Dr. Hales, it will be seen, approaches much nearer to the Septuagint than the Hebrew calculation, which latter, is the foundation of the Usherian chronology. But he founds the basis of his chronological system on the harmonized chronology of Josephus and Theophilus, bishop of Antioch, A. D. 168; finding his punctum stans in the birth of Cyrus, B. c. 599, which led to his accession to the Persian throne, B. c. 559; of Media, B.C. 551; and of Babylonia, B.C. 536; "For from these several dates," he adds, " carefully and critically ascertained and verified, the several and respective chronologies of these kingdoms branched off; and from the last especially, the destruction of Solomon's temple by Nebuchadnezzar, B. c. 586, its correcter date, which led to its foundation, B. c. 1627; thence to the Exode, B. c. 1648; thence to Abraham's birth, B. C. 2153; thence to the reign of Nimrod, B. c. 2554; thence to the DELUGE, B. c. 3155; thence to the creation, B. c. 5411."

The line of the Antediluvian patriarchs,
I. According to the Hebrew text, is

90

815

905

1140

70

840

910

1235

$30

895 1290

62

785

847 1307

65

300 365 887

720 1307

53

600

653

1307

ANTEDI- since adulterated. On the authority of Ephraim Syrus, LUVIAN, who died in the fourth century of the Christian æra, he confidently alleges, that a great and designed alteration has taken place in the Hebrew text. A traditional prediction being current, that the Messiah should certainly appear in the sixth millenary of the world, Ephraim affirms, that "the Jews subtracted 600 years from the generations of Adam, Seth, &c. in order that their own books might not convict them upon the point." According to Dr. Hales, therefore, the patriarchal lives of this period stand thus:

The confirmation which the sacred narrative receives from the traditions and profane writers of antiquity, is principally confined to the testimony of Berosus, a Chaldean historian, who first conveyed the astrology of his country into Greece, and fragments of whose writings are preserved in Josephus, Tatian, and Eusebius; and Sanchoniathon, who is said to have composed a history of the Phoenicians, the first book of which only is extant, in Eusebius. Berosus pretends to give us an account of ten kings who reigned in Chaldea before the deluge, and who evidently correspond with the ten patriarchs of the Mosaic account. The first of them he calls Alorus, and the last Xisuthrus, whom he states to have received a revelation, in a dream, that mankind would be destroyed by a flood. That he

was commanded, after this, to build a ship for his ANTED own preservation, that of his friends, and of certain LUVIAN fowls and four-footed beasts: which he was to furnish with suitable provisions.. That the flood came, and being survived by Xisuthrus and his companions, they sent out some birds on its abating, who at first returned quickly to the vessel; shortly after they were sent out a second time, and came back with mud on their feet; but being let go a third time, they returned no more. Understanding from this, that the earth was appearing above the waters, Xisuthrus is said to have taken up some of the planks of his vessel, and to have found that it had grounded on a mountain. Sanchoniathon, extolled as he is by Porphyry, and commented upon at great length by Bishop Cumberland, has nothing equal to the distinctness of this short account. After a rambling cosmogony of the creation, he tells us that all mankind were the descendants of Protogenus and Eon, the latter of whom discovered the food that may be gathered from trees. Their children were Genus and Genca, who introduced the worship of the sun, calling him Beelsamen, the lord of heaven, on account of a memorable drought. Their offspring were Phos, Phor, and Phlox, or Light, Fire, and Flame, who first discovered the use of fire by rubbing two pieces of wood together, and had sons of vast stature, who gave their names, to Mount Cassius, Libanus, Antilibanus, and Brathys. The children of these giants were, Memrumus, Hypsuranius, and Usous; Hypsuranius, being the inventor of huts made of reeds and rushes, and Usous the first worshipper of fire and wind. In the days of these latter chiefs, women first became licentious in their manners. The inventions of hunting, fishing, forging and working iron, are traced to various of their descendants, until we come to Chrysor, who introduced all descriptions of fishing tackle, and first ventured out in a boat to sea, for which exploit he was deified. He goes on to trace the history of this family until he comes to Misor, the father of Thoth or Taautus, the Mercury of the Egyptians, whom he notices to be eleven generations in descent from Protogenus; Moses makes twelve from Adam to Misraim, whom he places at the head of that nation. Sanchoniathon makes no other mention of the flood than the exploit of Chrysor may be supposed to contain by way of an allusion. We have already noticed the classical distinction of the ages of the world (see the article AGE, p. 216 of this vol.), the first of which, the golden age, clearly describes the paradisiacal state of mankind; the peaceful early state of the Antediluvians may well be called, in various respects, a silver age; while their gradual declension, and increased depravity, as well, perhaps, as the inventions of different periods, were set forth by the brazen and the iron age. The opening of Ovid's Metamorphoses has also met our attention in the Historical part of this work, and is in most striking coincidence with the sacred history.

