned useful in preventing rabies canina.

ANTIMETABOLE, in Rhetoric, a figure by which two things are transposed and placed in opposition to each other, from av, against, and μeraßaXXw, I change: an example of this occurs in the celebrated apophthegm of Musonius : av τi #pağŋs kaλòv μetà đóvov, μεν πόνος οἴχεται, τὸ δὲ καλόν μένει ἂν τὰ ποίησης αισχρὸν μετὰ ἡδονῆς, τὸ μὲν ἡδὺ οίχεται τὸ δε αἰσχρὸν μένει. "If you perform an honourable action with pain, the pain is soon over, and the honour remains. If you perform a dishonourable action with pleasure, the pleasure is soon over, and the dishonour remains."

ANTIMONY. The word Antimony is always used in commerce to denote a metallic ore, consisting of sulphur with the metal which is properly called antimony. Sometimes this sulphuret is termed crude antimony, to distinguish it from the pure metal, or regulus, as it was formerly called. According to Prof. Proust, the sulphuret contains 26 per cent. of sulphur. Antimony is of a dusky white colour, very brittle, and of a plated or scaly texture. Its specific gravity, according to Brisson, is 67021, but Bergman makes it 686. Soon after ignition it melts, and by a continuance of the heat it becomes oxidized.

ANTIMONY, in Pharmacy. From the sulphuret of antimony, or crude antimony of the shops, several preparations are directed to be made by the London Pharmacopoeia. The oxide (antimonii oxydum), the antimonial powder (pulvis antimonialis) an imitation of

ANT

the nostrum termed James's Powder. The emetic tartar (antimonium tartarizatum), the antimonial NowT wine (liquor antimonii tartarizati) and the golden sulphuret of antimony (antimonii sulphuretem præcipitatum.)

These preparations when given in small doses, act as diaphoretics; in large doses they excite nausea and vomiting, and occasionally act on the bowels. The tartarized antimony, or emetic tartar, is the most certain in its operation, and may, in fact, supersede all the other preparations. From half a grain to three grains may be given for an emetic, and from to grain as a diaphoretic. ANTINGHAM, in the hundred of North Erpingham, County of Norfolk: a village in which are the following consolidated parishes, viz.

The

Milton's Doct. and Dis. of Divorce. ANTINOMIANS, in Religion, are those who deny the obligation of the moral law, and hold that men are saved by the merits of Christ alone, and without any demerit on their part, and that the wicked actions of those who are in a state of grace, are not really sinful, and will not deprive them of the divine favour. origin of this sect is stated in the life of Luther. This first reformer was on one occasion preaching to the people upon the necessity of believing and trusting in the merits of Christ for salvation, and inveighing against the papists who represented eternal happiness as the fruit of mere legal obedience, abstracted from faith; as he was proceeding, he was interrupted by John Agricola (a divine of some eminence in that day) who took an opportunity of carrying the great reformer's doctrine to an opposite extreme by declaiming against the moral law altogether, as a covenant which had been totally abolished by the sacrifice of Christ; and the dispute which afterwards arose between him and Luther on this subject, threw the first seeds of the sect which appeared in England, during the time of the troubles, and which was known by the name of Antinomianism. The dangerous notions of this sect are not even yet, it may be feared, altogether exploded in this country. further particulars concerning its history, see Neale's

For

ΑΝΤΙΝΑ

MIANS

Hist. of Puritans, vol. 4. s. 7. Mosheim Ch. Hist. vol. 5. p. 411.

ANTINOOPOLIS, (in Coptic Antinoow,) the metropolis of the Antinoitic nome, on the eastern bank of the Nile; anciently celebrated as the seat of the oracle of Besa or Bisa; afterwards consecrated to Antinous by Hadrian, from whom it was sometimes called Hadrianopolis. The oracle continued till the time of Constantius. This town is now commonly called Sheik Abadeh, from the shrine of a Christian saint interred there. Its Arabian name is In'sina, and it belongs to the modern province of Oshmuneen. Ersch and Gruber's Encycl.

ANTINOUS, in Astronomy, the name of a constellation in the northern hemisphere.

ANTIOCH, an ancient city of Syria, now called by the Turks Antaki. It is situated on the river Orontes, about 21 miles from the place where it falls into the Mediterranean. It was built by Seleucus Nicator, 300 years before the birth of Christ; who named it Antioch, in honour of his father Antiochus. This city is still one of the most remarkable in the east, it has however greatly fallen away from its ancient grandeur. It was formerly the third city in the world, but its present population is under 20,000, of which four-fifths are Mahometans.

