IT.

ERE

to amount to near 2,000. There are two chalybeate IL springs in its vicinity. It is 88 miles N. E. of Presburg. ALTSDADT, a town of Saxony, in Misnia, near Stolpen; a town of Wirtemberg, near Rotweil, in Suabia, containing 1,600 inhabitants; another in Moravia, in the circle of Olmutz, with a population cf 1,200 persons; and a town of Bohemia, in the circle of Bechin, seven miles S. E. of Feistritz.

ALTUN KUPRI, a town of Asiatic Turkey, in the pachalic of Bagdad, situated on the north bank of the little Zab, over which it has numerous bridges, which are very lofty. A Turkish garrison is always kept in this place. Its inhabitants are about 2,000. The distance from this town to Bagdad is about 200 miles. E. lon. 43°, 20'. N. lat. 35°, 45'.

ALTUN-SOU, a river which joins the Tigris, about ten miles from Tecrit, in the province of Kurdistan, in Asia.

ALTZEY, anciently ALTIA, or ALCEIA, a town and upper bailiwic in the grand duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt, on the rivulet Selsach. It is the chief place of a canton, and contains about 3,000 inhabitants. It stands about 23 miles N. W. of Worms.

ALVA DE TORMES, a considerable town of Spain, in the neighbourhood of Salamanca, in the province of Leon. It stands upon the northern bank of the river Tormes, about 15 miles S. S. E. of Salamanca, and contains an ancient palace of the sanguinary zealot, the duke of Alva, who took his title from this town.

ALVARADO, a river of New Spain, rising in the lofty mountains of the Zapoticas, about 40 miles S. W. of Guaxaca, and emptying itself, after being increased by various smaller streams, into the gulf of Mexico, about 30 miles from Vera Cruz.

ALVARADO, a town of South America, at the mouth of the above river, in the province of Guaxaca, 30 miles S. E. of Vera Cruz. W. lon. 96°, 36'. N. lat. 18°, 40'.

ALVAREZ, a town of the province of Estremadura, in Portugal, containing about 1,500 inhabitants.

ALUDEL, in Chemistry, an earthen pot, or cucurbite, formerly used for containing substances for distillations. It was open at both ends, that a series might be readily joined together.

ALVEARIUM, in Anatomy, the lower part of the cavity made by the concha, or auricle of the outer ear, whence that bitter, yellowish excrement exudes, commonly called ear-wax.

ALVECHURCH, a town and parish of Worcestershire, containing a population of 1,344 persons. It is It is distant from Bromsgrove five miles, and 117 from London. It was formerly a place of some note, though now in decay. The bishop of Worcester had a palace here; and there are some alms-houses, founded in the year

1580.

ALVEOLI, in Anatomy, the sockets in which the teeth are fixed in the jaws.

ALVEOLUS, NAUTILUS ORTHOCERA, in Natural History, a marine body, both recent and fossile; when recent, it is found adhering to the cavity of the shell of that species of Nautili, called Belemnita; when in its fossile state, it is detached from any other substance, and frequently so large, that it is difficult to imagine any Belemnitæ could contain it.

ALVERE, ST. a town in the province of Perigord, in France, containing above 1,800 inhabitants. It is

the chief town of a canton, in the department of the ALVERE. Dordogne, and arrondissement of Bergerac, about 16 miles from Perigueux.

ALVERTHORP, a market town in the west riding of Yorkshire; about two miles from Wakefield. It contains nearly 4,000 inhabitants.

ALVETON, a town of Staffordshire, three miles from Cheadle, containing 934 inhabitants. It is only remarkable for the neighbouring fortification called Bunbury, encompassed by a double ditch, and which is supposed to have been erected as early as the eighth century.