See Lophius.

ANTENNULARIA, in Zoology, a genus of the class Polypi. Order Vaginati. Generic character. Coral, plant-shaped, horny, with tubular articulated branches surrounded with piliform ramusculi. These are arranged in whorls, and beset with little cup-shaped teeth, which contain the animal.

This genus has been separated from the Linnæan Sertularia, from the species of which, in general, it differs remarkably, in having the cells which contain the inhabitant polypus, placed only on the little whorled fillets or ramusculi, whereas in the true Sertulariæ, the cup-shaped cells are always arranged along the stem and branches. Vert: vol. ii. p. 123.

Lamarck Anim. sans

ANTEON, in Zoology, a genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera, of the family Proctotrupii. Generic character. Antennæ of the male with ten articulations. Abdomen depressed, ovate with a distinct abrupt peduncle. Upper wings with a large, perfect, triangular areola, occupying the base, stigma broad.

LATREILLE.

AN'TEPENULT, from ante and pæne ultimam, the third syllable of a word, reckoning from the latter

end.

ANTEPREDICAMENTS, in Logic, something required to be known previous to the doctrine of the predicaments. Such are the definitions and axioms prefixed to certain works.

ANTEQUERA, in Geography, a town of Grenada in Spain, containing 13,000 inhabitants. It is 26 miles north west from Malaga,

ANTERIOR, Lat. from ante, before. Before, ANTERIORITY, either in time or space.

Among the many cavils that have been devised against the demonstrated existence of a first, intelligent, self-existent Cause of all things, this has been one; that things known must be anterior to knowledge.

Bolingbroke's Essay on Human Knowledge. Round his head is the nimbus or glory; an addition that was as posterior to his marriage, as the painter seems to intimate the queen's fruitfulness was anterior to it.

Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting.

But our poet (Homer) could not have seen the prophecy of Isaiah, because he lived 100 or 150 years before that prophet; and this anteriority of time makes this passage the more observable.

Pope's Iliad, xix. note on line 93.

ANTEROS, in Mythology, the son of Venus and Mars, one of the two Cupids who were the chiefs of the deities of that name. Anteros is represented at the foot of the statue of Venus de Medicis, with a heavy sullen look, agreeably to Ovid's description of him, as the cause of fickleness in lovers. The other Cupid was called Eros.

ANTERIDES, in ancient Architecture, the buttresses erected to strengthen a wall. They are sometimes called antes, and sometimes crisma.

ANTESIGNANI, in the Roman armies, a kind of soldiery posted before the legions and near the ensigns. The antesignani are distinguished from the subsignani, who were ranged in the same line with the ensign, and from the postsignani, who were placed behind

VOL. XVII.

Bp. Hall's Cases of Conscience.

ANTHEDON, in Ancient Geography, a town of Boeotia. It is placed by Pausanias a little to the north of mount Messapius, and was celebrated for a temple of the Cabiri.

