Make the dead ancients speak the British tongue;
That so each chattering daw, who aims at song,
In his own mother-tongue may humbly read
What engines yet are wanting in his head
To make him equal to the mighty dead.

Otway to Mr. Creech, It has been observed, in speaking of that part of natural philosophy which contemplates substances, that we must never lose sight of experience, if we aim at acquiring real knowledge. Bolingbroke's Essay on Human Knowledge.

I have this moment received your letter of the Sd, from Prague; but I never received that which you mention, from Ratisbon; this made me think you in such rapid motion, that I did not know where to take aim. Chesterfield. Letter ccclxxix.

Sir William Jones's Hitopadesa.

No man is any further a christian than as he is a follower of Christ, aiming at a more perfect conformity to that most perfect example which he hath set us of universal goodness. Mason's Self-Knowledge.

There are, who, deaf to mad ambition's call, Would shrink to hear th' obstreperous trump of fame ; Supremely blest, if to their portion fall Health, competence, and peace. Nor higher aim Had he, whose simple tale these artless lines proclaim. Beattie's Minstrel, book i. AIM-FRONTLET, in Military Tactics, an instrument made of wood, fitted to a gun, and of equal height to the breech, so as to assist in taking aim. It is not now in frequent use.

AIMARAEZ, a district of Peru, bounded on the east by the province of Cotabamba, on the south by Parinacochas, and on the west and north-west by Andahuailas. Its extreme length is from N. to S. about 120 miles, and its breadth 26 miles. There are three inconsiderable rivers running through it, which finally unite into the Pachachaca, on the banks of which are many small settlements. Veins both of gold and silver, as well as some quicksilver-mines, have been discovered in this province, but they have been much neglected of late years, and are now mostly filled with water. The population is estimated at 15,000; a yearly tribute of 800,000 dollars was formerly received by the Spanish corregidor; sugar, cattle, and grain, abound in the few vallies that are found, but the mountainous and snowy ridges that cover its surface render the climate cold and cheerless, and the inhabitants are generally poor. AIMARGUES, or AYMARGUE, a town of France, about nine miles from Nismes; containing a population of nearly 2,000 inhabitants.

AJMEER, AGIMERE, OF RAJPOOTANA, a central province of Hindostan, bounded on the north by Delhi, on the east by Agra, on the south by Guzerat, and on the west by Sinde, and the deserts toward the Indus. Its length is about 350 miles, and its breadth 220. It is inhabited by the Rajpoot, or warrior tribe of the Hindoos, who have maintained their position in its fastnesses from the earliest traces of history, being mentioned by Arrian and Diodorus. It consists of three principal states or governments, Marwar, Meywar, and Hadouty, or Jyenagur, which are again divided into several subdivisions, each subject to its own chief. The province yields some of the finest native soldiers

ΑΙΟ

in India, but the want of unity among themselves have AJME exposed all its districts to the ravages of the Mahrattas, from time immemorial; they pay a kind of tribute, annually, to the Mahratta states; and a considerable district in the neighbourhood of the capital is governed by Mahratta chieftains. The rivers are the Banan and Chumbul; and its produce salt (from a large salt water lake), lead, and copper. The prince of Meywar, is called the Rama, and esteemed the noblest of all the Hindoo chiefs.

AJMEER, or DARALKHIER, a city of Hindostan, the capital of the above province. It is about six miles in circumference, and contains, with the suburbs, forty-six pergunnahs or parishes. Though in a declining state, it possesses many marks of former magnificence and strength. Standing at the foot of a range of hills, and in the centre of the Rajpoot states, it has been seized by the Mahrattas, who still reverence its monuments, and never have been able to penetrate far into the neighbourhood. The Great Mogul levied his best troops from these provinces, at the zenith of the Mogul power; and received at this capital the English ambassador in 1716; but he spared the extensive palace and gardens, built here in the preceding century, and the celebrated tomb of Hafiz Jemmal, said to be held in high vencration by the Mahometans and Mahrattas. Near Ajmeer is also a remarkable resort of Hindu superstition called Phokur, a bathing place. Here is also a strong fort, called Taragur. E. lon. 74°, 48, N. lat. 26, 35'.

AIN, in France. See AISNE.

AIN-DAIN, or Exs, a river in France, having its source in the mountains of Jura, Franche Comte, near Nozeroi. It falls into the Rhone, about five leagues above the city of Lyons.

"The

AIN-MUSA, or EL AAYON-MOUSSA, i. e. Wells of Moses." These are five wells, known by this name traditionally, on the western coast of Arabia, about eleven miles from Suez, and about two from the Red Only one of them contains good water. AINOS, or AINUS, a peculiar race of mankind, the aboriginals of Jesso, a large island in the N. Pacific ocean, and Saghalin; said to be covered with hair in extraordinary profusion. See JESSO.

sea.

AINTAB, a considerable town of Syria, on the banks of the Sejour, about 40 miles north of Aleppo, E. lon. 37°, 25'. N. lat. 36°, 25', and supposed to occupy the site of the Antiochia ad Taurum of the Romans. The town is built chiefly of stone; it has a strong castle, garrisoned by the janissaries, under a governor appointed from Constantinople. Here are five large mosques; but the inhabitants are a mixture of Armenian Christians and Mahometans. A considerable trade is carried on in cotton, coloured woollens, and dyed Turkey leather of various descriptions. It is about three miles in circumference.

