Mygte we wit eny wygt. hus wil to with sette
We mygte be lordes aloft, and lyve as us lusten.
Vision of Piers Plouhman, p. 9.

And yet for the shorte whyle yt we be vpward and aloft, lord howe lusty and howe proude we be, buzzing aboue busily, like as a bumble bee flieth about in summer, neuer ware that she shall dye in winter. Sir Thomas More's Workes, p. 1199. Holding his head up full of unmoved majesty, he held a sword aloft with his fair arm, which often he waved about his crown, as though he would threaten the world in that extremity,

Sidney's Arcadia,
Then with expanded wings he steers his flight
Aloft, incumbent on the dusky air,
That felt unusual weight; till on dry land
He lights.

Milton's Par. Lost, book i.

For there is such a kind of difference betwixt vertue shaded by a private, and shining forth in a publick life, as there is betwixt a candle carried aloft in the open air, and inclosed in a lanthorn. Boyle's Occ. Reflections, § vi. ref. 3.

All hands unmoor! proclaims a boist'rous cry, All hands unmoor! the cavern'd rocks reply. Rous'd from repose, aloft the sailors swarm, And with their levers soon the windlass arm. Falconer's Shipwreck, can. i. An eagle was seen at a distance to pounce its prey, which it carried in a perpendicular ascent, aloft into the air; and hanging dubious for some time, it was at length observed to descend in the same direct line. Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. ALOGIANS, in Ecclesiastical History (from a priv. and Moyos, the word), a sect of the second century, who are said to have denied that Jesus Christ was the Logos, or Eternal Word of the Father, and to have rejected the gospel and revelation of St. John as spurious. Lardner denies the existence of any such sect, as they are first mentioned by Epiphanius and Philaster, and there is no contemporary writer who notices them. ALOIDES, or ALOIDE, in Mythology, the common name or title of Othus and Ephialtus, the reputed sons of Alous. They were fabled to grow in stature nine inches every month, and to have joined the Titans in making war upon Jupiter for the love of Juno and Diana. In this contest they tore up mountains for missiles, and heaped them upon one another, to seek the abode of the gods: hence the phrase of heaping Pelion upon Ossa. They took Mars himself prisoner; and Mercury at last relieved that god. Apollo is generally said to have slain these giants with his arrows, after they had terrified Jupiter himself. Pausanius reports that he saw their tomb at Anthedon, in Boeotia; and the building of the town of Ascra is ascribed to them, PAUS. ix. c. 29.

I looked, and about me viewd what strength I might me make;
All men had me forsake for paines, and downe their bodies drew,
To ground they leapt, and some for woe theselues in fires they threw,
Phaer. Ib.
And now alone was left bat I.

So that the allonely rule of the lade restyd in the quene & the sayde syr Roger [Mortimer]: by meane whereof many & great thynges of ye realme grewe out of ordre. Fabyan, p. 440.

The kynge, for so moch as he had often prouyd her wysdome, he betoke the rule of that countre to his wyfe Elfleda, London alonely Id. p. 177. excepted; the which he toke vnder his owne rule.

Sir saiden they, we ben at one,
By euen accord of euerichone

Out take richesse all onely.

Chaucer. Romant of the Rose, fol. 143. c. 3.

Trust God with thyself, and let him alone, with his own work: what is it to thee, which way he thinks best to bring about thy salvation? Bp. Hall's Balm of Gilead. And last, the sum of all, my Father's voice, Audibly heard from heaven, pronounc'd me his, Me, his beloved Son, in whom alone He was well pleas'd.

Milton's Par. Regained, book i.

The litteral, plain, and uncontroversable meaning of scripture, without any addition or supply by way of interpretation, is that alone, which, for ground of faith, we are necessarily bound to accept. Hale's Golden Remains.

thing he did, or possibly and conceivably could do, was to determine

God being alone himself, and beside himself nothing, the first

to communicate himself, out of his alonenesse everlasting unto somewhat else. Montagu's Ap. to Cæsar.

Many new-years, indeed, you may see, but happy ones you cannot see without deserving them. These, virtue, honour, and know

ledge, alone can merit, alone can produce.

Chesterfield. Letter clxxiii.

ALOOF.

ALONG. poses, Andlang, Andlong, Ondlong, for the first; and Gelang for the second: and our most ancient English writers observed the same distinction, using endlong for the one, and along for the other. Tooke, v. i. p. 424. And these words said, she streight her on length and rested a while. Chaucer. Test of Loue, fol. 308. col. 2. Here I salle pe gyue alle myn heritage, & als along as I lyue to be in pin ostage.

