ANAPEST, in Classical Literature, a foot of Latin and Greek poetry, composed of two short syllables and one long one, as animos, scopulos. ANAPESTIC VERSE, a species of Latin Lyrics, which at first consisted of four anapests; then dactyls and spondees were used instead of anapests so frequently, that the verse, in many cases, had not an anapest in it. ANAPHE (of garw, to appear), in Ancient Geography, an island to the E. of Thera, that suddenly rose out of the Cretan sea, and afforded the Argonauts shelter in the midst of a storm. Vestiges of a temple are still to be found in the south of the island, dedicated to Apollo, who was worshipped under the name of Anaphæus. There is no pretence at all to suspect, that the Egyptians were universally atheists and anarchists, such as supposed no living understanding deity, but resolved all into senseless matter as the first and highest principle. Cudworth's intellectual System. Yours be the advantage all, mine the revenge! Made head against Heaven's King, though overthrown. ANAPHORA (avapopa, Gr. repetition), in Rhetoric, the repetition of the same word or phrase at the beginning vernment, or more valuable than liberty? How ignominious, then, of two or more sentences consecutively, as in Virgil: Pan etiam Arcadia mecum se judice certet And St. Paul, Where is the wise? Where is the Scribe? ANAPHORA, in Ecclesiastical Affairs, the host or species offered in the Eucharist. ANAPHORA, in Astrology, is the second house, or that part of the heavens, which is 30° distant from the horoscope. ANAPHORDISIA (of ava and appodern, Venus), in Surgery, impotence; ranked by Cullen in the order Dy sorexiæ, of the class Locales.. ANAPLASIS, or DIAPLASIS, in the ancient practice of Surgery, was the replacing a fractured bone in its former situation. * ANAPLEROSIS, or PROSTHESIS, in Surgery, repletion. Anaplerotics are such remedies as carnate and promote the growth of flesh in ulcers or wounds. ANAPPEES, a district and town of French Flanders, two leagues from Lille, in the arrondissement of that name, and the department of the north. It has a castle, and a population of about 2,000 inhabitants. ANAPUS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Epirus. THUCYD. ii. 82.-Also a river in Sicily, which runs into the great harbour near Syracuse, so named from Anapius, one of the two brothers who, during an eruption of mount Etna, carried away their parents on their shoulders, and preserved them. THUCYD. vi. 96. OVID Met. v. 417. ANAPUIA, a considerable province of Andalusia, in New Spain, S. of the mountains of San Pedro, and N. of the province of Venezuela. It is very infertile, and inhabited by several wild tribes of Indians. ANARCHI, in Antiquity, the name of four supernumerary days in the Athenian year, during which they were without magistrates, as the office of the old ones had ceased, and they were employed in electing new ones. ANARCHIEDS, or ANARHICHAS, in Ichthyology, the wolf fish, a genus of the order. Apodalia, inhabiting the northern seas. What is more becoming our social nature than well regulated go-. must his conduct be, who turns the first into anarchy, and the last into slavery. Melmoth's Pliny's Letters. But is not freedom-at least is not ours Too apt to play the wanton with her pow'rs, Grow freakish, and o'erleaping ev'ry mound, Spread anarchy and terrour all around. Cowper's Table Talk: As in the most absolute governments, there is a regular progression. of slavery downwards, from the top to the bottom; so in the most dissolute and anarchical states, there is as regular an ascent of what is called rank or condition, which is always laying hold of the head of him, who is advanced but one step higher on the ladder. Fielding's Voyage to Lisbon. imagine they were talking of Persia bleeding under the sword of To hear some men speak of the late monarchy of France, you would Kouli Khan, or at least describing the barbarous anarchic despotism of Turkey. Burke on the French Revolution. I do look upon this bill as upon the gaping period of all good order: it will prove the mother of absolout anarchism. Sir E. Dering's Speeches. ANAS, in Ornithology, a genus of water birds, of the order Anseres, including the geese, ducks, and swans of Great Britain. See ZOOLOGY, Div. ii. ANASARCHA (of ava and oapă, flesh), in Medicine, a kind of universal dropsy, spread between the skin and the flesh. Dr. Cullen ranks it in the class Cachexia, and order Intumescentia, enumerating five species. See MEDICINE, Div. ii. ANASPASIS (of ava and oraw, to draw together), in Medicine, spasm, or convulsion of the frame; applied