ATX. at the period of the celebrated triple alliance between Great Britain, the States General of the United Netherlands, and the king of Sweden. The other, in 1748. The thermal sulphureous waters of this place have long been reckoned amongst the most valuable mineral springs of Europe. They are generally denominated the Aken waters-Therma Aquisgranenses. A chemical analysis of this water discovers its gaseous contents to be a small portion of carbonic acid, and much sulphurated hydrogen gas, highly supersaturated, and of great volatility and pungency. The sulphur is sublimed, in a cistern, in a solid form, adhering to the upper stone, in the form of a fine powder: which is gathered, as it accumulates from time to time, and sold in the shops as Aix sulphur. That which is still retained in the water, becomes volatilized by evaporation for when the water is exhausted by boiling, no particles remain in the residuum. A quantity of uncombined soda, is among the most important articles of its solid contents. There is also a minute portion of common salt and carbonated lime; but it does not appear that there are any purely metallic properties belonging to these waters. According to Bergman's analysis, an English pint, wine measure, is found to contain four grains and three quarters of carbonated lime, five grains of common salt, and twelve of carbonated soda.

The

The springs, five in number, from whence rise these waters, are found in various parts of the town. chief of them is enclosed within a square stone cistern, covered at the top, which is somewhat contracted by a flat stone, to prevent the evaporation of the sulphureous vapours, and to receive the sublimed sulphur, or powder, before mentioned.

The

The baths, which these several springs plentifully supply, are numerous, and sufficiently commodious for the purposes both of warm and vapour bathing. water rises very rapidly from the springs, and sends forth, from small air-bubbles on its surface, a strong smell, not unlike that which issues from similar bubbles in the Harrowgate waters of Yorkshire. The highest degree of heat in this water is said to be about 143° of Fahrenheit. This is near the spring; but at the pump, where it is drawn for drinking, it is not more than 112°. It also resembles the Harrowgate waters in its clear and transparent appearance when first drawn; as it cools from exposure to the atmospheric air, it becomes turgid and whitish, gradually abating its strong bituminous character. The carbonated soda which it contains renders it somewhat saponaceous; hence it is frequently used for fulling and cleaning wool and linen.

The town itself is situated in a valley, surrounded with mountainous and woody districts, and consists of two great divisions or portions, one inclosed within the other; the inner one being the most ancient, the outer one built about the year 1172. The first is nearly three miles in circumference, the other about six miles, and has eight gates. There are several good stone-built houses in the town; but the principal buildings are the stadt-house and the cathedral. Statues of good workmanship, of all the emperors since Charlemagne, adorn the first of these edifices. On the top of a fountain in front, is a fine statue of gilt brass of Charlemagne himself, holding a sceptre in his right hand, and a globe in his left.

The trade of this city is considerable; the needle manufactory is said to be not inferior to any in Europe. There is also a large manufactory for pins, and some others of cloth, copper, and brass; salt, soap, alum, &c. Besides the Roman Catholic cathedral, there are also places of worship for several denominations of Protestants, who enjoy the free exercise of their several religious creeds and practices. The population is about 25,000 souls.

AIZOON, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Icosandria, order Pentagynia.

AKASAKA, a town of Japan, on the S. coast of the island of Niphon, remarkable for the licentiousness of its inhabitants. It is 140 miles from Jeddo.

AKDASCH, a town of Persia, situated on the banks of the Kur or Cyrus, in the province of Schirvan, distant about 30 miles S. W. of Schamaghi. It contains about 300 houses only, but has a considerable trade in silk; and the neighbourhood produces abundance of grain and fruit of various kinds.

AKERMANN, AKKIERMANN, or BIALOGROD, a fortress of Russia, in Bessarabia, on the coast of the Black sea, near the Dniester. It is 68 miles S. W. of Oczakow. E. lon. 31°, 14'. N. lat. 46°, 8'.

AKHISAR, or WHITE CASTLE, a town of Asiatic Turkey; so called from its quarries of white marble. It stands on, or very near to, the site of the ancient Thyatira. It is upwards of 40 miles from Pergamos, on the banks of the Hermus, in a plain, about 18 miles in extent, abounding in grain and cotton. The inhabitants, who are about 5,000 in number, carry on some trade in opium and Turkey carpets.

