AMMA NIA. AMMONITES. AMMANIA, in Botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class Tetrandia, and order Monogynia. AMMER, a range of mountains in the kingdom of Algiers. It is inhabited by a tribe of Arabs, to whom it gives name. AMMERLAND, a market town in Upper Bavaria, circle of the Iser, district of the Wolfrathsausen, near the lake of Wurm. It contains two castles; but is not a place of much note. AMMERNDORF, a village of Bavaria, circle of Rezal, district of Cadoltzburg. It was formerly in the principality of Anspach; and is now chiefly valuable on account of the hop plantations in its neighbourhood. AMMERSEE, a lake in Upper Bavaria, circle of the Iser, nine miles in length, four and a-half broad, and extremely deep, abounding with fish of various kinds. AMMERWEYER, a town of France, the head of a canton in the department of the Upper Rhine. This town, which is about four miles N. W. of Colmar, consists of three distinct villages, containing altogether about 400 houses. Excellent wine is made in the neighbourhood. AMMODYTES, in Zoology, a species of Coluber; called also Vipera Illyrica, from being found in the eastern and mountainous parts of Illyria. The poison of this reptile is very subtle, producing death in a few hours. See ZOOLOGY, Div. ii. AMMODYTES, in Ichthyology, the name given by Linnæus to a single species of fish, sometimes called the Sand Launce, found upon the sandy shores of the northern seas. AMMON, in Heathen Mythology (either of on, hot or warm; or perhaps from Ham, the son of Noah; or from aupos, sand), a celebrated surname of Jupiter, in Egypt. Its origin is attributed by the Greek mythologists to the circumstance of Jupiter having appeared in the form of a ram to Bacchus, or, as others affirm, to Hercules, and discovering to him a spring of water in the sandy desert of Lybia, when himself and his army were on the point of perishing by thirst. On this spot he therefore built a temple to the god, who is generally thought to have been worshipped under the form of a ram. It was about nine days journey from Alexandria, and maintained one hundred priests. The elders were the mouth of an oracle, which early became famous, but the recognizing of Alexander the Great for the son of their God, brought it into universal contempt. The statue of the idol was composed of brass, in which precious stones were melted, mounted upon a gold pedestal. 2 Curt. iv. c. 7. Lucret. vi. v. 847. assert that near the temple of Jupiter Ammon there was a fountain, the waters of which were warm in the morning and evening, and cold at noon and midnight. STRABO, i. 17. HEROD. ii. c. 32. LACTANT, in 3 Theb. 476. AMMONIA, or VOLATILE ALKALI, in Chemistry. See CHEMISTry, Div. ii. AMMONIAC GUM, in Medicine, a gum produced in Africa, and the East Indies, from a plant of the umbelliferous kind, and supposed to have been used by the ancients in the composition of incense. AMMONIAC SAL, a saline substance, formerly used in dyeing in this country, and on the continent. See CHEMISTRY and MANUFACTURES, Div. ii. AMMONITES, in Conchology, a large family of univalve shells, which are frequently called snakestone, AMM from their supposed resemblance to a snake when NI coiled. They are found either petrified, or else inclosed in a strata of marl, slate, clay, or iron ore. The AMN animal itself is extinct. AMMOSCHISTA, in Mineralogy, a gross grit stone, of which there are six species. AM'MUNITION. Munio, munitus: from αμυνω, 10 look after, to defend. Stores prepared for defence; for any means of hostility. The colonel staid to put in the ammunition he brought with him, which was twelve barrels of powder, &c. Clarendon. Though they study to rob me of the hearts of my subjects, the greatest treasure and best ammunition of a king, yet cannot they deprive me of my own innocency, or God's mercy, nor obstruct my way to heaven. Eikon Basilike. As Jove's loud thunder-bolts were forg'd by heat, The like our cyclops on their anvils beat; All the rich mines of learning ransack'd are, To furnish ammunition for this war; Uncharitable zeal our