In the term Drinks is comprehended every liquid that is fit to supply the watery parts both of the solids and fluids of which the body is composed. Simple water, such as nature affords it, says Dr. Cullen, is, without any addition, the proper drink of mankind. Dr. Armstrong beautifully denominates it "The chief ingredient in heaven's various works; "O comfortable streams! With eager lips None warmer sought the sires of human-kind." Digestion, without a due quantity of liquid food, would be very imperfectly, and with great difficulty, effected. Hence, nutrition would be incomplete, and all the secretions and excretions would be defective. Dr. Pearson justly remarks, that those who, from their youth, have made it their constant and almost only beverage, have generally been distinguished for the soundest health, the most equal flow of spirits, the most retentive memory, the most perfect enjoyment of the senses of taste, hearing, and vision, and the longest life. The temperature of the body is in a great measure regulated by the quantity of fluids taken in. When warm, the violence of the heat is abated by cooling drinks; but care must be taken that they are not too freely partaken of, lest formidable evils should result. Animal Secretions used as Drinks. Milk. The nature of milk partakes of that just medium between animal and vegetable substances, which appears to be so desirable in our diet. Sir John Sinclair describes it as a kind of emulsion, or white, oily, animal liquor, from which all the parts of animal bodies, particularly in their earlier years, may receive their nourishment and growth. All kinds of milk are resolvable into three parts, viz. the oily part, which yields cream and butter; the coagulable part, which gives curd and cheese; and the watery, saccharine part which constitutes whey. The milk of cows, goats, and sheep possesses the greatest proportion of curd; it is smaller in that of asses and mares; and in the milk of the human female there is scarcely any coagulable part at all. In proportion to the quantity of coagulable matter will be its digestibility. Milk, after being boiled, becomes heavier, and is apt to produce constipation. Cream is the most nutritious part of milk, but is the most difficult of digestion. Of butter we have already spoken under the title of condiment. Curds are separated from milk by runnet; they are nutritious, but difficult of digestion. Cheese, which is prepared from the curd, varies in quality according to the milk from which it is obtained; it is in no state easily digested; when toasted, it is very difficult, and ought never to be taken by persons having weak stomachs; it also produces costiveness. Butter-milk, which is milk deprived of its oily part by churning, is cooling, aperient, and nutritive. It is a diet well adapted to sickly persons. Whey is light, sweet, and nutritious, and is well adapted to persons with weak stomachs. Infusions and Decoctions of Animal Substances used as Drinks. Beef tea is a light and pleasant article of diet for weak people. Veal broth is nourishing without being heating. Mutton broth is strong, and therefore not well adapted to delicate people. Chicken broth is diluent and restorative. The simple broth made from the green turtle is considered demulcent and restorative, and is highly recommended for weakly people. Infusions and Decoctions of Vegetable Substances used as Drinks The most universally employed in this division is that of tea. The late Dr. Lettsom has shown, that green and bohea tea are derived from one and the same plant, the difference being dependant upon the soil in which the plant is situated, the time of gathering the leaves, and the subsequent management of them. A moderate use of this popular liquor is not likely to prove injurious, but a too frequent indulgence, no doubt, gives rise to nervous and hysterical affections. Next to tea, that of coffee is most generally used. If not taken too strong, and if a large quantity of sugar and milk be added, this infusion is exhilirating and wholesome; when taken very strong, it stimulates highly, and is productive of many morbid affections. Chocolate we have already noticed as a wholesome and nutritious beverage; it does not agree with bilious people; it is well fitted for old and emaciated persons. Cocoa possesses properties very similar to chocolate; it is better fitted for persons with weak stomachs and bowels. Fermented Liquors. Malt liquors, when well fermented, and not too strong, nor taken in too large a quantity, are wholesome, refreshing, and