either in a general sense, or to spasmodic affections of the stomach. ANASPIS (from arzig, a shield), in Entomology, a genus of insects remarkable for the smallness of their scatellum, or escutcheon, which is scarcely visible. ANASSAS, in Natural History, an African fruit of the Bromelia species, common in Guinea, and much resembling the English pine-apple. ANASTAMIA, a sea-port of Japan, having some, traffic in wood. It is situated on the south coast of the island of Niphon. ANASTATIA, ST. an island, near the coast of East Florida, bounded on the N. by St. Augustine's Bar. It is situated S. of Mastances Inlet, and contains a quarry of fine stone. ANASTATICA, in Botany, a genus of plants belong ANASTA- ing to the class Tetradynamia, and order Siliculosa; TICA. also a species of Vorticella, in the fifth order of Vermes, ANATHEMA. Infuriosa. ANASTOMOSIS, in Entymology, a species of Phalæna, which feeds upon the willow. ANASTOMOSIS (of ava, through, and ropa, the mouth), in Anatomy, the outlet or aperture by which one vessel opens into another. Anastomatics are such medicines as contribute to the opening of vessels, and to the free circulation of the blood. ANASTROUS SIGNS, in Astronomy, a name sometimes given to the twelve parts of the ecliptic, anciently occupied by the signs, but deserted through the precession of the equinox. ANASTROPHE (of ara and orpɛów, to turn), in Rhetoric, a figure in which the usual order of the words is inverted, or an inferior number of a sentence postponed, for the sake of cadence, or impression. Milton uses it with great freedom and power; as in the opening of Paradise Lost. In the ancient military tactics, it was also used for an evolution to the right or left, and as opposed to the epistrophe. ANATA, see ANOTTO. Bacon's Essay on Goodness, and Goodness of Nature. Above all examples is that of the Jews, who put to death the Lord of life, and made their nation to be an anathema for ever until the day of restitution. "His blood be upon us and upon our children." Bp. Taylor's Sermons. Cardinal Perron perceiving much detriment likely to come to their doctrine by these apologies of the primitive Christians the 11. anathematism of S. Cyril, says, that they deny anthropophagy, but did not deny the anthropophagy. upon Taylor on the Real Pre. of the Christ in the Sacra. The Apostles, when they cursed and anathematized a delinquent, he dyed suddenly. Id. Episcopacy Asserted. How many famous churches have been most unjustly thunderstruck with direful censures of excommunication, down to the pit of hell, upon pretence of this crime [heresy] which have been less guilty than their anathematizers. Bp. Hall's Cases of Conscience. ANATHEMA, in Antiquity and Ecclesiastical History, is applied to various persons and things separated from ordinary life or uses to the will of a real or supposed deity. In the heathen world it was frequently applied in a general and harmless sense to devoted vessels or ornaments of their temples; in the Christian Scriptures it is most commonly used adversely, sometimes for a separation to utter destruction; and amongst ecclesiastical writers, almost exclusively in the latter sense. Josephus retains the ancient Greek use of the word very distinctly when he says (Ant. lib. xv. c. 11) that "the spoils of the barbarians were hung up all round the temple,” και ταυτα παντα βασιλευς Ηνωδης ανέθηκε προσθεις όσα και των Αράβων ελαβεν— all which king Herod dedicated, adding those which he had taken from the Arabians." Thus it is also used in the gospel of St. Luke, xxi. 5.-"The temple was adorned with goodly stones and gifts," ávalŋμaot. Sometimes these gifts were called αναθηματα οι ανακείμενα; and often consisted of the relinquished instruments or utensils of a person's former profession. Thus the shepherd would dedicate his pipe to Pan, the fisherman his net to Neptune, and a worn out beauty her mirror to Venus. The ornaments of the early churches were sometimes called by these names. himself to be anathema from Christ for his brethren St. Paul professes (Rom. ix. 3) that he could wish the Jews; an use of the word which has much perplexed the critics, who have generally inclined to consider it as expressing his willingness to be separated to death for their sakes. "The word is elegantly used," says Dr. Macknight, " on this occasion for a violent death, because, as Locke observes, the Jewish nation was now ava nua, a thing cast away of God, and separated to be destroyed. The apostle was willing to suffer death, if thereby he could have prevented the terrible destruction which was coming upon the