AKIN'. Of kin. See KIN.

into him by her, which is an vnfitting & displeasant thing, yea, Nor let not a woman cast in her husband's teeth any benifit done among those that be nothing a kin together.

Instruction of a Christian Woman.-Vives, by Richard Hyrde, § 3. We have stinted our selves onely to the legitimate issue of kings; and after such who are properly princes, we have inserted some who in courtesie and equity may be so accepted, as the heires to the crown though not possessed thereof; or else so near a-kin thereunto, that much of history doth necessarily depend upon them.

Fuller's Worthies of England.

Suse, on the S. of Morocco, bordering on the Great AKKA, a station of some consequence, of the Lower Desert of Sahara. The surrounding country, or territory, contains, according to Mr. Jackson, a population of 10,000 inhabitants. Caravans, from all parts of Morocco, on their journey to Tombuctoo, make this their place of rendezvous.

AKKER, a city of Syria, seated upon mount Bargylus,

ALABANDINE.

AKKER. about 27 miles from Tortosa. Shaw conjectures that this is the Kir of the scriptures, mentioned by the prophet Amos, c. i. 5. & c. ix. 7. and intimates that it must formerly have been as celebrated for its strength and beauty, as it is now for its various kinds of fruits, as apricots, peaches, nectarines, &c.

AKOND, in Persian Polity, an officer whose duty it is to preside over the causes of widows and orphans, and to judge of controversies respecting civil contracts. He possesses deputies in all parts of the Persian empire, and gives directions, or, as some say, lectures to all inferior officers.

AKSCHINSK, a fortress and village of Russian Tartary, in Dauria, situated on the right bank of the Onon. It was built by the Russians in the year 1756, and forms one of a series, or chain of military posts, on this portion of the Russian frontiers. E. lon. 132°. N. lat. 50°.

AKSHEHR, a town of Natolia, in Asiatic Turkey, at the foot of a mountain of the same name, from whence copious streams of water constantly descend, forming a rivulet through most of the streets. The neighbourhood abounds in beautiful gardens, rich in almost all the fruits of Europe. Fine carpets, wool, wax, gum tragacanth, and galls, are exported from this place to Smyrna. In the year 1402, Tamerlane took this town. It is 60 miles from Karahissar.

AKSOR, a village of Egypt, on the site of the ancient Thebes. See THEBES.

AKTUBA, a river of Asiatic Russia, originating from the Volga, nearly twelve miles from Tzaritzen; and which after having rejoined the Parvent, empties its waters into the Caspian sea. Abundance of mulberry trees growing on its banks have induced the Russians to erect several colonies here for the culture of silk. ALA, a market town of Austria, seated on the Adige, in the principality of Trent. Population 4000.

ALA, or WING, in Anatomy, a term used to describe some parts of the human body which have been thought to resemble wings, such as the alæ or lobes of the liver. ALABAMA, a river in N. America, formed by the junction of the two rivers of Georgia, the Coossa, and Tallapoossee. This is a beautiful river, abounding with excellent fish, having a gentle current running about two miles an hour. After its junction with the two rivers above-named, it takes a south-westerly direction, until it meets the Tombighee from the N.W. and finally empties itself into the gulf of Mexico. Its banks abound with trees and vegetables of various kinds, and

it forms a quick and pleasant conveyance by large boats from Little Tallasee to Mobile bay, a distance by water, of about 350 miles. There is an Indian village of this name, situated on the bank of the Mississippi. They are the remains of the Albama nation, who, before they were conquered by the Creeks, inhabited the E. side of the great Mobile river.

ALABANDA, in Ancient Geography, an inland town of Caria, in Asia Minor, so called from Alabandus, the founder, who was worshipped here. The place abounded in scorpions, and the inhabitants were remarkable for their voluptuousness.

ALABANDINE, or ALMONDINE, in Ancient Mineralogy, a gem described as of a deep red colour; and in hardness, between the ruby and garnet, with the latter of which it now classes. It seems to have had its name from being found near the above town.