reason whets, And double edges on our passions sets. Denham's Progress of Learning. My uncle Toby was sadly put to it for proper ammunition; Isay proper ammunition, because his great artillery would not bear powder; and 'twas well for the Shandy family they would not:For so full were the papers, from the beginning to the end of the siege, of the incessant firings kept up by the besiegers; and so heated was my uncle Toby's imagination with the accounts of them, that he had infallibly shot away all his estate. Sterne's Tristram Shandy. AMMUNITION, in a military sense, includes all kinds of warlike stores and resources; but particularly pow der and ball, shells, bullets, cartridges, grape-shot, tin and case shot, grenades, &c. FIXED AMMUNITION comprises loaded shells, carcasses and cartridges filled with powder, shot fixed to powder for convenience of firing quick, &c.: ball and blank cartridges. and grape UNFIXED AMMUNITION is round, case, shot, or shells not filled with powder. All the ammunition for the navy, except hand-grenades, is delivered to the gunner of each ship unfixed, and it is his duty to keep a sufficient number of cartridges filled for use. By 12 Car. II. c. iv. sec. 13, the exportation of gunpowder, and ammunition of all sorts, may be prohibited at the pleasure of the crown; and by 1 Jac. II. c. viii. sec. 2, the importation of ammunition, arms, or any warlike stores, without his majesty's licence (which is only granted for the furnishing of the public stores), subjects the importer to the forfeiture of the articles, and treble their value, as well as the penalty of a præmunire. AMMUNITION BREAD is a name given to bread served under contract with government to soldiers in garrisons or barracks. Ammunition shoes, stockings, &c. are similar phrases. ANMUNITION WAGGON, a four-wheeled carriage with shafts, generally drawn by four horses, and loaded with about 1,200 lb. weight, adapted for the conveyance of provisions and tools. The sides are railed in with staves and raves, lined with wicker work. AMNESIA, in Medicine, is used either for the transitory loss of memory, which is sometimes the effect of fevers, or for its final lapse in old age. AMNESTY, from a, not, and praopar, to remember. Commonly applied to a publick declaration that all TY up AMNESTY. The practise of granting a public pardon, or oblivion of crimes, has been traced by historians to the period of the expulsion of the thirty tyrants from Athens, when the first act of this kind was called auroria. They have occasionally obtained, in the history of all civilized nations since, either absolutely, or in a qualified sense; of the latter description, were the acts of amnesty granted by Charles II. on the restoration of the royal authority in England, and recently by Louis XVIII. in France on a similar occasion. AMNIAS, in Ancient Geography, a river of Bithynia, emptying itself into the gulf of Amisus. AMNIOS, in Anatomy, (auvos, a lamb, i. e. lamb'sskin.) The soft internal membrane which contains the fœtus, and the waters, sometimes called amnios liquor (liquores amnii). This fluid, formerly thought to afford nourishment to the foetus, is now understood to be principally a protection in the early stages of its growth; in proportion to which it varies in fluidity, colour, and quantity. AMNISUS, in Ancient Geography, a port of Crete, on a river of the same name; where the goddess Lucina was said by the Cretans to have been born, and where she had a temple. The nymphs were called Amnisiades, or Amnisides. AMOAS, a village of Palestine. It was formerly a town of consequence, and was first named Ammaus, or Emmaus; and afterwards Nicopolis; but ought not be confounded with the castle of Emmaus, whither our blessed Saviour went on the day of his resurrection. It was once the see of a bishop, who was suffragan of Cæsarea. It is 10 miles from Rama, and 22 from Jerusalem. AMOBÆUM, (apoßaios, alternate), in Ancient Poetry, a colloquial kind of poem, where both parties speak the same number of verses alternately; it is likewise applied to epistolary writing, as "epistolæ amœbæum." AMOENIA, or AMOERIA, a town of Duchess county, New York, six miles from Sharon, containing upwards of 3,000 inhabitants. AMOGLOSSUS, in Ichthyology, a flat-fish of the sole kind, known in some parts of England by the name of the lantern. AMOI, a river of South America, in the province of Quito, which falls into the Tigre. AMOIA, in Geography, a river in the kingdom of New Granada, South America, which falls into the Madalena. AMOL, or AMU, a town of Asia, in the country of the Usbecks, in Independent Tartary. It is seated on the river Gihon, about 150 miles from Samarcand. It is a large, populous, and trading place, and was taken by Tamerlane in the year 1392. AMOLA, or AMULA, a jurisdiction of the kingdom AMOLA of New Gallicia, in Spanish North America. It contains seventeen settlements, the capital of which is Tuzcacuezco, and signifies, in the Mexican language, the land of many trees, from its abounding with them. AMOMUM, in Botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class Monandria, and the order Monogynia, the dried root of the zingiber, a native of the West Indies; well known as the ginger of this country. AMOMUM, in Medicine, an aromatic fruit, or seed, much esteemed as a narcotic. It is a production of the East Indies. AMOND, a river of Caermarthen, South Wales, which runs into the Loughen. AMON'ESTE. See ADMONISH. AMONGST', Variously written emonge, amonge, amonges, amongest, amongst; is the preter-perfect Lemang, Lemonz, Lemung, or amang, among, amung, of the AS. verb. mæng-an, mengan, and means mixed, mingled. Tooke pis lond was deled a pre among pre sones y wys. 1. 417. R. Glouceester, p. 23. Massinger's Bondman, act iv. sc. 1: find amongst an hundred Frenchmen forty hot shots; amongst an, BIL. Marry, my good lord, quoth he, your lordship shall ever hundred Spaniards, threescore braggarts; amongst an hundred Dutchmen, fourscore drunkards; amongst an hundred Englishmen, fourscore and ten madmen; and amongst an hundred Welchmen--BIAN. What, my lord? BIL. Fourscore and nineteen gentlemen. Marstan's Malcontent, act iii. sc. 1. At every turn she made a little stand, And thrust among the thorns her lily hand, To draw the rose, and every rose she drew, She shook the stalk, and brushed away the dew. Dryden's Palamon and Arcite. We had been travelling, all the morning, among mountains persuddenly among craggs and rocks, and precipices, as wild, and fectly smooth, and covered with herbage; and now found ourselves hideous, as any we had seen. Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. AMONG AMONG. AMORETTE. Bred up a Jew, under a religion extremely technical, in an age and amongst a people more tenacious of the ceremonies than of any other part of that religion, he delivered an institution, containing less of ritual, and that more simple, than is to be found in any religion which ever prevailed amongst mankind. Paley's Ev. of Christianity. AMONOOSUCK, UPPER and LOWER, two rivers of New Hampshire, North America, which have retained their Indian name. They rise in the White Hills, the former on the northern, and the latter on the western side. After a course of 15 miles, the Upper Amonoosuck, approaches the Amoriscoggin river, within about three miles, across which there is a carrying place. It now runs S. W. and W. about 18 miles into the Connecticut, at Northumberland. The latter, sometimes called the Great Amonoosuck, also falls into the Connecticut, after receiving from the Franconia and Lincoln mountains a considerable stream, about 40 yards wide at its junction with this river, called the Wild Amonoosuck. This is about two miles from its mouth, which is just above the town of Haverhill, in Lower Coos, and is 100 yards wide. The Lower Amonoosuck is noted for its sudden and violent floods, which, after a few hours rain, create so impetuous a stream, as to put in motion stones of a foot in diameter. AMORBACK, a bailiwic, castle, and small town of Germany, on the Muidt, in the Odenwald, anciently included in the electorate of Mentz, but now belonging to the grand duchy of Hesse. The