Jews." Others have observed (WATERLAND, Sermons, v. 1) that as ато тшν проyorov, 2 Tim. i. 3, signifies" after the example of my forefathers;" απο το χριτο may signify "after the example of Christ." In another instance of the use of this word in the New Testament (1 Cor. xvi. 22), there is an allusion to some ancient Jewish form of pronouncing a person anathema, or excommunicate, of which, according to Buxtorf (Lex. Chald.), there were three descriptions. The Niddui, a separation of a man from the privileges of the synagogue, and from his wife and family for thirty days. The Cherem, inflicted only upon those who had been incorrigible under the Niddui, and which with many dire imprecations still left room for repentance: and the Shammetha, which cut off all hope of reconciliation with the Jewish church, and all interest in the privileges of their nation. To which of the last two the apostle may here allude it is difficult to decide. Hammond supposes it to answer to the third or highest degree of Jewish excommunication. The word Maranatha is Syriac, and signifies The Lord is coming, a circumstance frequently alluded to in the New Testament when interest or solemnity is designed to be given to a subject. Some of the opponents of St. Paul at Corinth (probably Jews) seem to have called Jesus avanua (chap. xii. 3), while others within the church discovered great alienation of mind from Christ; such open and secret foes to the MA MA. NATHE- peace of his brethren he declares, according to the commentators, to be obnoxious to the severest displeasure of Almighty God, and that Jesus is coming to inflict it. Compare Mal. iv. 6. Macknight says, certain great forms of Jewish excommunication began with these words, which took their rise from Enoch's prophecy, mentioned by St. Jude, v. 14. ANATOLIA. To the decrees of councils, and the bulls of the popes, various forms of anathema were, for these supposed examples, appended. As a mode of church discipline, in its highest or judiciary form, the anathema could only be pronounced by a pope, council, or some of the superior clergy, and differed from an excommunication, in that it not only prevented the offender from entering the church, but separated him from all connection with the catholic body, to the utter destruction of soul, body, and spirit. Another form of anathema, called abjuratory, was principally applied to the confession of heretics, who were made to anathematize the errors they abjured. Robbers, and other disturbers of the public peace, were in the dark ages delivered over by anathemas to the vengeance of heaven; a form of this kind is quoted by Dr. Robertson, in his History of Charles V. from Bouquet, which he observes to be "composed with peculiar eloquence." See the Proofs and Illustrations of vol. i. note xxix. Charles V. ANATHO, or ANNAH, in Ancient Geography, a fortified city of Mesopotamia, on the Euphrates, which formed an island in the midst of it. The inhabitants, attempting to impede the march of the Emperor Julian, were only subdued on the appearance of a strong naval force, united with the friendly advice of Prince Hormisdas. They solicited, however, and obtained the good will of Julian, who removed them to a settlement in Syria, and received Pusæus, the governor, into his friendship and protection. ANATHOTH, in Scripture Geography, a city of Palestine, near Jerusalem. It belonged to the tribe of Benjamin, and was given to the Levites as one of their cities of refuge. The prophet Jeremiah was born in this city. ANATIFERA, in Conchology, a species of Lepas, called bernacle, adhering to the bottoms of ships. ANATIGUCHAGA, the name of three lakes on the shores of the Maragnon, in the kingdom of Quito, South America, in the territory of the Mainas In dians. ANATILII, in Ancient Geography, a people of Gallia Narbonnensis, mentioned by Pliny: their situation is disputed. Martin conjectures that they were the same as the Atalantici of Avienus, inhabiting the left bank of the mouth of the Rhine. By M. D'Anville they are placed on the right bank of the Rhine, near its mouth. ANATINA, in Conchology, a species of Mya, found on the coast of Guinea. ANATINUS, in Conchology, a species of Solen, peculiar to the sandy shores of the Indian ocean. ANATOCISM, ANATOCISMUS, in Commerce (from ava, as signifying repetition or duplication, and Tokoç, usury, compound interest). Cicero has used this word in Latin, whence it has been adopted into modern languages. Most civilized countries, guard against and condemn this, as the most destructive kind of usury. See INTEREST. ANATOLIA. See