ANCES- posed to be rejected with indignation. Thus Sophocles TOR. makes Electra (v. 432) to dissuade Chrysothemis from offering Clytemnestra's gifts to Agamemnon. ε γας σοι θεμις

Ουδ' ὅσιον έχθρας από γυναικος ίςαναι
Κτερίσματ', εδε λετα προσφέρειν πατρί.
Since the infernal manes do detest

As heinous, rites paid by an enemy, Barbarous nations of ancient and modern times, have also retained distinct traces of a strong attachment to the memory of their ancestors. Some of the African hordes, are said regularly to offer oblations of rice and wine to their honour before they undertake any thing of importance, and to keep with great ceremony the anniversary of their deaths. The Highlanders, to a very recent period, revenged the quarrels of their ancestors, or the least reflection to their dishonour, as their own.

Amongst the Chinese, their veneration for their ancestors constitutes the chief tie of the moral and religious system. In all ages (see the article CONFUCIUS, Historical and Biographical Division, vol. ix. p. 496,&c.), this seems to have been a distinguishing feature of their character. Their family burial-places are preserved with the greatest care, and visited, at least annually, to repair any breaches that accident may have made in them, and remove weeds or dirt from about their tombs. Every family of rank has a temple to the memory of its ancestry; and on the sudden elevation of any member of the community to new wealth or station, before he builds a new palace for himself he is directed by the Lee-kee to be careful to erect a mausoleum to the honour of his ancestors, at the dedication of which every branch of the family, near and remote, old and young, is invited to be present; and the most aged presides at the oblations. Five or ten thousand persons are said to join, on some occasions, in these rites. The elderly part of a family generally resides with the young; and have great controul over their passions and affairs. "The influence of age over youth," says Sir Geo. Staunton, "is supported by the sentiments of nature, by the habit of obedience, by the precepts of morality engrafted in the law of the land. and by the unremitted policy and honest arts of parents to that effect. They who are past labour deal out the rule which they had learned, and the wisdom which experience taught them, to those who are rising to manhood, or to those lately arrived at it. Plain sentences of morals are written up in the common hall, where the male branches of the family assemble. Some one, at least, is capable of reading them to the rest. In almost every house is hung up a table of the ancestors of the persons then residing in it. References are often made, in conversations to their actions. Their example, as far as it was good, serves as an incitement to travel in the same path. The descendants from a common stock, visit the tombs of their forefathers together, at stated times. This joint care, and, indeed, other occasions, collect and unite the most remote relations. The child is bound to labour and to provide for his parents' maintenance and comfort, and the brother for the brothers and sisters that are in extreme want; the failure of which duty would be followed by such detestation, that it is not necessary to enforce it by any positive law. Even the most distant kinsman, reduced to

TOR

ANCHO

misery by accident or ill health, has a claim on his ANCES kindred for relief. Manners, stronger far than laws, and indeed inclination, produced and nurtured by intercourse and intimacy, secure assistance for him. These habits and manners fully explain the fact already mentioned, which unhappily appears extraordinary to Europeans, that no spectacles of distress are seen to excite the compassion and implore the casual charity of individuals. The natural sentiments o respect to age, united with affection to kindred, early taking root, and strengthened by a daily sense of services received, often bind the mind more effectually, though with gentler ties, than the force of compulsory laws." Embassy to China, 3 vols. 8vo.

The Russians, who in various parts of their dress and manners resemble the ancient Greeks, are also said to have anniversary feasts in honour of their ancestors, which they call roditoli sabot, i. e. kinsfolk's sabbath. On this occasion they visit the graves of the deceased, with presents of eatables, flowers, &c. and aloud renew their lamentations over them.

In English law a distinction is made between the ancestor as a natural antecessor, and a predecessor in an office or dignity. Thus in the church of England, and in bodies corporate, there are no ancestors, but predecessors.

ANCHESMUS, in Ancient Geography, a mountain of Attica, where a statue of Jupiter Anchesmius was placed. Now Mount St. Georges.