strengthening; they are best adapted to persons who lead an active and laborious life. Bottled beer is more refreshing than barrelled. Wine. In moderate quantities, wine proves an agree ALI MENT. ALIMENTARII PUERI, in Roman Antiquity, were boys maintained and educated by the emperors. Trajan was the first who formed establishments devoted to their benefit. They were supported with great liberality, not only in Rome, but in other cities of Italy. Dion. Cass. lib. lxviii. c. 5. This example was followed by Hadrian; and Antoninus Pius founded an institution of this nature for girls, in honour of his wife Faustina, from whom the children were called Puella Faustinianæ. Jul. Capitol. vita Ant. cap. 8. Alexander Severus also provided for a number of girls, who were named Mammæanæ, after his empress Mammaa. ALIMENTARY CANAL, or DUCT, in Anatomy, a term designating the whole of those vessels which constitute the passage of the food or aliment through the body, from its being taken in at the mouth, to its expulsion as fæces. It is characteristic of animal, in distinction from vegetable life; plants having no common receptacle for the digestion or separation of their food; and is composed of the gula, the stomach, and the intestines. See ANATOMY, Div. ii. ALIMENTARY LAW, lex alimentaria, in Antiquity, an old Roman law, obliging children to maintain their parents. ALIMONY, alimonia, in English Law, sometimes called rationabile estoverium, reasonable nourishment, the allowance for her maintenance to which a married woman is entitled on a separation from her husband. This may either be obtained in the spiritual or chancery court; it is apportioned by the wisdom of the court, according to the income or means of the husband; but elopement, or adultery, may be pleaded in bar of it. ALIONE, in Ancient Topography, a name of the town of Lancaster. ALIOTH, or ALIATH, in Astronomy, the Arabian name of a star, marked &, of the third magnitude; the first in the tail of the Great Bear. ALIPHERA, in Ancient Geography, a city in the west of Arcadia, about eight miles south of Heræa, named after its founder Alipheras, son of Lycaon, who was the first king of Arcadia, and flourished 1800 It was seated on a lofty and craggy hill, years B. C. approached by an ascent of more than a mile in length, on the summit of which was the fortress, and a statue of Minerva of great dimensions and of exquisite workmanship. This statue, according to Pausanias, was made by the artist Hypatodor, but Polybius says, AL Perry and cyder are considered to hold a middle place between wine and malt liquor; they are less nu- MEN tritious than the latter, and less cordial than the former. Ardent spirits. The most destructive to health and ALIQ! happiness: they ought never to be used, except me-dicinally. On these subjects, consult CULLEN'S Materia Medica; Sir JOHN SINCLAIR'S Code of Health and Longevity; PEARSON'S Synopsis of the Materia Alimentaria and Materia Medica; MOORE's Essay on the Materia Medica; MOFFET'S Health's Improvement; LEMERY'S Treatise on all kinds of Food, &c.; ADAIR, on Diet and Regimen; FALCONER'S Observations on some articles of Diet; HUFELAND'S Art of Prolonging Life. by Hecatodor and Sostradus; and adds, that the inhabitants knew not when or by whom it was there placed. The city also boasted of a temple dedicated to the same goddess, whom the popular tradition reported to have been born and brought up in Aliphera. Esculapius had a temple in this city, and Jupiter an altar. At one of their religious assemblies, held probably in honour of Minerva, the worshippers invoked the god Myiagrus to be present, believing he would prevent the swarms of flies from alighting on the sacrifice. When Megalopolis was built, Aliphera was one of those cities whose inhabitants were transferred to it, but it notwithstanding continued to hold the name and rank of a city, though by that event its population was greatly reduced. It was taken with ease by Philip of Macedon, but restored to the Megalopolitans, who claimed it as belonging to them. Polybius, lib. iv. Polybius, lib. iv. Pausanias, lib. viii. c. 26. Livy, lib. xxxii. c. 5. ALIPILARIUS, or ALIPILUS, in Roman Antiquities, an officer or servant belonging to the baths, whose business it was, by the application of wax, to take off the hairs from the alæ, or arm-pits. This operation was sometimes effected by means of an instrument called volsella. The removal of hair from various parts of the body was considered as an act of cleanliness by the ancient Romans. ALIQUANT PART, in Arithmetic, that part of a given quantity which will not divide it exactly, or without remainder. It is opposed to the aliquot part of a quantity; thus four is an aliquant part of ten. It may be useful to subjoin the aliquant parts of a pound English: 20 3s. is an aliquant part=th and th of 17. 