town, which is about 20 miles N. E. of Heidelberg, contains not above 1,500 inhabitants, but there is a rich benedictine abbey in the vicinity, whose revenues have been taken at 14,000l. a year. The bailiwic contains an extent of 200 square miles, in which are several large forests, 70 villages, and 18,000 inhabitants; the annual revenue is supposed to be about 5,200 l. AMORCE, in Military Affairs, a word sometimes used to express the finer gunpowder which is used for priming; also for a port-fire, or quick-match. AMOREANS, in Literary History, an order of Gemaric doctors, who commented upon the Jerusalem Talmud; they succeeded the Mischnic doctors, and after continuing 250 years, were followed by the Seburæans. Plato (by your leaue), in twenty of his youthful yeres, was no lesse addicted to delight in amorous verse, then he was after in his age paineful to write good precepts of moral Philosophie. Gascoigne. The Steele Glas. That ther n' is non so gret felicitee Chaucer. The Marchantes Tale, vol. i. p. 389. Gild the black air with light! If in mine eye She be not placed, what object can delight it? TAS. Excellent amorist! Here's to thee, melancholy. Nabbes's Microcosmus, act iii. Whosoever esteemeth too much of amorous affection, quitteth both riches and wisdom. Bacon's Essay on Love. Alex. Do you hear, Sir Bartholomew Bayard, that leap before you look; it will handsomely become you to restore the box to that gentleman, and the magnitude of your desires, upon this dainty, that is so amorously taken with your ditties. Rowley's Match at Midnight, act v. AMO REITE AMORGO I can readily believe that Lindamor has wit and amorousness enough to make him find it more easie to defend fair ladies, than to Boyle's Occasional Reflections, sec. 5. ref, 6. Like mortal man, great Jove (grown fond of change) Of old was wont this nether world to range, To seek amours; the vice the monarch lov'd, Soon through the wide ethereal court improv'd. When amorets no more can shine, Gay's Trivia, book ii. Dr. J. Warton's Poems. Chauntress of night, whose amorous song Dr. Warton's Ode to the Nightingale. AMORGO, or AMORGOS, in Ancient Geography, one of the Cyclades, formerly called Hypera, and the birth-place of Simonides. A part of the dress of the Greeks was denominated Amorgos, from a kind of red stuff manufactured in this island, which once contained the three considerable towns of Arcesinos, Minoe, and Egiale. The country, according to Sonnini, still yields abundance of corn, wine, oil and figs, and is diversified with noble hills, and ragged precipices. The inhabitants are remarkably courteous and superstitious, and the women handsome.-SUIDAS. STRAB. X. RIA. JR. E. AMORIA, a town of Natolia, in Asiatic Turkey, on good werkes that men don while they ben in dedly sinne, ben utterly AMORded, as for to have the lif perdurable. the Sakaria, 50 miles S. W. of Angora. AMOR'ILY, i. e. Merrily. The second lesson Robin Redbrest sang Chaucer. The Court of Loue, f. 355. c. 3. AMORISCOGGIN, a river of Main, in the United States, North America, which runs into the Kennebeck. AMORIUM, in Ancient Geography, a city of the Tolistobii, on the river Sangarius, in Asia Minor, which after the sixth century became the capital of the New Galatia, and an episcopal see; it also gave its name to a war prosecuted in the year 838, between the Caliph Motassem, and Theophilus, the emperor of Constantinople, who having seized the town of Sozopetra from the Caliph, and treated the inhabitants with the most barbarous cruelty, Motassem, in revenge, prepared to attack Amorium, with a powerful army. The most considerate of his counsellors recommended the emperor to evacuate the city, but he was resolved to defend it to the last, and would have obliged the Caliph to raise the siege after a vigorous attack of fifty-five days, and the loss of 70,000 men, had he not been informed by a traitor of the only weak place in the wall. Thirty thousand of the imperial troops had fallen in the defence of Amorium, and as many more were taken prisoners and treated with great inhumanity. AMOROSO, in