ANCHIALE, or ANCHIALA, in Ancient Geography, a city of Cilicia, upon the coast of Asia. It was built, with its neighbouring city Tarsus, by Sardanapalus, the last of the Assyrian kings, who was buried here, and had a statue with an inscription in the Syrian language, relating the extreme intemperance, extravagance, and folly of his life. Athenodorus says, that the founder of this city was Anchiale, the daughter of Japhet. ARISTOPH. in Av. v. 1022. PLIN. V. C. 27. ATHEN. viii. Also a city of Thrace, called Apollo's city; and another in Epirus. PLIN. iv. c. 11. OVID, Trist. i. El. x. v. 36.

ANCHILOPS, or ANCHY LOPS. See EGILOPS.

ANCHISES, in Fabulous History, was a prince of Troy, son of Capys and Themis, a daughter of Ilus, reported to have been of so beautiful a countenance in his youth as to have attracted the attention of Venus, who came down to him on Mount Ida. She became pregnant by him of Æneas, the hero of the Æneid, but strictly forbade Anchises to disclose the amour, under the penalty of death. This injunction, according to some ancient authors, he violated in a moment of hilarity, and was struck with thunder, as the goddess had predicted; but whether this were the occasion of his death, or only of a decrepitude of his body, is disputed. On the taking of Troy, Anchises was carried by Eneas through the flames on his shoulders; and having accompanied his son into Sicily, died there in the 80th year of his age. Pausanias states him to have been buried on a mountain of Arcadia, called after him Anchisia, viii. c. 12. VIRG. Eneid, i. ii. DIONYSIUS, Hal. de Antiq. Rom.

ANCHOE, ANCHOA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Boeotia, near the mouth of the Cephisus, where there is a lake of the same name. STRAB.

NCHOR ANCHOR, v.

AN'CHOR, n.

AN CHORABLE,
AN'CHORAGE,
ANCHORED.

Ancora, aykupa, which Vossius thinks is from Oy, a crook, or hook.

To hook, or hold fast as a hook; to keep or hold fast, fixed,

And that litterall sense is the roote and grounde of all, and the
ancre that neuer fayleth wherunto if thou cleaue thou canst neuer
erre or go out of the way.
The Whole Works of Tyndal, &c. f. 166. c. 1.
Therefore bring forth the souldiers of our prize,
For whilst our pinnace anchors in the Downes,
Heere shall they make their ransome on the sand.
Shakespeare's Henry VI. parti.

Say Warwicke was our anchor: what of that?
And Mountague our top-mast: what of him?
Our slaught'red friends, the tackles: what of these?
Why is not Oxford here, another anchor?
And Somerset another goodly mast?

Shakespeare's Henry VI. part iii.
Loe as the bark that hath discharg'd his fraught,
Returnes with precious lading to the bay,
From whence at first she weigh'd her anchorage:
Commeth Andronicus bound with lawrell bowes,
To resalute his country with his teares.

Shakespeare's Tit. And. act i.

From pole to pole she hears her acts resound,
And rules an empire by no ocean bound;
Knows her ships anchor'd and her sails unfurl'd
In other Indies, and a second world.

Prior's Solomon, book i.
Rous'd from repose, aloft the sailors swarm,
And with their levers soon the windlass arm:
The order given, up springing with a bound,
They fix the bars, and heave the windlass round.
At ev'ry turn the changing pauls resound :
Up-torn reluctant from its oozy cave
The pond'rous anchor rises o'er the wave.

Falconer's Shipwreck.

tion of an

chors.