ANTHEDON, a town in West Palestine, upon the sea coast; the name was changed by Herod into Agrippias, in honour of Agrippa.

ANTHELIA, in Zoology, a genus of the class Polypi, order Tubiferi. Generic character. The common

substance extended over marine bodies in a thin flattened mass, polypi not retractile, slightly prominent, Tentacula erect, occupying the surface of the mass. eight, pectinated.

M. Savigny, who established this genus, particularizes but one species, A. glauca, a native of the shores of the Red Sea, though he states that he is acquainted with five or six. Lamarck Anim. sans Vert: vol. ii. p. 407. de

ANTHELION, from avτ, against, quos, sun, notes a meteor, which is not very common, of an appearance resembling the sun, but much larger. For an account of this phenomenon, see Phil. Trans. vol. liii, Part I.

ANTHELMINTHICS, (from avτ, against, and eλμvs, a worm) in Medicine, substances which procure the evacuation of worms from the stomach and intestines.

ANTHEM, Antiphona (see in Du Cange), AS. Antefu. Fr. Antienne. It. and Span. Antiphona. Gr. Avτpwvos. Uttering a voice or sound in return.

And whan that I my lif shulde forlete,
To me she came, and bad me for to sing,
This antem veraily in my dying,

As ye han herde.

Chaucer. The Prioresses Tale, vol. ii. p. 59. Pope Celestine the first appoynted that the Psalmes of Dauid should bée song in manner of an antheme of all ye people béefore the sacrifice which was not woont to bée done.

Barnes, fo. 357, c. 2. Then came our sophisters with an antelheme of half an inch, out of whiche some of them drawe a threde of ix dayes long. The Whole Works of Tyndall, &c. fo. 168, c. 1. Whilst thus I spake, behold! with happy eye

I spyde where at the idoles feet apart

A bevie of fayre damzels close did lye,

Wayting when as the antheme should be sung on hye.

Spenser's Faerie Queene, b. iv. c. 2.

There let the pealing organ blow, To the full-voic'd quire below;

ANTHEM.

ANTHEM.

In service high and anthems clear,
As may with sweetness, through mine ear,
Dissolve me into ecstacies,

And bring all heaven before mine eyes.

Milton's Il Penseroso.
The floods ambitious to his glories rise,
And seek their source throughout his ambient skies;
Thence in united congregations fall,
And tune their anthems o'er the warbled ball,

Brooke's Universal Beauty, b. iii. The he [Wyllyam with the loge berde] made vnto them colacions or exortacions, and toke for his anteleme, "Haurietis aquas I gaudio de fōtibus saluatoris." that is to meane, ye shall drawe i ioy waters of ye wellys of our sauyour. Fabyan, p. 306.

In Ecclesiastical History, all singing from side to side, alternately, after the manner of the chaunts in our cathedral service, was called anthems; and according to Socrates, the ecclesiastical historian, St. Ignatius, a disciple of the Apostles, was the inventor of these antiphonal hymns, avripwvo uvo. But in our church service, the name is appropriated to certain portions of the psalms or other parts of Scripture set in florid counterpoint, and adapted to one or more voices. They are distinguished by the names of solo, bass, or full anthems. The former, in our service, have frequently symphonies for particular stops on the organ. In bass anthems there are solo parts for voices of different compass, and from different sides of the choir. A full anthem is in constant chorus, except at the leading off a figure or new point of imitation. In the Romish church solo anthems are called motets. A collection of our best cathedral music, from the reformation to the middle of the last century, in three large volumes fol., was published in 1760, 1768, and 1773, by Dr. Boyce, which work has since been continued by Drs. Arnold and Dupuis. Anthems were first introduced into the reformed service of the English church, in the reign of Queen Eli zabeth.

ANTHEMIS, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Syngenesia, order Polygamia Superflua. Generic character. Receptacle convex, chaffy. Seeds crowned with a membranous border or pappus. Calyx hemispherical, its scales nearly equal, their margins scariose. This genus contains many species, of which the following deserve particular notice.