Italian Music, tenderly, affectionately, and supplicatory. AMORPHA, in Botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class Diadelphia, and order Decandria, a native of Carolina, where the inhabitants manufacture an inferior kind of indigo from its young shoots, from which it has been designated bastard indigo. AMORT'. Amorti, from the verb amortir, to deaden. Applied to those whose perceptions are deadened; lifeless, spiritless, inanimate. Where is Pucel now? I thinke her old familiar is asleepe. Now where's the bastard's braues, and Charles his glikes? PETR. How fares my Kate, what sweeting all a-mort? HOR. Mistris, what cheere? Chaucer. The Personnes Tale, vol. ii. p. 296. For vulgar and received opinions, nothing is more usual, or more usually complained of, than that it is imposed for arrogancy and presumption, for men to authorize themselves against antiquity and authors, towards whom envy is ceased, and reverence by time amortised. Bacon's Filum Labyrinthi. My Lord of Bristow's re-entry into the court (who the last vveck carried the sword before the king), filleth us vvith new discourse, as if he should be restored to the vice-chamberlainship, vvich yet lyeth amortized in your noble friend. Reliquie Wottonianæ. AMORTIZATION, in English Law, an alienation of lands by mortmain, or the leaving or transferring them to a corporation or fraternity, and their successors. It is also used for the right or privilege of taking lands in mortmain, which is called the right of amortization. Many statutes have been made on this subject, and particularly to prevent the leaving of lands to religious bodies or fraternities, from the time of Magna Charta to the present reign; generally there must be licence of the king and lord of the manor before any amortization can take place. See MORTMAIN. AMOR WE, AMORNINGS. mornings. On morrow; on the morrow. On mornings; on or in the po pe kynge's men uuste amorwe, wer he was bi come, A-morwe whan the day began to spring, Chaucer. The Prologue, vol. i. p. 34. And amorewe it was don that the pryncis of hem and the eldere men and scribis waren gaderid in ierusalim. Wiclif. Dedis, chap. iv. And it chaunsed on the morowe, that their rulers and scribes gathered at Jerusalem. Bible, 1539. CLOT. I would this musicke would come: I am aduised to giue her musicke a mornings, they say it will penetrate. GENT. On with it Jacques, thou and I Shakespeare's Cym. act ii. Will live so finely in the countrey, Jacques, Beaumont and Fletcher. Noble Gent, act ii. AMOTAPE, a town of the corregimiento of Piura, in Peru, on the coast of the South sea, about a mile from a river of the same name. It is in the direct road to Piura, and there are some valuable mines of naphtha in the neighbourhood, that furnish a considerable trade to the town. S. lat. 4o, 50'. Long. 80°, 42'. AMOU, or AMOUR, a town of the department of Landes, in France, the chief of a canton, nine leagues S. W. of Mont de Marsan. AMOVE', AMOV'AL, AM'OTION, A. moreo; to move from. It is used by Fabian and others for the uncompounded, move. We now more commonly use, to remove. Whan she had herd all this, she not umeved Chaucer. The Clerkes Tale, vol. i. p. 339. Whan Theoderic he was warned of the conspiracy of thyse .iiii. kynges, that entendyd to warre ioyntly vpon hym, he was therewith greatlye amoued, & prouyded for his defence i his best Fabyan, p. 104. maner. TISE. AMOVE. AMOVE. AMOUNT. Therewith amoved from his sober mood, "And lives he yet," said he, "that wrought this act? "He lives," quoth he, "and boasteth of the fact, The king of Connaught and his Irish, seeing the king [Henry III.] and the Earle of Pembroke, (who was heire to the great Strangbow, had goodly possessions in those parts) wholly embusied in the enterprise of Britaine, had inuaded the kings people, with a purpose and hope, vtterly to expell and amoue our nation from Speed's Hist. of Gr. Britain. among them. The rights of personal property in possession are liable to two species of injuries: the amotion, or deprivation of that possession; and the abuse or damage of the