The use of anchors must be nearly coeval with na- ANCHOR. vigation; a raft or a canoe could scarcely have been invented before a method of securing it, in some such Antiquity of way as this, would become desirable, and the means of the inven attaining this end are so simple, that they must have been discovered as soon as they were sought. The earliest anchors were, doubtless, large stones, logs of heavy wood, or any ponderous substance that might be at hand, secured to the vessel by the rough cordage of the age: such are still used to fasten small boats, and amongst many barbarous nations are the only form of this implement which is yet known. But when vessels became increased in their magnitude, and more refined in their construction; when navigation, instead of merely supplying the momentary wants of a few isolated and naked savages, had gradually risen into one of the most beneficial arts of life, every thing connected with it, rose proportionally in importance. Amongst the earliest improvements which were the immediate consequences of the rank navigation had assumed, must be reckoned the change of form of the anchor, which from a shapeless mass became a curved instrument, capable of attaching itself to the bottom of the sea, and of so depositing itself that any strain, acting nearly horizontally upon it, would rather tend to root it deeper, than to detach it from the earth.

Such a change was evidently a great step in the Improveimprovement of this useful implement; the hold which ments. it afforded in its new form, being in many cases more than twenty times as great as could have been obtained from its mere weight. From the evidence of Pausanias, and of Pliny, and from the word anchor itself, as signifying crooked, it appears that this improvement took place at a very early age. Subsequent inven

tion added a second barb, or crook, to the anchor, changed the materials of which it was composed from hard wood and stone, to iron or copper, and gave it also a transverse beam of wood, which, by being placed in an opposite direction to the arms, kept them more vertical in their descent. At present, the shape of anchors is pretty nearly the same in most parts of the civilized world, and except in a few instances where copper is used, iron is the material employed in their construction.

What is here said, however, of their form, must only Common be understood of those commonly employed; many form at alterations, both in their shape and construction, having present. been proposed, but not generally adopted; except indeed in the method of fabrication, which as we shall directly see, has within a very short time undergone a considerable change. The nature and mode of operation of a modern anchor, will be readily understood from fig. 1, plate IV. MISCELLANEOUS; where it is evident, that in the direction the strain is represented as acting, the anchor cannot be moved without ploughing up the ground in which it is imbedded; an operation which sometimes takes place, and is technically called dragging the anchor: when, however, the anchorage is good, the hold is sufficient to insure the parting of

the cable, or the rupture of the buried arm, rather than any dragging of this kind.

In the present advanced state of naval science, many different sorts of anchors are employed, and even those of the same kind have different denominations according to their size, or the service for which they are intended.

Those which are used on board of large ships, are all constructed of the same form as that shown in fig. 1; and are distinguished into sheet, best bower, small bower, spare, stream, and kedge anchors, according to their weight the sheet anchor is, in ships of war, stowed upon the after-part of the fore channel, on the larboard side, with the stock vertical, and one of the flukes resting on the gangway; the bower hangs to the cathead, with the other extremity fixed up to the anchor boards; and the spare anchor is stowed away on the starboard fore channel. Ships of the first class carry seven anchors, and the smallest class, as brigs, cutters, and schooners, three. Stream and kedge anchors are of a smaller kind than those above described; and the latter is generally made with an iron stock, which passes through a hole in the shank, and is secured by a forelock.

In the East Indies, an anchor of a very peculiar kind is employed to secure the vessels, which they denominate grabs; it is technically called the mushroom anchor, from its resemblance to that vegetable (fig. 2. plate IV.); the form of this anchor does away with the necessity of a stock, as it is equally certain of attaching itself to the bottom, whatever be the direction in which it descends.

In Europe, small vessels employ grapnels, (fig. 3. plate IV.), which act upon the same principle, and have the same advantages as the anchor last described. It would be endless to enumerate the various alterations of this useful instrument, which have from time to time been proposed, and which have, in most instances, been either only partially employed, or wholly forgotten; we shall, therefore, protract this article only so far as is necessary to mention two improvements which have lately attracted considerable notice.

The first of these was invented by Mr. Stuard; it is shown in fig. 3, and is so constructed as to require only one arm, the shortness and weight of which insures the certainty of its hold.