A. NOBILIS (common chamomile) leaves bipinnate, the segments linear-subulate, a little downy; scales of the receptacle membranous, scarcely longer than the disk.

This is a perennial plant, native of the south of England, but cultivated for medical use. The flowers only are used in medicine; they have a strong but not unpleasant aromatic smell, and a nauseous bitter taste. Their active constituents are bitter extractive matter, and essential oil. The properties chiefly reside in the yellow part of the flower, viz. the florets of the disk; for this reason, the wild flowers when they can be procured, are most eligible for medical purposes, since by cultivation the florets of the ray become multiplied at the expense of the disk.

Chamomile acts on the stomach as a stimulant and tonic; but when given largely, in the form of warm infusion, it proves emetic.

The preparations of this plant in the shops, are an infusion, an extract, and the essential oil; it forms also a principal ingredient in most of the decoctions used for external application, as fomentations.

A. PYRETHRUM (Pellitory of Spain). Leaves tripin- ANTH nate, the segments linear, stem decumbent, branches axillary, single flowered.-Botanical Magazine, 462.

This plant is a native of the south of Europe and the Levant; it is perennial and flowers in June and July. It is easily cultivated in this country. The root is very hot and pungent, particularly when dried; it is employed as a masticatory, for relieving toothache, and other painful affections of the head and face, and is recommended in cases of palsy or debility of the tongue. It appears to excite the secretion of saliva, but perhaps its good effect in relieving pain, is principally to be imputed to the counter irritation which it produces.

Another species of this genus, the A. Cotula, or Stinking May-weed, was formerly used in medicine, but is now disregarded, being very inferior to the A. Nobilis. It is a very common plant in this country by road sides, and in waste lands.

ANTHERA. See BOTANY.
ANTHERICUM, in Botany, a genus of plants, class
Hexandria, order Monogynia. Generic character.
Corolla of six petals, spreading. Capsule ovate.

This is an extensive genus of liliaceous plants, most of the species are natives of warm climates, as the Cape of Good Hope. Several are found in Europe; and one, the A. Serotinum, has been met with in Wales.

ANTHESPHORIA, in Classical Antiquity, a feast celebrated in Sicily in honour of Proserpine; similar feasts were also celebrated at Argos in honour of Juno; it seems to have been something of the same nature as the harvest home in this country.

ANTHESTERION, in Ancient Chronology, the sixth month of the Athenian year. It contained twenty-nine days, and answered to the latter part of our November, and to the beginning of December.

ANTHIA, in Zoology, a genus of insects of the order Coleoptera, and family Carabici. Generic character; corcelet, nearly heart-shaped; the head not narrowed behind; no obvious neck, palpi filiform, labrum oval, and projecting to the base of the last articulation of its palpi. Carabus 10-guttatus of Linnæus belongs to this genus, and is the Anthia decem-guttata of Fabricius, &c.

ANTHIAS (from ȧvrias, a barber) a name given by Aristotle and Ælian to a fish, which, they say, had so much cunning as to cut the line or net where it had been once caught, by means of its dorsal fin.

Bloch has made use of it as a generic term, but it is not allowed by Cuvier or Lacepède.

ANTHIDIUM, in Zoology, a genus of insects of the order Hymenoptera; family Apiariæ. Generic character; second articulation of the labial palpi not longer than the first; maxillary palpi with only one joint; abdomen of the female below very hairy, above convex, incurved, the base broadly truncate; mandibles broad, many toothed. The extremity of the abdomen in the males of this genus is always furnished with spines.

ANTHIDIUM MANICATUM of Fabricius, (Apis Manicata of Linnæus, Kirby, &c.) is the only British species known. Its nest is built in hollow trees, and is constructed in a very curious and beautiful manner, consisting of several oval cells, each having an external coat of wool, which is formed of the down of Stachys

MIS

ANTEL DIUL