ALUM, in Mineralogy, an ore of neutral salt, of much importance in medicine, and in various arts. It is divided into three distinct families, or kinds; first, the saline; second, the earthy saline; and third, the earthy. The first species is almost wholly soluble in water; the second contains a much larger portion of earth than of soluble matter; and the third is quite insoluble, and wants that sweetish, astringent taste, which is characteristic of the other sorts. MISTRY and MINERALOGY, Div. ii. ALUNTIUM, in Ancient Geography, a town in Sicily. PLIN. iii. 8.; Cic. in Verr. iv.

See CHE

It

ALVUS, in Anatomy, the lower belly or venter. is also sometimes applied to denote the state of the bowels, as alvus liquida, alvus adstricta, &c.

ALWAYS, adv. All ways. Through all ways; i. e. through the whole course of life. Skinner. And thus, At all times; under all circumstances or conditions. Knowen may it wel ben now of these thynges toforne declared, that man hath not alway thilk rightfulnes, which by duty of right euermore hauen hee should. Chaucer. Test of Love, book iii. fol. 313. c. 4. Thy holye worde of eterne excellence, Thy mercyes promyse, that is all-waye iuste Haue ben my staye, my piller, and defence. A league from Epidamium had we saild, Before the alwaies winde-obeying deepe Gaue any tragicke instance of our harme.

Wyatt.

Shakespeare's Com. of Errors, act i..

At least the memory of that more than man,
From whose vast mind thy glories first began,
Shall ev'n my weak and worthless verse commend,
For wonders always did his name attend.

Otway's Windsor Castle. The root is always supposed to have the branches joined with it ; and where a tree is mentioned, 'tis always understood to be a tree bearing its proper fruit.

Clarke's Sermons. Earthly parents may sometimes punish their children through passion, or for their pleasure; but our heavenly father always corrects his for their profit. Mason. On Self-Knowledge.

ALWEN, a river of North Wales, which runs into the Dee, seven miles N. E. of Bala, in Merionethshire.. ALYSSUM, in Botany, madwort, a genus of plants belonging to the class Tetradynamia, and order Siliculosæ. ALYSSUS, in Ancient Geography, a fountain of Arcadia, whose waters were feigned to cure the bite of a mad dog. PAUS. viii. 19.

ALYTARCHA, in Antiquity, a priest of Antioch, in Syria, a servant of the public games, whose office it was to keep the crowd in good order, and to encourage the combatants. The officer who presided at the Olympic games was sometimes called by this name; which Faber and Prideaux maintain to be the same with that of the Hellenodicus.

ALYTH, a town of Perthshire, in Scotland, 12 miles from Forfar. Notwithstanding this town was consti

ALYTII.

AM.

ALYTH. tuted a royal borough as early as the fifteenth century, it has never enjoyed the privilege of returning members to parliament. Near the town are some remains of an ancient forest, and vestiges of a fortification. According to the population returns of 1811, Alyth contained 2,563 inhabitants.

ALYZIA, in Ancient Geography, a town on the western mouth of the Achelous, opposite the Echinadian islands, in Acarnania.

ALZIRA, or ALCIRA, a fortified town of Spain, in the district of Alcira, in the province of Valencia, about six leagues from the town of that name. It lies on the river Xucar, in a fertile neighbourhood, and contains about 10,000 inhabitants. The streets are narrow. It has three churches, six convents, a hospital, and two fine bridges over the Xucar.

ALZON, a town of Languedoc, in France, the head of a canton, in the department of the Gard, arrondissement of Vejan; population 900. It is 16 leagues W.

of Nismes.

ALZONNE, a town of France, in Lower Languedoc, on the river Fresguel; the head of a canton, in the department of the Aude, arrondissement of Carcassone, from which it is distant about 10 miles W. and contains 1,500 inhabitants.

AM, commonly called the first person, present, indicative of the verb to be. The following view of the various connections of the different words, by the aid of which we conjugate this verb, may be of service to the future etymologist.

Gothic....... Wisan.
Saxon........Beon, or Wesan.
English......To be.

Swedish.....Wara.

>Esse.

German......Seyn.

Dutch........Zyn, or Weezen.