And euery thyng in his degree Endelonge upon a bourde he laide.

Gower.

R. Brunne, p. 196.

Loke what day that endelong Brytayne, Ye remeue all the rockes, stone by stone; That they no let shyppe ne bote to gone, Than wol I loue you best of any man.

Con. A. book v.

Chaucer. Frankeleyns Tale, fol. 53, vol. i. p. 458.
Bot than the women al, for drede and affray,
Fled here and there, endlang the coist away.

This worthy Jason sore alongeth
To see the strange regions
And knowe the condicions
Of other marches.

For euer whan I thinke amonge
Howe all is on my selfe alonge

I saie, O foole of all fooles,

Douglas, book v. p. 151.

Gower. Con A. book v.

Thou farest as he betwene two stoles

That wolde sitte, and goth to grounde.

Id. book iv.

For Phormyo seing that they made towardes the towne & knowyng that it was vnprouyded of people, was costrayned to cause his people to be soubdenly embarqued, and to sayle alongest by the lande, trustinge in the foote men of the Messeniens, which were already for to succour him by lande. Thucidides, by Thos. Nicolls, fol. 68, c. 2.

Tho' gan that villien wex so fiers and strong,
That nothing might sustaine his furious forse:
He cast him downe to ground, and all along
Drew him through dirt and myre without remorse.
Spenser's Faerie Queene, book ii. c. v.

KING. I like him not, nor stands it safe with vs,
To let his madnesse range. Therefore prepare you,
I your commission will forthwith dispatch,
And he to England shall along with you.

Shakespeare's Hamlet, act ii. About that time the earle of Essex was setting forth for Cales voyage, and my father, that had a mind to quitt his idle court life, procur'd an employment from the victualler of the navie, to go allong with that fleete. Memoirs of Col. Hutchinson.

Boy. Its' all long on you, I could not get my part a night or two before. Prol. to Ret. from Par. He said; when loud along the vale was heard A shriller shriek, and nearer fires appear'd.

Collins. The Fugitives. ALOOF', adv. All-off, entirely separate, Skinner. Junius suggests that it may be of the sameorigin with aloft.

Like the stricken hinde with shaft, in Crete
Throughout the woods which chasing with his darte
Aloofe, the shepheard smiteth at vnwares
And leaues unwist in her the thirling head.
Surrey. Virgiles Aenæis, book iv.

But surely this anker lyeth to farre aloufe fro thys shyppe, and hath neuer a cable to fasten her to it.

Sir Thomas More's Works, p. 759. c. 2. None hath the heart in equall fight to meete him hand to hand, But throwing darts, and raising hugie noyse, aloofe they stand. Aeneidos, by Thos. Phaer and Thos. Twyn, book x.

Then badd the knight his lady yede aloof,
And to an hill herself withdrew asyde;
From whence she might behold that battailles proof,
And eke be safe from daunger far descryde.

Spenser's Faerie Queene, book i. c. xi.

The lady astonished and fearfull of that which shee beheld, com- ALOOF. manded the coachman to goe a little out of the way, and sate aloofe, beholding the rigirous conflict. ALOSING Shelton's Trans. Don Quix. ed. 1652.

There are some pleasures and conditions too in the world, which make so fine a show at a distance, that in those that gaze at them aloof off, they frequently beget envy at them and wishes for them, Boyle's Occ. Reflections, § vi. ref. 2. And while aloof from Retimo she steers, Malacha's foreland full in form appears.

Falconer's Shipwreck, canto ii. ALOPA, or ALOPE, in Ancient Geography, a town of Thessaly, mentioned by Homer and Pliny, and supposed to have been called after Alope, the mistress of Neptune.

ALOPECE, in Ancient Geography, an island in the Palus Mæotis. Strabo. Another in the Cimmerian Bosphorus. Pliny, iv. c. 12. and a third in the Ægean sea, opposite to Smyrna. Pliny, v. c. 31.

ALOPECES, or ALOPECE, in Ancient Geography, a small town of Attica, in which was the tomb of Anchimolius. This town was the birth-place of Aristides and Socrates. Eschin. contra Timarch. Herod. v. 64.

ALOPECIA, in Medicine, a term denoting a morbid baldness in any part of the body, whether produced by any deficiency in the nutritive juices, or by the vicious state of any of the fluids at the roots of the hair.

ALOPECONNESUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of the Thracian Chersonesus. Livy, xxxi. 16.