NATOLIA. ANATOMIZE, v. ANATOMY, ANATOMICALLY. Ava, and reμvw, to cut. To cut into parts or pieces, ANATOMIZE. to dissect, to lay open or ANAXA- To make a louer knowne, by plaine anatomie, When I but frown'd, in my Lucilius' brow, To be anatomiz'd by that skilful hand, Randolph's Muse's Look. Glass, act i. sc. 4. To the perfiting of the anatomical and reviuing of the botanicall art in this latter age, may be added a new kinde of physicke professed by a new sect of physitians. Ib. If I would know what an animal is, the anatomist considers the head, the trunk, the limbs, the bowels apart from each other, and Watt's Logick gives me distinct lectures upon each of them. All that we know of the body is owing to anatomical dissection and observation, and it must be by an anatomy of the mind that we can discover its powers and principles. Reid's Inquiry into the Human Mind. For ANATOMY, as a Science, see Div. ii. ANATRON, mineral alkali, soda, or natron, from the name of a lake in Egypt, where it was first discovered. ANATTOM, one of the New Hebrides, in the South Pacific ocean. It is the most southern of those islands, and is about 33 miles in circuit, lying in E. lon. 170°, 5', and N. lat. 20°, 3'. The face of the country is very hilly. ÅNAUDIA, in Natural History, want of speech. Dumbness. ANAURUS, in Ancient Geography, a river near Mount Pelion, in Thessaly, where, on his return to his country, Jason lost one of his sandals. Lucan asserts, that the waters of this river are respected by the winds. LUCAN, vi. 370. APOLLON. i. APOLLOD. i. 26. ANAUX, a river of Venezuela, in South America. It is one of four which supply the city of the Caraccas with water, and falls into the Guiana, near the capital. ANAXAGORIA, in Grecian Antiquity, a festival annually observed by the boys of Lampsacus, in honour of the memory of Anaxagoras. Diog. Laert. Being ANAXIMANDRIANS, in Antiquity, the pupils and followers of Anaximander, of Miletus, who, according to Plutarch, Aristotle, and the majority of historians, is said to have denied the existence of any thing immaterial. They stand opposed to the atomists; and were, perhaps, the earliest advocates of what is termed philosophical atheism. ANAZARBA, or ANAZARBUM, in Ancient Geography, a city of Cilicia Proper, now called Ain-zerbeh by the Turks, on the banks of the river Pyramus, in E. lon. 34°, 45', and N. lat. 37°, 4', near Mount Anazarbus, from which it is supposed to have taken its name. Suidas assigns it another etymology, i. e. from a founder of the name of Anazarabus, in the reign of Nerva; but Pliny having mentioned it long before, puts this conjecture completely to rest. In this reign, indeed, the ancient town was almost entirely destroyed by an earthquake, and rebuilt by order of the emperor; in that of Justin and Justinian it was visited by a similar calamity; and, from the circumstance of their attention to its interests, was called after them, for some time, Justinopolis and Justinianopolis. Various medals that are extant exhibit symbols of the fertility of the neighbourhood of this place, and an æra, called the æra of Anazarbum, which, in the Memoires de Lit., tom. xxx. p. 714, is proved by the Abbe Belley to have commenced A. U. 735. On the division of Cilicia into two provinces, in the fifth century of the Christian æra, Anazarba became the capital of the second; its bishops received the rank and authority of metropolitans; and the power of legislating in all their own affairs, and of choosing the city magistrates, was conferred upon the inhabitants. In the year 1130 a celebrated battle was fought in its vicinity, between the Saracens and Christians, when the latter were defeated with great slaughter. Disoscorides was born here, and the poet Oppian. ANBAR, a town of the Arabian Irak, situated on the banks of the Euphrates, about 35 miles from Bagdad, and 200 from Mosul. It was taken, in the year 632, by a lieutenant of the Caliph Omar, named Coled, and was rebuilt by Abul Abbas Saffab, the first caliph of the house of Abassides. There is also a town of this name in Great Buckharia, in the province of Bulkh, 70 miles S. S. W. of the town of that name. ANBERKTEND, in Literature, a celebrated book of the Brachmans, containing the foundation of the Indian religion and philosophy. In its literal acceptation the word implies, the cistern of the water of life. It is portioned out into fifty beths, or sections, each containing ten chapters. From the original Indian it has been translated into Arabic, by the title of Morat al Maani, q. d. The Marrow of Intelligence. ANBURY, in Agriculture, a vegetable disease or excrescence