Danish.......Wæren.

If shame have not forsook thee, with thy credit? VIR. No more of these racks; what I am, I am.

Beau. and Fletch. Double Marriage, act ii. "I am better than thou," raises the furious and bloody contestations for precedency: "I am holier than thou," causes a contemptuous separation from company, better perhaps than ourselves: "I am wiser than thou," is guilty of all the irregular opinions that the world is disquieted withal. Bp. Hall's Peace-Maker.

He doth not say "I am their light, their life, their guide, their strength, or tower," but only "I am:" He sets as it were his hand to a blank, that his people may write under it what they please that is good for them. As if he should say, "Are they weak? I am strength. Are they poor, I am riches. Are they in trouble? I am comfort. Are they sick? I am health. Are they dying? I am life. Have they nothing? I am all things. I am wisdom and power, I am

justice and mercy. I am grace and goodness, I am glory, beauty, AMholiness, eminency, supereminency, perfection, all-sufficiency, eter pity, Jeovah, I am. Whatsoever is suitable to their nature, or con- AMADE

venient for them in their several conditions, that I am. Whatsoever is amiable in itself, or desirable unto them, that I am. Whatsoever is pure and holy; whatsoever is great or pleasant; whatso ever is good or needful to make men happy; that I am." Beveridge's Sermons. #

He [Beveridge] takes notice, that though "I am," be commonly a verb of the first person, yet it is here used as a noun substantive, or proper name, and is the nominative case to another verb of the third person, in these words, “I am hath sent me unto you." Guardian, No. 74.

AM, now ANI, formerly a celebrated city of Armenia, at present almost totally reduced. It is said to have consisted of 10,000 houses, and about 1,000 mosques. The Tartars took this place in 1219.

AMABYR, in Old Customs, a price paid to the lord of the manor on marrying a virgin of his tenantry. It once prevailed in many parts of England and Wales, and so late as the 3d of Philip and Mary we find Henry, earl of Arundel, releasing to his tenants this right.

AMACHURA, a river of the province of Cumana, in South America, which empties itself northward in the principal mouth of the Oronoco.

AMACK, or AMAK, a small island, which is joined to Copenhagen on the south by two bridges. It was colonized from East Friesland by Christian II. in 1516, for the purpose of supplying the inhabitants of the capital of Denmark with butter, cheese, and herbs, and is to this day appropriated to the same purpose, and not unfrequently known by the name of the kitchengarden of Copenhagen. The inhabitants preserve much of their original dress and manners, which are said to resemble those of the society called Friends; and, indeed, their particular privileges, courts of judicature, &c. tend to preserve these distinctions, although intermarriages are constantly taking place between them and their neighbours of the adjoining city. The island is about four miles long, and two broad, and contains some quarries for lime and stone for building. It is destitute of wood, and wholly laid out to the purposes of tillage and gardening. It contains about 3,500 souls, who are distributed amongst six different villages. There are two churches, where service is performed both in Dutch and in Danish.

AMACUSA, an island, a province, and principality of Japan, with a town also of that name, near the coast of the island Ximo. E. lon. 129°, 20'. N. lat. 31°, 35'. AMADABAD, AMADABAT. See AHMEDABAD. AMADAN, or HAMADAN (supposed to have been the ancient Ecbatana, and still sometimes called "the royal city"), a town of Persia, in the province of IracAgemi, 80 leagues N. E. of Bagdad, and about the same distance from Ispahan. It is of considerable extent, well supplied with water, and stands in a country very fertile in corn and rice; the climate is remarkably salubrious, and the town is resorted to by the sick of many surrounding provinces. The Armenians have a church, and the Jews a synagogue here; and there are some remaining fortifications, but it is a place of no military strength The principal street, and indeed the only good one, is built of the bricks of the country, dried wholly in the sun. It stands in E. lon. 47°, 39'. N. lat. 35°, 15'.

AMADEA, a river which joins the Meta, near its source, in the province of St. Juan de los Lanos, in the new kingdom of Granada, South America.