6s... 4th and th. 4th and 16th. ths. 7s. 8s. ... PAR 3s. 4d. =th. 10d....th. ALISE, a small town of France, in the department of the Cote d'Or, or the Auxois, Burgundy, about 20 miles W. N. W. of Dijon. It stands on the site of the ancient ALESIA, which see. ALISHUN, or ALISHUNG, a district or province of Afghaunistaun, in India, of which the chief town is Penjshehr. It derives its name from the river Alishung, which has its source in the lofty snowy mountains that surround the whole district. It is situated between the 35th and 36th degrees N. lat. and 68th and 69th E. lon. ALISMA, in Botany, the water plantain, a genus of plants belonging to the class Hexandria, and order Polegynia. ALITE'. A little. ALITES (from ala, a wing), in Roman Antiquity, a name given to those birds which afforded omens or auguries by their flight and wings. Alites stand opposed to oscines, or birds which gave auguries by the voice, or mouth, singing, croaking, &c. ALJUBARROTA, a town of Portuguese Estrema dura, about ten miles from Leiria. It is a market town, and contains a population of about 1,600 inhabitants. ALJUSTREL, a town of Portugal, in the province of Alentejo, 16 miles from Beja, containing 1,500 inhabitants. There is another town of this name in Estremadura, four miles from Thomar. ALIVE'. On live, i. e. in life. See LIFE. Our quene pat was pen dame Helianore his wife For as the fishe, if it be drie, R. Brunne, p. 213. ALIVE. ALKALI. My Shakspeare rise! I will not lodge thee by Contemn thou while thou art alive, that, which thou canst not Dryden's Palamon and Arcite. If it comes in question, whether a plant, that lies ready formed in or a man in a swoon without sense or inotion, be alive or no; it is His soul, where moral truth spontaneous grew, Falconer's Shipwreck. ALKADARII, in Mahometan Theology, a sect, or branch of the Moatazalites, who assert the free-will of man, and deny the doctrine of the fixed, eternal decrees of God, held by the Algiabarii. ALKAHEST, or ALCAHEST, in the language of the alchymists, denotes an universal solvent, or menstruum capable of resolving all bodies universally into their original principles. The term was introduced by Paracelsus, in his Treatise de Viribus Membrorum. It is mentioned by the practisers of this exploded science rather as a desideratum than as any thing they ever actually obtained: and Van Helmont alone, the pupil of Paracelsus, asserts that he was really in possession of this valuable agent, which dissolved all substances into a colourless fluid. ALKALI, in Chemistry (from al, the Arabic article, and kali, the glass-wort, a plant in whose ashes it is said to have been first observed), a term given to a particular and very important class of salts. This salt, as known to the ancients by the name of natron, or nitre, is found in large quantities, in a natural state, in and around the waters of Lower Egypt; and, as obtained from the calcination of vegetable substances, is mentioned by Pliny under the term lixivius cinis. The term alkali was, indeed, restricted originally to the fixed salt of vegetable ashes; but other substances having been found to yield a similar salt, it was extended to animal as well as vegetable matters. The properties of all alkaline substances are, 1st, incombustibility; 2d, a highly acrid and pungent taste upon the tongue, which, in point of fact, they burn through the first delicate skin; 3d, an unctuous feeling on the finger, as they dissolve the surface of the skin, and by mixing with the oil of it produce a kind of soap; 4th, effecting a certain change in vegetable colours, such as blues into greens, the red of roses into blue, vegetable browns to yellow, &c.; 5th, being readily soluble in water; 6th, their strong affinity with all acids, in comI doo no body no harme, I say none harme, I thynke none barme, bining with which they produce neutral salts of various Gower. Con. A. book vii. Quham gif the fatis alife conservit haith Douglas. Book i. p. 30. but wishe euerye bodye good. And yf this be not ynough to kepe a manne alyue, in good fayth I longe not to lyue. Sir Thomas Moore's Workes, p. 1452, c. 1. descriptions. Alkalies are divided into the fixed, and the volatile.. ALL. ALKALI. heat alone volatilizes