ALOPECURUS, in Botany, fox glove, a genus of plants belonging to the class Triandria, and order Digynia.

ALOPER, in Zoology, a species of the canis, which is found in Burgundy, with a strait tail, black at the tip; its feet and legs are likewise black. It is commonly called the charcoal, or coal fox, and the field fox.

ALOS, or ALUS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Achaia, mentioned by Strabo, 1. ix. and Pliny, iv. 7.

ALOSA, in Ichthyology, a fish belonging to the Clupea species; its sides spotted with black, and the upper jaw bifid. By Aristotle and the ancients it is called Thrissa; by Gesner, Alausa; and its common name in English is the shad. ALOSE', v. ALOSED'.

From the Latin laus, praise. Skinner. To praise, to commend. But laus itself is from the A. S. Phor, the past participle of hiren, celebrare. Loos was formerly in common use in the language. Tooke ii. 301.

And Hope afterwarde, of God more me tolde
And lerede for hus love, to lovye al man kynde
And hym aboven alle, and hem as my selve
Noper lacky ne alose, ne leyve þat þer were
Eny wickeder in þis worlde, pan y were myself.
Vision of Piers Plouhman, p. 326.

Who so with Loue woll gon or ride
He mote be curteies, and voide of pride
Merie, and full of iolitie

And of Largesse a losed be.

Chaucer. The Romant of the Rose, fol. 127, col. 2.

Was there no knight so high of blood,
Ne had so mickle worldes good,
That therefore should be holden of price,
But he in deed were proved thrice;
Thrice proved at the least;
Then was he alosed at the feast.

ALOS'ING. In loosing.

R. Brunne in Ellis, v. i. p. 419.

And as they were a lossynge ye colte, the owners therof sayde vnto them, why loose ye the colte?

Bible, 1539. S. Luke, chap, xix.

BET.

ALPHA- Syriac, and Samaritan, 22 each; the Greek, 24; the Latin, 22. The Chinese can hardly be said to furnish a distinct alphabet; but the number of separate characters employed to express its words has been estimated at upwards of 80,000.

ALPS.

Neither the question of the origin of language, nor that of the first introduction of written symbols to express the ideas of the mind (evidently interwoven with each other), belongs to this place. Our first Division will be found to take a comprehensive view of these questions, under the article GRAMMAR; and in their relations to the philosophy of the mind, they connect themselves with some of the most interesting branches of LOGIC and METAPHYSICS. Tables of the actual state of all the important alphabets will be given with the article GRAMMAR, Div. i.

ALPHEUS, in Ancient Geography, a name sometimes given to Pisa, in Etruria, which was supposed to have been built by the Elians, who came from the banks of the Alpheus.

ALPHEUS, in Ancient Geography, now Alpheo, a river of Peloponnessus, which rises in Arcadia, and falls into the Ionian sea below Olympia. The nymph Arethusa having excited the admiration of the god of this river, was closely pursued by him; when Diana changed

her into a fountain in Ortygia, a small island near Syra- ALPHEUS cuse. From this circumstance the poets feigned that the Alpheus passed under the Mediterranean from the ALPS. Peloponnese, and rose again in Ortygia unmixed with the waters of the ocean. STRABO VI.; VIRG. Æn. iii, 694.; OVID. Met. v.; HAL. X.

ALPHION LAKE, in Ancient Geography (from Alpos, a leper), the source of the river Alpheus; which had the power of cleansing lepers by its waters. ALPHONSIN, in Surgery, an instrument taking its name from a Neapolitan physician, Alphonsus Ferrier, who invented and used it for the purpose of extracting balls from gun-shot wounds. It had three prongs, which were closed by the pressure of a ring, and opened at pleasure. In its closed state, it was introduced to the wound, and opened to grasp the ball, which was thus extracted. It is an instrument not much in modern use.

ALPINIA, in Botany (so named from Prospero Alpini, a Venetian physician), a genus of plants of the class Monandria, and order Monogynia.

ALPISTE, or ALPIA, a sort of seed, which is much used as a food for birds which are kept for breeding. It is of a pale yellow colour, but has a bright and glossy hull.

ALPS, or ALPES, in Geography, derive their name either from the Celtic, Alp, signifying verdant heights, or mountains, (Isidore in Origen, lib. iii. and Servius in Virgil, Æn. lib. iii.); and, amongst the ancient Scythians and Scandinavians, the spirit of a mountain; or from albus, alpus, white with snow; for the etymology from Albion, the son of Neptune, who was said to have been killed by Hercules, when disputing the passage of this god across these mountains, is too fabulous for our attention.