MADIA.

MALFI.

AMADIA, a considerable town of Asia, in the province of Kurdistan, 65 miles N. of Mosul. It stands upon a lofty mountain, and is accessible only by a narrow defile cut out of the solid rock. It is subject to a Turkish bey, who holds the first rank amongst those of his own title in Kurdistan, as he is descended from the caliphs of Bagdad. There are several small towns in the neighbourhood dependent upon the government of Amadia. The country around is fertile. AMAGUANA, a town in the province of Quito, in South America, and about ten miles from that city. Also a river in the same province, which derives its source from the western side of the Andes, and runs north, collecting all the waters of the neighbouring heights; it afterwards joins the Esmeraldas, near the village of St. Antonio, and discharges itself into the Southern Pacific.

AMAIN', adv. A. S. Magan, valere, posse, the past participle Magen; might.

With all might, power, strength.

When stars doe counsell rest
Incroching cares renue my griefe as faste,
And thus desired night in wo I waste:
And to expresse the harts excessiue paine,
Mine eies their deawie teares distill amaine.

And strait outdrue

Turbervile.

Against Eurialus his sword. Then verily indeede dismayde
Did Nysus loudly shrinke, nor more to lurke in darknesse stayde,
Such torments then him tooke, he cryed amain with voyce afrayde.
Aeneidos, book ix. by Thos. Phaer.
Great lords, from Ireland am I come amaine,
To signifie, that rebels there are vp,
And put the Englishmen vnto the sword.

Shakespeare's Henry VI. 2d part, act iii. sc. 1. RALPH. Then Palmerin and Trineus snatching their lances from their dwarfs, and clasping their helmets, gallopt amain after the giant; and Palmerin having gotten a sight of him, came posting amain, saying, Stay traiterous thief, for thou maist not so carry away her, that is worth the greatest lord in the world.

Beau. and Fletch. Knt. of the Burn. Pestle.
She said: her brim-full eyes, that ready stood,
And only wanted will to weep a flood,
Releas'd their watry store, and pour'd amain,
Like clouds, low hung, a sober show'r of rain.

Dryden's Sigis. and Guis. fo. edit. 1701.

AMAIN, OF AMAYN, in Marine Affairs, literally at once, suddenly; as let go a-main, i. e. let it run at once; a phrase generally applied to something that is hoisted or lowered by tackle. It has been sometimes applied to the summoning an enemy to strike his colours, or to yield. "To strike amain," is to lower the top-sails. "To wave amain," is to make a signal by waving a sword or other instrument, as a demand for striking top-sails, colours, &c.

AMAISTRE', v. To master. See MASTER.

Is he not rich that hath suffisance, and hath ye power that no man may amaistrein? Chaucer. Test of Loue, f. 305. c. 2. Plato had a cause his seruaunt to scourge, and yet cleaped he is neighbour, to perfourme the doing, himselfe would not, least wrath

had him amaistred, & so might he haue laid on to much.

Id. Ib. f. 305. c. 4.

AMAK. See AMACK. AMALEK, in Scripture Geography, a mountain, on which the town of Pirathon stood, in the land of Ephraim; and where Abdon, the son of Hillel, the Pirathonite, a judge of Israel, was buried.

AMALFI, or AMALPHI, an ancient town in the kingdom of Naples, and principality of Salerno, 10 miles S. W. of Salerno. Its origin has been dated from the emigration of a few Roman families, who embarked in the fourth century for Constantinople, and

VOL. XVII,

--

GAME.

were thrown by adverse winds on this coast, where AMALFI. they founded a flourishing republic. In 825 it appears in considerable rank as to wealth and commercial im- AMALportance, under the protection of the eastern emperor; but it was attacked and taken about this time by surprise, by Sico, prince of Salerno, who carried away a number of its inhabitants to repopulate his own city, which had been visited by a severe epidemic. The captive Amalfitans, however, regained their liberty by rising on their masters, in an expedition against the Beneventians; and, after plundering Salerno, returned in triumph to their own city. Here they now established themselves in additional strength; the advantages of their natural situation, both for the purposes of defence and of extensive commerce, were fully improved ; their political institutions appear to have been carefully and solidly constructed, and they long ranked as a respectable sovereign state. A population of 50,000 souls is said to have been contained within the walls of the town, and they had many independent settlements.