them; ammonia, readily, and by a moderate heat, becoming gaseous, is called a volatile alkali: these are at present the principal alkalies that are known. For the process of preparing them as articles of commerce, see AMMONIA, POTASH, and SODA, in this Division; and for their relations to Chemistry, as a science, see CHEMISTRY, Div. ii. ALKALIMETER, a scientific instrument invented by Descroizelles to measure the purity of the different alkalies; it acts by ascertaining how many centimes of their own weight they receive in sulphuric acid to complete their saturization. ALKALINE EARTHS, in Chemistry, a term applied to those earths in which the alkaline quality is found in larger proportion than the earthy quality. The principal alkaline earths are barytes, magnesia, lime, and strontian. ALKALINE SALTS, are those salts which are procured from the calcination of vegetables and other substances. See ALKALI. ALKANET, in Botany, a species of Anchusa, which grows in considerable quantities in Languedoc, and to be found generally in the south of Europe; from which a deep red-coloured varnish is made, by means of steeping it in alcohol. The colour from this root is also obtained by the application of the fixed and essential oils, wax, and some other oily substances. ALKERMES, in Medicine, a confection, made chiefly of the kermes-berry, flavoured by aromatics, sugars, &c. It was formerly much given as a cordial, but is now disused. The best in Europe was made at Montpelier. ALKETH, one of the Pellew islands, in the Pacific ocean. ALKMAAR, or ALCMAAR. See ALCKMAAR. ALKY OF LEAD, in the writings of the alchymists, a sweet substance extracted from that metal. ALL', n. A.S. El, eal, ealle, alle. The ALL', adj. etymology of this word is unsettled. ALL', adv. In A.S. hal is whole (formerly written hole, without the w). Between al and hal the difference is so slight, and the application of the two words is so generally alike, that there are fair grounds for supposing them to be the same word. See WHOLE. All is much used in composition, but without effecting any change in the component words. He sent for alle pe kynges, fro Berwik vnto Kent, R. Brunne, p. 19. And who ever wole be the firste among you schal be servant of alle. Wickiif. Mark, chap. x. And whosoeuer wylbe chefe, shalbe seruaüt of all. Bible 1539. Ib. For whan her house bande forsoke a right woorshipful roume whan it was offred hym, she fel in hand with hym (he tolde me) and all to rated him. Sir Thomas More's Works, p. 1224, c. i. Heauen doth with vs, as we, with torches doe; Shakespeare's M. for M. act i. Theological truths are so much more precious than all others, by how much divine knowledge is more excellent than all human arts and sciences whatsoever. Bp. Hall's Peace Maker. ALL-SAINTS, in the Calendar, otherwise ALLfirst day of November, in honour of all the saints HALLOWS DAY, a feast of the church, celebrated on the generally, and those in particular to whose memory there is no distinct day assigned. Pope Bonifice IV. first established this feast in the ninth century. ALL-SAINTS, a large parish of George Town, South Carolina, containing about 2,000 inhabitants, threefourths of whom are slaves. ALL-SAINTS BAY, one of the most commodious harbours on the coast of Brazil, South America, two leagues and a half wide, and containing several small islands. S. lat. 13o, 6'. W. lon. 39°, 10'. Also a captaincy in the middle division of Brazil, abounding in cotton and sugar, of which St. Salvador is the capital. It takes its name from the bay, and is bounded on the north by the Real, on the east by the Atlantic, on the south by the river Los Ilheos, and on the west by the Indian territories. There is another, a bay of New Albion, of this name, on the western coast of North America. E. lon. 243o, 38'. N. lat. 31°, 44'. ALL-SOULS, in the Calendar, a feast celebrated on the second of November, in commemoration of all the faithful deceased. It was instituted by Odilon, abbot of Cluny, in the eleventh century. ALLAH-SHEHR, i. e. CITY OF GOD; a town of Natolia, in Turkish Asia. This is the Philadelphia of the ancients. See PHILADELPHIA, in Ancient Geography. It contains some remains of its ancient strength and imPortance; particularly portions of the strong walls and towers with which it was once encompassed. The inhabitants, however, considering the extent of the place, are not very numerous: they are composed of a mixture of Turks and Greeks; but during the passage of the caravans to and from Smyrna, which is distant about five