The other is an invention of Mr. Kingston, of Portsmouth dock-yard, and materially differs from any kind of anchor hitherto employed; for in the place of fastening the cable to a ring, it is here made to pass through the centre of the shank, and is secured upon the crown by a knot of greater diameter than the tube through which it is brought. This anchor is not composed of iron, but a species of bell-metal: and in order that the cable may not be chafed, the upper extremity of the tube of which the shank is formed, is widened, until it assumes a form similar to that of the mouth of a trumpet.

MOORING ANCHOR. In ports where particular spots have been selected for the reception of ships, fixed anchors are usually laid down to which they may more conveniently be secured; these, though admitting of a great variety of forms, are classed under the general appellation of moorings.

The weight of a mooring, or fixed anchor, is evidently not restricted by the considerations which govern

that of a portable one; how ponderous soever the for- ANCHOR mer may be made, it will be easy to find vessels capable of conveying it to its destined station; whilst in the latter, regard must always be had not to encroach upon the properties of the vessel, or the labour of the crew, by giving it undue weight. It is for this reason that moorings are often nothing more than large stones, such as (fig. 5), having an iron ring fastened through their centre; several of these are sometimes secured together by a wooden frame. Large ship's anchors are also often made use of for this purpose, in which case, one of the arms is beat down close upon the shank; or, where it can be obtained, an anchor is selected which has lost one fluke.

In 1809, Mr. Hemman, of Chatham, invented a M: H mooring anchor, which obtained a silver medal from the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, &c. (See fig. 6). A second form of this instrument (see fig. 7), is the invention of Mr. Brown, of Woolwich; and a third (see fig. 8), is due to Mr. Park, of Portsmouth. Numerous other alterations might have been noticed, would our limits have allowed our entering any further into this part of the subject; but the above description will be found to include all the variety of moorings which are usually employed.

FLOATING ANCHOR. It often happens, that it is of the utmost consequence to prevent the driving of a ship under the influence of the wind and tide, when, at the same time, the depth of the sea rendes the use of the ground tackle impossible; in such case, the greatest advantage would evidently be derived from a floating anchor, so constructed as to be capable of maintaining its position in the water: but eminently useful as such an instrument would be, there are many reasons to fear it will always remain a desideratum. Many proposals and schemes for anchors of this kind have been laid before the public; but the little notice they have hitherto met with from practical men, is a sufficient proof that nothing of this sort has been discovered that would decidedly prove useful.

The first project for a floating anchor that attracted D much attention, was made by Dr. Franklin; it consisted of two cross bars, secured together in the middle, and having sail cloth fastened to them in the shape of a parallelogram; to the centre of these bars the cable was attached, and the machine being thrown overboard, it was presumed that the resistance it met with, would be sufficient to maintain the ship in its station, or, at least, to check the rapidity of its motion.

Without, however, dwelling further upon the description of an instrument whose existence is almost whelly nominal, it will be sufficient to say, that no such machine is ever carried in the royal navy.

METHOD OF MAKING ANCHORS. The fabrication of anchors, is a subject of considerable importance, and would require for its full elucidation more room than can be devoted to it in a work of this kind: in the following sketch we shall, therefore, confine ourselves to the description of the improved method which has very recently come into general use in the royal dock-yards, and which is due to Mr. Perring, clerk of the checque, at Plymouth.

In shape this anchor differs very little from that which has hitherto been used in the navy, excepting that its dimensions are better proportioned to the strain they are likely to receive. It is represented in fig. 9, and

OR. in order to comprehend more distinctly what follows, we have added an enumeration of its several parts. A is the shank, B the arm, or fluke, C the palm, D the blade, E the square, F the nut, G the ring, and H the

crown.

In frabricating the shank, it was formerly the practice to form it of square iron rods, disposed in the form of a cylinder, and encircled by other bars, which were wrought into the shape of parts of sectors of circles; from which formation it followed, that the mass could not be sufficiently welded to unite firmly the interior bars, without, at the same time, spoiling the quality of the exterior iron.