To Pope Leo IV. the Amalfitans proved serviceable allies in his wars against the infidels; and that pontiff anticipated the honours of our Henry VIII. in an equally worthy cause, by conferring on the republic the title of Defender of the Faith. The eastern emperor established a maritime court at Amalfi, to which all naval disputes in these seas were referred, and whose decisions were universally respected. The use of the magnet is said to have been discovered by Flavius Gioia, one of its citizens. At Amalfi was first instituted the order of knighthood of St. John of Jerusalem, the members of which were afterwards called knights of Rhodes, and first formed the celebrated body of knights of Malta. In the time of their prosperity, the citizens built at Jerusalem, by leave of the caliph, a chapel and two small hospitals for the use of the pilgrims to the Holy Land from the west of Europe, and took an active part in their accomodation by the way. But, in 1100, Duke Roger of Normandy succeeded in subjugating this republic to his arms: with their independence fell the spirit of enterprize in its citizens; and successive depredators availed themselves of its resources. The pillage of the city by the Pisans, amongst others, was remarkable, from their taking away the celebrated Pandects, a copy of the Justinian code of laws. Its ruin was completed by its becoming a feudal estate in the Colonna family, from whom it descended through the Sanseverini and Orsini to the Picolomini, to whom it gives a ducal title.

vant.

Amalfi now scarcely retains a relic of its former importance, except the cathedral dedicated to St. Andrew, in the choir of which Cardinal Capuano, in 1208, is said to have deposited the body of that saint, which he brought from Constantinople. It is, however, still an archbishopric and a duchy; and the inhabitants, about 4,000 in number, carry on an active trade in the LeE. lon. 15°, 20'. N. lat. 40°, 35'. AMAL'GAME, v. Fr. Amalgamer. To mix or AMALGAM, n. incorporate, &c. Cotgrave. AMALGAMATE, Perhaps from aua, together; AMALGAMATION. and yaμew, to unite, from its application to the nuptial union. And of the care and wo, That we had in our materes subliming, And in amalgaming, and calcening Of quicksilver, ycleped mercurie crude?

Chaucer. The Chanones Yemannes Tale, 34

The metaphysical and alchemistical legislators, have attempted to confound all sorts of citizens, as well as they could, into one homogeneous mass; and then they divided this, their amalgama, into a number of incoherent republics. Burke, on the French Revolution. AMALGAM, in Chemistry, a term that has been used to signify any metallic alloy whereof mercury made a part; in modern chemistry it denotes any combination of mercury with another metal; or any metal when dissolved in mercury. See CHEMISTRY, Div. ii. and MERCURY.

AMALTHÆA, in the Ancient Mythology, was daughter of Melissus, king of Crete, and fed Jupiter with goat's milk; in reward for which he placed her in the heavens as the constellation of the Goat, and gave one of her horns to the nymphs who had watched over his infant

years.

AMANDEA, in Ancient Geography, a town of AMANEthiopia, placed by Suidas in the dominions of King DEA. Cepheus.

RANTH

AMANGUCHI, a wealthy town of Japan, the capital AMAof the Nangaro kingdom. E. lon. 120°, 34'. N. lat. 34°.

AMANIBO, a town of South America, situated between Paramaribo and Cayenne: also a river of the same name, and in the neighbourhood, which runs through Dutch Guiana, and discharges itself into the Atlantic, near the Iracubo lake.