TER

AL'ABASTER, n. Aλaßаorрov; perhaps from a et ALABAS Maße; that which, says Vossius, we cannot hold. A woman cam that hadde a boxe of alabastre of preciouse ALACH. oynement spikenard, and whanne the boxe of alabastre was brokun sche helde it on his heed. Wiclif. Mark, c. xiv. Ther cam a woma hauyng an alabaster boxe of oyntmet, called Narde, that was pure and costly: & she brake the boxe & poured And northward, in a touret on the wall, Of alabastre white and red corall An oratorie riche for to see, In worship of Diane of chastitee, Hath Theseus don wrought in noble wise.

it on his heed.

Bible. 1559. Id.

Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, v. i. p. 76.

The dome of Mars was on the gate oppos'd,
And on the north a turret was enclos'd
Within the wall, of alabaster white

A crimson coral for the queen of night.

Dryden. Pal. and Arcite.

Oft have I said, the praise of doing well
Is to the ear, as ointment to the smell;
Now if some flies, perchance, however small,
Into the alabaster urn should fall,

The odours of the sweets, inclos'd would die
And stench corrupt (sad change), their place supply.
Prior. Solom. book iii,

ALABASTER, among Artists, the common name in ancient and modern times for gypsum, and the calcsinter of modern mineralogy. Pliny uses the term alabastrites for both these substances. See MINERALOGY, Div. ii.

ALABASTER, in Antiquity, a name sometimes given to boxes or vases containing odoriferous liquors, from their having been frequently made of this material. It was also sometimes used for a liquid measure, containing half a sextary.

ALABASTER, one of the Bahama islands on the Great and soil, producing large quantities of pine apples. Bahama bank. It has a healthy and fruitful climate Here is a small fort with a garrison. W. lon. 76°, 22′. N. lat. 25°, 40'.

ALABASTRITE, ALABASTRITES, ALABASTRUM DENDROIDE, are names for particular kinds of Alabaster, which, see above.

ALABASTRA, in Botany, the small herbaceous leaves at the bottom of flowers, particularly those around the rose, or the bud of a flower generally, and the calx that supports it, from their resembling the ancient box of alabaster both in shape and odour.

ALABASTRON, in Ancient Geography, a town of Lower Egypt, in the district of Cynopolis, between the Nile and the Red sea. Alabaster was found in its vicinity of excellent quality. PLIN. 1. v. c. 11.

ALACH, a bailiwic of Germany, in the Erfurt terri

ALALCO- of the lake Copais. It was a small and defenceless MENE. city, but was held in reverence on account of an ancient temple and statue of Minerva, which it contained. STRA. ALAN. 1. ix. Minerva is called Alalcomenea for this reason by Homer. H. 1. iv. v. 8. Plutarch (Quæst. Græc.) says there was also a city of this name in Ithaca, so called because Ulysses was born at Alalcomenæ, in Boeotia. ALALCOMENIUS, in Antiquity, the Boeotian name of the month Mæmacterion, the fourth in the Greek year, which began about the end of June. On the 16th day of this month, was celebrated a solemn festival instituted at the suggestion of Aristides, after the battle of Platea, in honour of those who fell in the engagement. Plutarch (vit. Aristides) thus describes it, "At break of day, one sounding a trumpet goes before the procession, followed by waggons full of myrtle and garlands, and vessels containing wine and milk for the libations. Some free born youths succeed, carrying ointment and perfumes, and a black bull is led along for the sacrifice. The last chosen archon of the Plateans, who at other times is forbidden to touch any weapons, or to wear any other colour than white, now dresses himself in a military robe of red, and with a sword in his hands passes through the city to the sepulchres. After certain ceremonies, the bull is slain, and the archon having implored Jupiter and Mercury, invites those brave men who died for Greece, to witness these sacred rites. Then having mixed the wine and milk, he pours it out and says, I drink to those men who gave up their Eves for the liberties of Greece!'"

ALALIA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Corsica, built by the Phocæans, destroyed by Scipio, and rebuilt by Sylla. Also, according to Ptolemy, a town of Syria, near the Euphrates.