chattels, while the possession continues in the legal owner. Blackstone's Commentaries. AMOULA, a sea-port town of Madagascar, to the N. E. of the Island, and opposite to that of Nosse; wax and tortoise-shell abound in the neighbourhood. AMOULINS, a town of France, in the department of the Arriège, two leagues E. of St. Lizier. AMOUNT', v. า Fr. Amont. From ad montem AMOUNT', n. (Menage), to a mount. To go or come up; to rise, to ascend. & ilk knyght bare on his arme, be redy acounte, & William wist of alle, what it suld amounte, Al be it that I cannot soune his stile, Ne cannot climben over so high a stile, Id. p. 83. Chaucer. The Squieres Tale, vol. i. p. 423. I not what ye fortune acoumpte, Gower, Con. A. book viii. They feeding there a while, amounted forth, and went in skie So up he rose, and thence amounted streight. Spenser's Faerie Queene, book i. c. 9. I thought, I'll swear, I could have lov'd no more But you as easily might account, Till to the top of numbers you amount As cast up my love's score. Cowley's Poems. Increase. I have heard it affirmed, that what is paid of all kinds to public uses of the states-general, the province, and the city, in Amsterdam, amounts to above sixteen hundred thousand pounds sterling a year. Sir Wm. Temple, on the United Provinces. We shall not much repine at a loss, of which we cannot estimate the value, but of which, though we are not able to tell the least amount, we know with sufficient certainty the greatest, and are convinced that the greatest is not much to be regretted. Rambler, No. 17. who inhabit the forests of the southern coast. AMPATRES, a barbarous people of Madagascar, AMPELIS, in Ornithology, a genus of birds belonging to the order Passeres; of which all are natives of Africa, or America, except the garrulus, or waxen chatterer, which sometimes breeds in the north of Great Britain. Pennant asserts that it pays an annual visit to the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, where it subsists upon the berries of the mountain ash. AMPELITES, or CANDLE COAL. See COAL. AMPELUS, in Ancient Geography, a promontory to the west of the isle of Samos. There were also towns of this name in Cyrene, Liguria, and Crete; and a town and promontory in Macedonia. AMPELUSIA, in Ancient Geography, a promontory of Mauritania, known to the moderns as Cape Spartel, in Africa. MELA. i. c. 6. AMPER, a river of Upper Bavaria, which rises on the borders of the Tyrol, runs through the lake of Ammer, and falls into the Iser, below Mosberg. AMPERES, or AMPHERICUM, in Antiquity, a vessel which the waterman wrought with a pair of oars, similar to our scullers. AMPFING, a small town of Lower Bavaria, on the Iser, in the district of Muhldorf, circle of the Iser, 16 miles S. of Dingelfingen. AMPHIA, or AMPHEA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Messina, in the neighbourhood of Laconia, mentioned by Pausanias and Stephen Byz. AMPHIARTHROSIS (of αμφι, either, and αρθρωσις, articulation), in Anatomy, an obscure articulation, that has no conspicuous motion, and yet is not without a sensible one, as in the metatarsal bones of the ver tebræ. AMPHIBALLUS, a large surplice worn by the monks in the middle ages, that entirely covered the body. AMPHIBIA, in Zoology, animals of the third class in the Linnæan system, who, by their peculiar anatomy, are able to live either upon land or in the water. Their bodies frequently are bare, and they are characterised by having no hair, feathers, or mammæ; having vertebræ and coldblood; and respiring by lungs. They can live a long time without food, are not easily killed, and have a peculiar faculty of reproducing those parts of which they may have been deprived. Some of them cast their skins annually, and many spend the winter season in a state of torpor.-See ZOOLOGY, Div. ii. AMPHIBIOLITHUS, in Oryctology, a part, or the whole of an amphibious animal converted into a fossile, of which there are many instances. Tortoises, toads, and crocodiles have been found in stone quarries many feet deep, as in Oxfordshire, at Elston in Gloucester BIOL THU |