The principal remains of antiquity which it now exhibits, are the walls, which include a space of ground very much larger than is occupied by the present city, and which are described by Pocock as exhibiting, in some places, very remarkable specimens of the excellency of ancient masonry. Antioch has been visited, in various ages, by so many and such very severe earthquakes, that very few ancient buildings are now standing within the city; the principal exception are the ruins of aqueducts; but even they do not appear to possess any remarkable character.

The present city is ill-built, the houses low, with only one story above the ground; the streets are narrow with raised foot paths, and the general appearance of the buildings melancholy and monotonous. The governor here has the title of Waiwode, and is under the Pasha of Aleppo, but is appointed from Constantinople. But though Antioch has little to excite the admiration of a modern traveller, yet the celebrity which was once possessed, by this "Queen of the East," as it was once called, still renders it an object of interest and curiosity. It was the residence of the Macedonian kings of Syria, for several hundred years, and afterwards of the Roman governors of that province; and here it was, we are told in the Acts, that the disciples of our Saviour were first called Christians. This city was also the seat of the kingdom erected in Syria by the Crusaders in the 11th century. Its first king under this new dominion was Boemond, prince of Tarento, who was taken prisoner by the Turks in 1101; and the city continued in the possession of the Christians until 1268, when it was captured by Bendochars, or Bibers, sultan of Egypt; soon after which it was finally incorporated with the Turkish empire. Previously to this period, the churches of Antioch were said to be the finest in the world; there are only four of which even the ruins can now be traced. Among these is the church of St. John, which is indebted for its preservation to the circumstance that it is hewn out of a rock, being,

as Pocock describes it, a sort of grotto, open to the west. There was, in the time of that traveller, no altar in it, but the Christians who performed service in the church every Sunday, used to bring an altar with them; the ground immediately about it was appropriated as a place of burial. Distant 67 miles from Aleppo, W. long. 35° 17′ E. lat. 36° 6' W.

ANTIOCHIAN SECT or ACADEMY. See BIOGRAPHY, Art. ANTIOCHUS.

ANTIOCHIAN EPOCHA, in Chronology, the period of the proclamation of liberty to the town of Antioch, about the time of the battle of Pharsalia.

ANTIOCO, ST. ISOLA DI, a small island, or rather peninsula on the southern side of Sardinia; anciently called Malibodes, Enosina, now also Plombia, on account of its lead mines. Its population has been estimated at upwards of 2000. It has salt works near the sea, and contains some remains of the ancient Carthaginian town Sulci.

ANTIOPIA, in Palestine, was once a principal city belonging to the tribe of Napthali, between Tyre and Bethsaida.

ANTIPAROS, a small island in the Archipelago, placed, as its name indicates, exactly opposite to Paros, from which it is separated by a strait not a mile broad. It is nearly of an oblong shape, and about 16 miles in circumference, and lies in lat. 36° 38' N. long. 25° 4′ E.

The

Towards the middle of the island there is a pretty large village, at a small distance from the sea. ground to the north and east is flat and sandy, but it rises to the south and west; and near the summit of one of the highest hills in that direction is the entrance to the celebrated grotto, of which Tournefort and other travellers have given a description. On one side of a pretty large area, which appears as if it had been hewn out of the hill, is a perpendicular face 15 or 20 feet high, which is nearly filled with columns of stalactite; a passage leads behind them to a low opening through which the traveller passes, and after descending by a very steep path for a few yards, comes to a descent of some feet nearly perpendicular. When he has been let down by a rope through that space, he proceeds by an extremely sloping path to another and deeper descent, as nearly perpendicular as the former one; and, when he has cleared it, is landed upon a small projection of the rock which affords footing enough to enable him, by clinging to the side of the cavern, to pass round into the principal chamber, the floor of which is tolerably level, and where free from fragments of stalactite, extremely smooth. The loftiest part of this chamber is of a very considerable height; its roof is ornamented with innumerable stalactites of various sizes and shapes depending from it, and its walls are, for the most part, formed of clusters of such columns; when not exposed to the action of the air they are of a brilliant whiteness. There is, more particularly, a large mass which divides this chamber from an adjoining one, and which is remarkable for the lightness and variety of its tapering columns with round embossed heads, giving the place, when well lighted up, very much the appearance of a gothic cathedral. The depth of the cavern in the lowest part is about 254 feet. Its breadth above 300. The stalactites of every size and age are countless, and in all the cavities of the sides