ALAMAGAN, or CONCEPTION ISLAND, one of the Ladrones, about 10 miles from Guguan. This island is remarkable for a volcano, standing near the sea, and forming a cone about 1,500 feet high, with a base of upwards of 1,200 feet. A coating of cinders encompasses the sides of this mount, but at the distance of half a league, a thick covering of black vegetable mould, produces several large trees, with which, indeed, the whole island abounds; some of them resemble the pine-firs of Port Jackson. This island forms a tolerably good land-mark, as it may be seen at a distance of twelve or even fourteen leagues. N. lat. 18°, 5'. E. lon. 146°, 47'.

ALAMAK, in Arabic Astronomy, a name applied to a star marked by us y, of the second magnitude, and placed in the southern foot of the constellation Andromeda.

ALAMODE, in Commerce, commonly called mode; a thin, glossy, black silk, formerly much in use in this

country.

ALAN, a river in Cornwall. It is now called Camél, and Camlan, a corruption of Camb-alan, "the crooked river." Leland calls it Dunmere, i. e. the Water of the Hills. It rises about two miles north of the borough of Camelford, where its banks are famous for two battles; in one of which king Arthur received a mortal wound, though he slew his antagonist Modred, who was his nephew, and had been guilty of an incestuous intercourse with his uncle's queen, Guenora. The other was fought between the Cornish Britons and the West Saxons of Devonshire, in the year 824, in which many thousands fell on each side; and the victory remained

doubtful. From Camelford, the Alan, after a course ALAN of about twelve miles, in a winding southern direction, becomes navigable for sand and other barges at Par- ALANG brook, near Egloshêl, at which place it receives the river Laine, or Lynher. It afterwards becomes increased by several smaller rivers; and pursuing its course, empties its united streams into Padstow harbour, and finally discharges itself into the Bristol channel. At Padstow it is nearly a mile broad. This river produces some very fine grey trout, the flesh of which in summer is peculiarly red and delicate. ALANBY. See ALLONBY.

ALANCHE, a town of France, in the department of the Cantal. It is the head of a canton; and is remarkable for its tanneries and its manufactures of fine lace.

ALAND'. On land. See LAND.

Her ost was eypher in ys syde alonde byleued by poute.
R. Gloucester, p. 307.
Thei sailen, till thei come a londe
At Tharse nýgh to the citee.

Gower. Con. A. Book viii.

Dep seith he wol for do. and a down brynge
All pat lyvep op lokep. a londe and a watere.
The Vision of Piers Plouhman, p. 340.

He made his shippe a lond for to sette
And in that ile halfe a day he lette
And said that on the lond he must him rest.
Chaucer. The Legend of Good Women, fol. 197, c. 1.

Till Neptune hath of him compassioun
And Thetis, Chorus, Triton, and they all
And maden him up alond to fall

Whereof that Phillis lady was and quene.

Id. fol. 209, col. 2.

In the beginning of the next sommer, Agricola sending his fleete before him, which often put aland and spoyled the countries, thereby causing a great and vncertaine feare. Stowe's Chronicle.

Three ships were hurry'd by the southern blast,
And on the secret shelves with fury cast.
Three more fierce Eurus, in his angry mood,
Dash'd on the shallow of the moving sand,
And in mid ocean left them moor'd aland.

Dryden. Eneid. Book t

ALAND, or AELAND, a considerable island in the Baltic sea: N. lat. 60°, 18'. E. lon. 19°, 40'. It is about 40 miles in length, and 30 in breadth. The soil is very fertile, producing corn, and abundance of forest woods, from which a good traffic is carried on by the natives, in wooden utensils of various kinds. There are nearly 4000 acres of land, in a high state of cultivation; and 2500 barrels of wheat are said to be produced here annually. It is an island remarkable for the longevity of the inhabitants, and yielded the king of Sweden, some few years since, 19,980 rix dollars per annum. The chief town is Castleholm; and the island itself gives name to a cluster of inferior islets. The inhabitants generally speak the Swedish language. In 1634 it was included in the government of Finland, and has recently been ceded to Russia.

ALAND'S BAY, on the south coast of Ireland, beN. lat. tween Waterford harbour and Tramore bay. 52°, 8'. W. lon. 7°, 5'.

ALANGI, SANTIAGO DE, a small but rich city It of South America, in the province of Terra Firma. supplies the city of Panama with cattle and fruits of various kinds.