on the roots of turnips, which soon destroys them. The free admission of air to the roots by diligent hoeing is said to be the only remedy. ANCALITES, in Ancient Geography, natives of Britain, in the neighbourhood of the Trinobantes. Some authors suppose them to have been the ceangi or shepherds and herdsmen of the Attrebatii, who enjoyed the fine pastures of Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire. The ANC Romans conquered this people and some others in LIE their vicinity, with the government of which they rewarded the British king of the Dobuni, for his ready acknowledgment of their power, and his faithful adherence to their interests. Cæs. Bell. Gal. v. 21, ANCAMERES, a nation of South American Indians inhabiting the shores of the river Madera, in Peru. They attacked the Portuguese in 1683 in considerable strength, and compelled them to abandon their intention of possessing themselves of the navigation of the river upwards. Their territory abounds with wood. ANCAS, the name of a settlement of Indians, formerly inhabiting a part of the province of Huailas, in Peru. Their principal town, consisting of a population of 15,000 souls, and called after the name of the tribe, was swallowed up by the bursting of a mountain, after an earthquake, in Jan. 1725; so that the tribe is now almost extinct. ANCASTER, a village and parish in the county of Lincoln, eight miles from Grantham, and 112 from London, containing, according to the last census, a population of only 381 inhabitants. This place is said to have been a Roman station, according to the author of the Britannia Romana, the Causennæ of Antonine. Mosaic pavements, and prodigious quantities of coin dug up in the neighbourhood, go to confirm this conjecture. Stukeley says, "What was its Roman name I know not; but it has been a very strong city, entrenched and walled about, as may be seen very plainly for the most part, and perceived by those that are the least versed in these searches; the bowling-green behind the Red Lion, is made in the ditch. When they were levelling it, they came to the old foundation." Itiner. Curios. p. 80. There are still in the neighbourhood several remains of antiquity; amongst which are vestiges of a castle, and other fortifications. A Roman via vicinalis, or highway, runs near this place, along the side of a hill. Ancaster also gives the title to a dukedom. ANACAYE, a territory of Madagascar, inhabited by the Bezounzons, situated near the Foul Point. It contains a number of villages, built on the hills. Each of these villages is surrounded with a moat or ditch, with a small parapet, towers, and bastions, erected in a somewhat irregular manner, and standing at unequal distances from each other. The glacis is palisadoed. The houses are constructed of wood, consisting of triangular pieces, fastened together by tough twigs. They have only one apartment each; but these are said to be adorned with curiously formed earthen vessels. The surrounding country being very dry and hilly, it is but ill-fitted for the cultivation of rice, except in some few parts where the ground is low and marshy. It is, nevertheless, a considerable grazing country; and the cattle, which is very abundant, forms the principal part of their traffic with the Ambanivoules; who, in return, give the Bezounzons cotton, silk, and a species of plant, called raffia, from which cloths are manufactured. The inhabitants are described as an industrious race, and very avaricious. The women, though generally extremely dirty in their persons, with jet black teeth, are very fond of dress, which they make of rich cottons and silks, decorated with silver chains, and silver and copper trinkets. the ANCE, or ANSE, a town of France, situated on banks of the Saone, in the Lyonnois. It is now the ANGE TOR. ANCE. head of a canton in the department of the Rhone, and arrondissement of Ville Franche; about four leagues ANCES and a half from the city of Lyons. It has a population of about 1,640 inhabitants, many of whom are employed in the neighbouring quarries, which are deemed very excellent. This town, at one time, had the title of a barony; and is recorded, in ecclesiastical history, as the seat of several provincial councils, particularly in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries. ANCE, GRAND, a town, bay, and small river, in the island of Martinique. The town is situated between the rivers Capet and Lorrain, on the northern coast of the island. This is also the name of a large bay in the island of San Christobel, and of three others in the island of Guadaloupe. ANCENIS, a town