The Alps are the highest range of mountains in Europe, and extend, in a crescent-like form, from 600 to 700 miles, being the stupendous boundary which divides Italy from the other parts of this continent. This chain commences on the western side toward France, near the shores of the Mediterranean, at the Italian town of Monaco, running through Genoa and the borders of the county of Nice, Provence, Dauphiny, Savoy, Switzerland, the Tyrol, Trent, Brixen, Suabia, Saltzburg, and the Venetian States; and terminating on the eastern side, near the gulf of Carnaro, in the Adriatic. In the course of this immense range, these mountains assume several distinct names and subdivisions, according to their different and relative situations. The Maritime Alps, or Alpes Littoreæ, or Maritimæ, time Alps. so called from their neighbourhood to the Mediterranean, begin at the eastern extremity of the whole chain, near Monaco, and terminate near the source of the Po, at Mount Viso, between Dauphine, in France, and Piedmont, in Italy; thus connecting the Alps with the northern part of the Appenines of Italy, and leaving ancient Gaul to the west, and Genoa to the east. But Saussure has included the whole range of mountains, from Nice to Genoa, under this subdivision, which he

The Mari

divides into two branches, one running eastward along the coast, until it joins the Appenines; the other stretching westward through Provence: the usual distribution gives the eastern branch of this range to the northern Appenines. The heights of Camelon and Tenda, the most celebrated and conspicuous of this division, are both situated in the county of Nice; and the passes called the Col di Tenda, which is the boundary of Nice on that side, and the Col d'Argentiere, leading from Barcellonette, in Provence, to Coni, in Piedmont, are those most known and described by travellers. The ancient city called Embrun was formerly the capital of this district, the inhabitants of which enjoyed, under the Emperor Nero, the privileges appertaining to the allies of ancient Rome; and trophies were erected on one of its highest summits, called Tropœa, or Turbia, in honour of the Emperor Augustus.

The Cottian Alps, Alpes Cottie, or Cottanæ, now The C Mont Genevre, begin at Mount Viso, at the termi- tien Al nation of the Maritime Alps, and take a northern direction to Mount Cenis, forming the boundary line between this part of Dauphiny and Piedmont. The chief town of this district is Susa, and across this range it is supposed, by Holstenius, D'Anville, and others, that Hannibal passed with his army when he entered Italy. In the silence of the ancient historians, however, upon this point, it is by no means clear over what part of the Alps Hannibal effected his passage; and some circumstances which are said to have attended it are still more equivocal. The manner in which the Carthaginian general levelled some of the most inaccessible heights, splitting the rocks by means of fire, and afterwards pouring on quantities of vinegar, which are said to

PS.

reek

have softened and crumbled them, rests entirely upon the authority of Livy (l. xxi. c. 27.), supported by a complimentary and extravagant line of Juvenal (Sat. x. v. 15.) "Diducit scropulos, et montem rumpit aceto." In the present advanced state of chemistry, we know nothing of a calcination of immense masses of rock that could be thus effected. Pliny, indeed, states, in book xxii. c. 1. of his Nat. Hist. that vinegar will dissolve calcined substances, and the pearl of Cleopatra may be instanced as a proof of this; but the details of natural history are so imperfectly given by the ancients, and Pliny is himself so full of marvellous relations, that this evidence can weigh but little; while it is obvious, as to the pearl, that the dissolution of so small a substance can bear no analogy to softening down the rocks of the Alps. There is, however, still extant an ancient pass on this division of these mountains, which leads from Briançon to Susa, formerly called the Cottia; and if Hannibal passed over this portion of the Alps, it must have been by that road. The Greek Alps, or, according to Pliny and Cornelius Nepos, Alpes Graiæ, begin at the northern part of the range last described, and divide Savoy and the Tarentese territory in a western direction; they also run to the east, between Piedmont and the valley of Aosta, terminating at Great St. Bernard. This division is sometimes called Little St. Bernard, as it contains that mountain, and is the part where Hercules, on his return from Spain, was fabled to have forced his passage against Albion.