This difficulty was obviated by Mr. Perring, by using bars of the whole breadth of the shank (see fig. a plate IV.), which are placed one upon another; and being kept in their positions by iron hoops, are welded together in two heats, until the whole is one compact body, which, by this arrangement of the bars or plates, is capable of being effected without over working the

iron.

The crown is composed of bars similarly disposed to those of which the shank was formed. The method of uniting the flukes to the crown is, perhaps, the most ingenious and useful part of the present improved plan; it is as follows:-The bars being made but half the bread of the anchor, are first separately welded, and then placed side by side, as in fig. 12, in which position the upper half A, is wrought into one mass; the lower part B being left disunited, and having iron bars, or porters (as they are technically called), a a welded on to the extremity of each portion of it.

The part B is then heated, and placed in the machine represented at fig. 11, which consists of an iron plate, firmly bolted down to a frame of timber, and having upon its surface four iron pegs, or pins, b be e. Between the first of these, the end A of the crown is placed, and passed under the strap c; the extremity B is brought between the pins ee, and by means of the porters a a is bent into the form shown in the figure.

By this method of fabrication, part of the arm is formed out of the crown, and thus affords much greater certainty of their being properly united, than when they were merely joined by a short scarph.

The angular opening a a (see fig. 10), is filled up by the chock, which is formed of short iron bars, placed vertically; after this has been properly welded, the truss piece cc is brought over it; this is composed of plates similar to those before mentioned, except that here their edges are horizontal. The truss piece is half the breadth of the arm; therefore, when it is joined to the crown, it makes with the parts e, e, the whole breadth of the arms at those places.

The shank is now shut on to the crown; the formed, and the nuts welded on to it; the hole punched for the ring, and the shank wrought and finished to the shape shown in fig. 9.

the progress of its manufacture. Iron plates are then ANCHOR. laid side by side upon the rod abc; the joint at the middle is broken by another plate laid over it; the mass being wrought, the lower side is filled up by similar plates, and the whole is then completely welded, adding, if necessary, pieces at the sides to form the angles of the palm. The blade is then shut on to the palm, and afterwards, the part of the arm which is attached to the blade, is joined to that which is formed with the crown; and the anchor (as far as the smithery is concerned) is then complete.

The uniting or shutting on, as it is termed by the smiths, of the several parts of an anchor, is performed by an instrument called a monkey, which is merely a mass of iron raised to a certain height, and let fall upon the work, which is previously brought to a welding heat.

The monkey, and the hercules, which is an instrument of the same nature, and adapted to the same use as the former, are usually worked by hand; in the magnificent smithery now erecting at Woolwich dock-yard, steam will be the more effective moving power; in this establishment steam will also be used to unite the rods, which we have already mentioned, an operation which will be performed under tilt hammers, weighing five tons each, and having an extreme fall of sixteeen inches.

We have before observed, that the above is the mode of manufacturing anchors now adopted in the royal yards; it may not, however, be amiss to mention, that besides the method of fabrication formerly used,numerous plans and improvements have been from time to time. proposed; amongst the principal of these is the scheme of Mr. Brunton, which consists of forging an anchor Mr. Brunwithout welding the arms to the shank and thereby ton's plan. avoiding the danger of a bad joint. This is effected by making the arms in one piece, enlarging them at the crown, and piercing the part thus enlarged with a hole the size of the shank, the latter part of the anchor (the shank) is made with a shoulder at the extremity near the crown, in such a way, that when the lower part is brought through the above-mentioned aperture, the arms bear upon the shoulders. From this construction it is evident, that to unite firmly the arms and the shank, it is merely necessary to form the extremity of the latter sufficiently long to enable the smiths to rivet it on the lower end of the crown. How far this anchor answers the end intended, we believe has not been extensively tried; we may observe, however, that those who are acquainted with the astonishing power which rust exerts when formed within a joint or a flaw, will not consider the shoulder as quite safe from its influence.

stocks.

The method of making the blade is very similar to what has been already described; we shall therefore proceed to give an account of the mode of forming the palm.