days' journey, the town is much frequented. The Greeks are thought to amount to about three hundred and ten families, who live on friendly terms with their Mahometan fellow-townsmen, the attention of both AL ALL SHE AH- being happily more directed to the useful pursuits of R. commerce, than the idle and unprofitable wranglings of bigotry and superstition. Here is a lofty and beautiful cathedral for the use of the members of the Greek church. Besides this, they have upwards of twenty inferior churches, few of which, however, are in a state fit for public worship. The coffee-houses and public baths, of which there are several supplied by a mineral spring in the neighbourhood, are much more resorted to than the churches or the mosques. The influx of Armenian and other merchants gives the town the air of a busy and thriving place. This town is distant from the little village of Sart, once the city of Sardis, mentioned in the Scriptures, about thirty miles. ALLAH, or ALLA (from me, Heb.), in Mahometan Theology, the name of the Supreme Being; very frequently used in the Mahometan prayers, and as an exclamation. ALLAHABAD, a province of Hindostan, 160 miles in length, and 120 in breadth, bounded on the east by the province of Bahar, on the north by Oude, on the south by Berar, and on the west by Agra. The principal cities are Allahabad and Benares. This extensive district is subject to the British government; it was ceded to them by the treaties of 1775, 1801, and 1803. The principal produce of this country is diamonds, indigo, cotton, and all sorts of grain and fruit. The inhabitants are composed of Hindoos and Mahometans. ALLAHABAD, the capital of the province of the same name, situate at the junction of the Jumna and the Ganges. It consists of two towns, the old and the new; the former on the banks of the Ganges, and the latter on those of the Jumna. A strong fortress of stone was erected here by the Emperor Akbar, who gave the name of Allahabad to this city, which is considered as a seat of devotion among the Hindoos. All the surrounding country, for the space of forty miles, is regarded by the natives as holy ground. The tomb of Sultan Khusru is to be seen in this place. In the middle of the fortress there stands a stone pillar, forty feet high, covered with obsolete inscriptions in Sanscrit and Persian. Dr. Robertson thinks that the ancient Palibothra is the modern city of Allahabad; but Major Rennell places Palibothra on the site of Patna. E. lon. 82°, 5'. N. lat. 25°, 27′. ALLANTOIS, or ALLANTOIDES, a thin, transparent membrane, which invests the fœtus of quadrupeds. It is supposed to serve as a reservoir for the urine, as it is found connected with the bladder of the fœtus by means of the urachus, and is filled with an ichor resembling that fluid. ALLAINE, a town of France, in Brittany, containing a population of 4,360 inhabitants. It stands near the banks of the Vilaine, about ten leagues from Vannes. ALLAMANDA in Botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class Pentandria, and to the order Monogynia. ALLAN, a river of Scotland, which enters the Frith of Forth, about two miles N. W. of Stirling. Allanbridge, or Bridge of Allan, is a small village, situated on, and deriving its name from this river miles W. of Stirling. The tempest was imputed vnto hym [Jonas], and to the entente leste all the coumpaignie shoulde perishe, he was headlong toumbled into the sea, to the ende that by the losse of him beeyng but on man, the tempeste myght be alayed, whereas otherwyse it threatened deathe vnto al the coumpanye. Udal. Luke, chap. xxiv. For if that they were put to swiche assayes, When flowing cups run swiftly round p. 368. Rd. Lovelace in Ellis, v. iii. p. 277. There were some pieces of as base allay Ben. Jonson. Underwood's. On Vulcan. If I could temporise with my affection, No more my griefe, in such a precious loss. Shakespeare. Troylus and Cressida. Gold incorporates with lead in any proportion; so it does with copper, which is its common alloy; it likewise incorporates with brass and tin, which was the ancient alloy Bacon's Nat. and Exper. Hist. If any thing, sin, and our unworthy miscarriages toward God, should vex and discompose us yet this trouble, Wisdom, by representing the divine goodness, and his tender mercies in our everblessed Redeemer, doth perfectly allay. Barrow's Sermons. So may the mountain gods and satyrs all Yet leave me not! I would allay that grief, I will purge in the furnace thy dross; It is four ALLAY. See ALLOY. Lowth's Isaiah. Preliminary Dis. |