The Pennine Alps, or Alpes Penninæ, seem to have 5. derived their name from the Celtic word Pen, signifying head or top, in relation to the heights of these mountains; for the etymology which derives the name from Pani (Carthaginians), as denoting it to have been the place where Hannibal passed, is inconsistent with the general tenor of history, though it was a conjecture entertained in the time of Livy, (lib. xxi.) This division begins at the north-east of the Alpes Graiæ, and, separating the Valais from Italy on the south, extends to the sources of the Rhine and the Rhone, at the foot of the Great St. Gothard. There are three roads across these mountains; by one of which the Emperor Constantius marched his army against the Alemanni; and by another, which is over Mount Simplon, Buonaparte invaded Italy, in 1800, prior to the battle of Marengo. This is the great road into Italy, highly improved by the ci-devant emperor, and that usually travelled. It runs along the Savoy side of the lake of Geneva, thus connecting the ridge of the Jura with the Alps. At St. Maurice it falls in with the road that traverses the Swiss margin of the lake, passes up the Vallois beyond Sion; and then, turning to the right, climbs the Great Simplon, and conducts the traveller to the lake Maggiore and Milan. At the town of Martigni, a track unworthy the name of a road, and only passable by mules, branches off to the Furca, the Col de Balme, and the romantic scenes of the vale of Chamouni. This division contains Great St. Bernard, Mont Blanc, and that immense range of precipices which extends southward from the Rhone, and northward from the modern Piedmont. Here too the Alps assume their greatest breadth, and branch out into those enchanting vallies, which form the habitations of the Swiss.

The Rhætian Alps, or Alpes Rhæticæ, are named

ALPS.

from their situation in the ancient Rhætia. There are three subdivisions of this range, first, the Rhætian Alps Proper, which form an immediate junction with The Rha tian Alps. the Pennine Alps, and run between the country of the Grisons and the Tyrol, to the sources of the rivers Piave and Drave, and in their course give rise to the Inn, the Adige, the Oglio, and the Adda; second, the High Alps, designating the peculiar heights of St. Gothard, the Vogelsberg, the Furca, the Crispalt, the Schreckhorn, and the Grimsel, which they contain; this chain runs from St. Gothard to the lake Maggiore, dividing Milan from Switzerland, and, in its course, a branch of the river Rhine springs from the mountain Vogelsberg, and the sources of the Rhone and the Reuss are to be found in the mountain of Furca. This subdivision is sometimes called the Helvetian Alps. The third subdivision of this range is that of the Lepontine Alps, taking their name from the inhabitants of the country around, called Lepontines; these mountains extend southward of the Pennine Alps and of the High Alps, and standing between the sources of the Rhone and the lake Maggiore, join the Great St. Bernard westerly.

dentine

The Tyrolese, or Tridentine Alps, Alpes Tridentina, The Tyrorun northward of Trent, and include the great moun- lese, or Tritain Brenner; the Alps of Algou, in Suabia, are a part Alps. or continuation of the Tyrolese Alps, and cannot justly be divided from it; within this range, in the county of Konigseck-Rothenfels, stands the Hochvogel, and the rivers Lech, Iller, Bregentz, and the Aller, derive their several sources.

The Noric Alps, or Alpes Noricæ, take their name The Noric from the ancient Noricum, and divide the counties of Alps. Nice and Saltzburg, and the territory of Venice; they extend eastward of the Rhætian Alps, and terminate at Dolback, in the Tyrol.

The Carnic Alps (Alpes Carnicæ, a part of them which The Carnic has been little explored) extend from the Noric Alps to Alps. Mount Occa, running between Carinthia and Friuli.

The Julian

The last distinct portion of these mountains is that known by the different names of the Julian, Pannonian, Alps, &c. or Venetian Alps; Alpes Juliæ, from Julius Cæsar, who formed a plan of a road over this part of the Alps, which the Emperor Augustus afterwards completed; and the additions of Pannonica or Venetæ are derived from the counties of Pannonia and of Venice, through which they run. This division of the Alps continues the chain from Mount Occa to the gulf of Carnaro, in the Venetian gulf, or Adriatic sea, near Istria, running between Carinthia, Carniola, and Friuli, and thus completing the crescent before described.

The Alps, according to Saussure, consist in their higher summits chiefly of a large-grained granite. Mount Blanc, the majestic monarch of the scene, rises nearly 16,000 feet above the level of the sea, and is seen at Lyons in all its grandeur, and even at Dijon and Langres, a distance of 140 miles. Mount Cenis, to the south of Mount Blanc, is another remarkable summit, and on these, as well as on some other heights, the sun sheds its lustre at setting full three quarters of an hour after the light has disappeared in the Pays de Vaud, and other places in Switzerland, which stand more than 1,000 feet above the sea. At the rising of the sun the tops of these mountains are illuminated for an equal length of time before his rays reach the surrounding country, when they appear like stars amidst the darkness