This is commenced by bending an iron rod into the form abc (fig. 13), notching the bar at b and a, in order to make it assume the required shape more readily and completely; to the extremity c a porter is fastened, by which the palm is carried and turned during

When in their place they are secured by four bolts, and four or six iron hoops; the bolts are clinched alternately, and the hoops are driven equally on each side. The length of the stock is regulated by that of the shank, which it generally equals.

ANCHOR.

Manage

In Mr. Stuard's anchor, and in all anchors under a certain size, the stocks are of iron: the nature of the former is sufficiently shown in the figure, and the latter have been already described.

ANCHOR, dropping the, or as it is usually termed in the navy, casting anchor, is the operation of letting fall ment of the the anchor attached to the cable, from the side of the anchor. Casting. ship into the sea. We have already described the way in which the anchor lies on the ship's bows; it is secured there by the stock-lashing, anchor-stopper, and shank-painter, whose particular offices will be afterwards mentioned. When a ship is about to cast anchor, the cable is arranged along the deck in longcoils, called in the sea phraseology, a French flake; one end of it is secured to the bits, and the other to the ring of the anchor. Every thing being prepared, the stock-lashing is cast off, and the men stand ready to let go; this being communicated to the officer of the watch, he gives the command, let go the anchor, the fastenings are then cast off, and the anchor falls into the sea, the cable running off after it with such velocity, that it is often necessary to throw water in the hawse-holes to prevent their taking fire. RIDING AT ANCHOR, the state of the ship secured in any particular station by the anchor. When a ship is anchored, attention should be paid to see that she has sufficient room to allow her swinging clear of other vessels and when more than one cable is out, it is requisite to observe that the ship does not get a foul hawse.

Weighing

anchor.

ANCHOR, weighing the, is the operation of heaving up the anchor from the bottom of the sea into the vessel. In small craft this is performed by attaching the cable itself to a windlass, and coiling it off as it is hove up; but in large vessels the cable is too bulky to be brought round a windlass or a capstern; it is therefore acted upon by a rope of a smaller kind, which is called the messenger, and the operation is as follows: one end of the messenger is passed with several turns round the capstern; the other is then taken forward, and after being passed round the rollers in the fore part of the ship, is again brought aft, and secured to the part at the capstern, the two ends being formed with eyes for that

purpose; the messenger is thus made into an endless ANCHO rope, which, by the heaving of the capstern, will be made to revolve round the rollers placed in the manger. In order, therefore, to communicate the efforts of the men at the capstern to the cable, nothing more is necessary than to form a connection between the latter and the messenger, shifting it as the cable enters; for it is evident, that if this connection, of whatever kind it may be, between the messenger and cable is allowed to move with the latter, it will soon arrive at the capstern and stop the operation.

The way in which such a moveable fastening as is here described is supplied on board of ship, is by short ropes called nippers, which are interwoven between the cable and messenger, so that when the capstern is acted on, the nippers jamb, and force the cable to follow the motion of the messenger. When any of the nippers come near the main hatchway, they are cast off, and carried forward, where being secured, they act as before. The cable thus brought into the ship, is carried down the hatchway, and as it enters is coiled up in the cable tier. Large ships are supplied with a jeer, as well as a main capstern; and in case of this being used, its operations would be communicated by the viol, which acts much in the same way as the messenger, excepting that before being brought forward, it is passed through the viol-block, which is lashed rouud the main-mast: the viol also differs from the messenger in acting on the midship side of the cable. It may, however, be observed, that the jeer capstern is not often used.

When the anchor is brought above water, a tackle is got upon the shank, just within the flukes, and the arms are hove up so as to lie upon the gunnel and anchor-boards; the stock is then made vertical, by heaving upon it with a tackle, in which position it is secured by the stock-lashing. The ring is fastened to the cathead by the stopper, one end of which is fastened round the cathead, and the other is brought through the ring, then over the stopper cleat, and is belayed round a timber head. To secure the shank at the arms, a chain, called the shank painter chain, is passed round it, and fastened to a timber head.