AMANTEA, a town of Naples, on the coast of
Calabria Citra, on the Oliva. It is a bishop's see, and
has a strong castle. Population, 2,700. E. lon. 16°,
17'. N. lat. 39°, 15′.
AMANUEN'SIS, n.
One whose hand only,
another in writing.

From manus, the hand.
and not his head, is used by

I have no such authority, no such benefactors, as that noble Ambrosius was to Origen, allowing him six or seven amanuenses to write out his dictates; I must for that cause, do my business my self. Burton's Anat. of Mel. Dem. to the Reader.

The mirth of the commons grew so very outrageous, that it found out work for our friend of the quorum, who, by the help of his amanuensis, took down all their names and their crimes, with a design to produce his manuscript at the next quarter-sessions, &c. &c. &c. Spectator, No. 617.

AMAN, a district about the centre of the island of Sumatra.

AMANA, in Scripture Geography, a mountain mentioned in the Song of Solomon, iv. 8. Some take this mountain to be situated beyond Jordan, in Palestine; but others think it to be the Amanus, which separates Syria from Cilicia.

AMANA, a river of Cumana, in South America, which runs easterly into the Guarapiche, from the interior. On its banks there is a colony that bears this name.

AMANCE, a town of France, upon a river of the same name, in the department of the Meurthe, six miles E. from Nancy, and 74 from Paris. Also a town of Franche Comte, 16 miles N. of Vesoul.

AMAND, ST. a town of French Flanders, on the river Scarpe; the head of a canton in the department of the North, arrondissement of Douay. The abbey church has been much admired, and before the Revolution its ecclesiastical establishments were extensive. It is celebrated for its chalybeate waters, and is about 15 miles N. of Valenciennes, and the same distance N. E. of Douay. Population from 7,000 to 8,000. E. lon. 2o, 35′. N. lat. 50°, 27'.

AMAND, ST. or ST. AMAND MONTROND, a town of the Bourbonnois, on the Cher, the chief place of a prefect, and the seat of a tribunal of the first instance, It was built in 1410, and contains 5,080 inhabitants, a cannon foundery and iron works; and carries on an active trade in corn, wine, cattle and wool. It is 24 miles S. of Bourges, and 198 S. of Paris.

AMAND, ST. a small town of Auvergne, nine miles S. of Clermont, and 15 N. of Issoire.

AMAND, ST. or ST. AMAND DE VALTORET, or VILLEMAGNE, a town of France, on the river Tarn, 12 miles E. of Castres; also a small town of Gatinois, 27 miles from Gien.

Pray let your amanuensis, whoever he may be, write an account same thing, of the state of your health.

Chesterfield. Letter ccccxxii. AMANUS, in Ancient Geography, a part of Mount Taurus, in Cilicia. A defile over it, through which Darius entered Cilicia, was named Amanicæ Pyle. Cic. ad Fam. ii. ep. 10.; ARRIAN, ii.; PLUT. in Ålex. It is now called Al Lucan.

AMANUS, ANAN DATIS, ANAISTIS, in Ancient Mythology, certain deities of Armenia and Cappadocia, supposed to be names of the sun, as an object of worship. STRABO, xi..

AMAPALLA, a sea-port town of South America, in the kingdom of Nicaragua, and province of Guatimala, about 200 miles S. E. of the town of that name. It is also the name of an extensive bay or gulph (sometimes called the gulph of Fonseca) between the provinces of Guatimala and Nicaragua, which contains two small islands. The town lies in W. lon. 87°, 50′. N. lat. 130, 10.

AMARANTE, a town of Portugal, on the river Amego, or Tamega, in the province Entre Minho e Douro. It contains nearly 4,000 inhabitants, and stands in a beautiful country, 30 miles N. N. E. of Oporto. W. lon. 7°, 41'. N. lat. 41°, 19'.

AM'ARANTH, n. A, not, and papaiyo, mar-" AMARAN THINE. cescere, to wither. Its nature, says Pliny, is expressed by its name, quoniam non marcescat. N. Hist. 1. xxi. c. 8.