of France, 12 leagues W. of Anger, and eight N. E. of Nantes, situated on the banks of the Loire, in Brittany. It is the head of an arrondissement, in the department of the Lower Loire. The arrondissement comprises the south-eastern part of the department, and has a population of upwards of 40,000 inhabitants; but the town of Ancenis itself does not contain more than 3,300 persons, who carry on a considerable trade in wood, corn, and wine. This town was formerly a marquisate belonging to the Bethune Charost family. ANCERVILLE, a town of France, in Lorrain. It is the head of a canton, in the modern department of the Meuse, and arrondissement of Bar-le-Duc; four leagues from Bar, and five and a-half from Joinville. It contains a population of about 2,200 inhabitants. There is a village of this name, also in Lorrain, in the department of the Moselle, and arrondissement of Metz, from which town it is distant four leagues. His purpos was for to bestowe hire hie Into som worthy blood of ancestrie. Ib. p. 166. Gascoigne. Chaucer. The Reve's Tale, vol. i. p. 157. Shakespeare's Henry IV. part ii. aot iv. In thy great volume of eternitye; Spencer's Faerie Queene, book iii. c. 3. When we have done our ancestors no shame, Dryden's Palamon & Arcite, book iii. The dullest critic, who strives at a reputation for delicacy, by shewing he cannot be pleased, may pathetically assure us that our taste is upon the decline, may consign every modern performance VOL. XVII. There is also another ancestrel writ, denominated a nuper obiit, to establish an equal division of the land in question, where on the death of an ancestor, who has several heirs, one enters, and holds the others out of possession. Blackstone's Commentaries. ANCESTORS. Various rites and monuments of antiquity, conspire to indicate the universal feeling of mankind with regard to their illustrious dead. The people, as Mr. Burke has somewhere said, who look forward to posterity, will always look backward to their ances tors. Amongst the Egyptians, the custom of embalming, and enclosing the body afterwards in wood, when it was lodged in an appointed place in the walls of the principal houses, is mentioned by Herodotus, in the Euterpe; and the primitive Greeks (Plato Minoe) seem to have followed this custom of preserving their ancestry about them, so far as to bury them generally in places prepared for them in some part of their houses. The Thebans are said to have had an ancient law, that no person should erect a house without including in it a repository for his dead. In the absence of true religion, that which was inaccessible and unfathomable in the destinies of man, quickly generated superstitious awe; and the natural respect for departed parents and ancestors of great worth and fame, became the parent of idolatry, and ever-increasing ceremonies. The sepulchres of illustrious men were regarded as temples and altars to their memory, where sacrifices and libations were sometimes annually and even more frequently offered, while the unconscious objects of their devotion were elevated by successive fables to dæmons, and ultimately to gods. Plutarch speaks of their regular transition from the rank of heroes to that of dæmons, and afterwards to the superior ranks of divinity. "According to a divine and just decision, the souls of virtuous men are advanced," says he, (Vit. Romul.) “ to the rank of dæmons; and from that of dæmons, if they are properly purified, they are exalted into gods, and that not by a vote of the people, but by the established order of nature." It is observed by Philo Byblius, the translator of Sanchoniathons' History of the Gods, that the Phoenicians and Egyptians, from whom other people derived this custom, reckoned those amongst the greatest gods who had been the benefactors of the human race; and that to them they erected pillars and statues, and dedicated sacred festivals. We need not, therefore, be surprized to find that, as a part of this system, all the heroes of antiquity, in due time, were not only gods, or demi-gods after death, but of divine ancestry. The Roman lares, lemures and household gods, were of a similar origin; and to detail all the honours and offerings that were made to the memory of their ancestors in the ancient world, would be to enter into the history of a large portion of the Heathen Mythology. Those honours were thought most acceptable which were of fered by their nearest friends and relatives; while, imagining all the affections of humanity to follow them into their exalted state, those of an enemy were sup Euseb. Præp. Ev. 1. i. c. ix. 3 z TOR. |