AIOU, a cluster of islands, in the eastern seas, near the coast of Waygiou. The largest is five miles in circumference; and is raised about 500 feet from the surface of the sea. It is called Aiou Baba. Tropical fruits, fish, and turtle, are the chief productions of these islands. The inhabitants carry on some trade with the Chinese in tortoise-shell, and biche de mer, an animal of the mollusca tribe, much sought after in these seas. E. lon. 131°, 10'. N. lat. 24'.

AIR, in Music, signifies the treble part of a composition, or the main, or most leading tone of the piece, by which all other parts are to be regulated. They therefore may be called different modifications of the air, and must be made to harmonize with it, although they may not always harmonize with each other. There are three kinds of airs in dramatic music; the aria cantabile, or the air of song; the aria di bravura, the air of execution; and the aria parlanta, or speaking air. The first is usually applied to the pathos, or effect of music; the second (bravura) to prove the brilliancy and difficulty of execution; and the parlanta to that music which approaches nearest to the natural manner of earnest speech. This last is therefore used

in recitative.

AIR, in Painting, is applied similarly to its use in common life, and is equivalent to gesture or graceful action. Air, or air-tint, is likewise a term among painters, to signify the light and airy colours, thrown on the landscape or figures, most commonly in the distance, or middle distance of the piece. It is sometimes applied to the medium of air through which each object is supposed to be viewed, and by which it is harmonized in colour to every other. This is by others, and more properly, called the tone of the picture.

AIR-BALLOON. See AERONAUTICS. AIR-BLADDER, or AIR-BAGS, in Physiology, names given to certain receptacles of air in the bodies of birds and fish. Hunter first attracted the attention of anatomists to this peculiarity in birds, and considers them as a kind of appendage to the lungs. They are found in the soft parts of the body, and have a common communication with the lungs, and some of them immediately with each other, but with no other parts of the system. They seem to be designed for the assistance of the respiration and retention of air, like the similar vessels in fish; they render the body specifically lighter, materially assist birds in their flight, and, as some have conjectured, in singing. See ZOOLOGY and ANATOMY, Div. ii.

In fishes they are sometimes popularly called the swimming bladder, and "the sound." They are situated close to the back bone, and are furnished with a strong muscular coat, by which they are dilated or contracted at pleasure. Some fishes have one; others, two or three of these receptacles. Those of the cartilaginous and cetaceous kinds have none. Upon the formation of the air in these visicula, and its specific uses to the animal, various experiments have been made by Dr. Priestley, Dr. Monro, and others; by emitting air out of the bladder it would sometimes seem that fish can regulate their rising or descent in the water, and as it is certain they do not live without air, to be enabled to breathe less frequently by possessing such a reservoir, appears to be the principal design of this provision in

nature. See as above.

AIR-GUN. See PNEUMATICS, Div. ii. AIR-JACKET, a kind of leather jacket, containing bags or bladders of air, to assist a person in swimming. These bags communicate with each other, and are filled by a common pipe, furnished with a stop-cock; the whole apparatus must be well moistened with water before it is used, or the pores of the leather will let the air escape; and then it is placed like the common bladders used on such occasions, under the breast.

AIR-LAMP. See PNEUMATICS, Div. ii.

AIR

AIR-PIPES, are a recent invention for the ventilation of ships by means of the rarefying power of heat. Mr. AIRI Sutton, a brewer of London, having observed the easy method by which a continued stream of air may be produced in the neighbourhood of a fire, from the denser particles being made continually to take the place of those which become rarefied by the heat, proposed to avail himself of the common fires which are kept in vessels for the purpose of purifying them from foul air. If the usual aperture to any fire be closed up in front, and another introduced by the side of the fireplace, it will attract the current of air into that direction; and the coppers or boiling-places of ships are well-known to be placed over two holes, separated by a grate, the one for the fire, the other for the ashes; there is also a flue from the top for the discharge of smoke. Now Mr. Sutton's pipes (as they are sometimes called) are introduced into the ash-place, and carried through the hold to any part of the vessel. The two holes, before alluded to, are closed up by strong iron doors, a continued draught of air supplies the fire, and creates a salutary circulation through any part of the vessel into which the pipes may be directed. They are made either of copper or lead.

AIR-PUMP. See PNEUMATICS, Div. ii.

AIR-SHAFTS, in Mining; holes or shafts let down from the open air to communicate with the adits, and discharge the vapours. The expence of these shafts sometimes exceeds that of working the adit itself; hence various methods have been suggested for obviating the necessity of them. At Mendip, boxes of elm, accurately closed, have been taken down to the depth of twenty fathoms for the supply of fresh air, because the miners are unwilling to sink an air-shaft until they obtain a good vein of ore. See Phil. Trans. No. 5 and No. 39.

AIR-VESSELS, in Hydraulics, metalline cylinders, which are placed between the two forcing pumps in fire-engines. The water is ejected by means of two pipes with valves into this vessel, when the air previously contained in it becomes compressed, and by its elasticity ejects a constant and equal stream into the external pipe. The principle has of late years been applied to various engines for the ejection of water.

AIR-VESSELS, in Botany, certain canals or ducts, which promote absorption and respiration in vegetables. They are found in the trunks, stems, and even in the leaves of plants. Dr. Darwin made interesting experiments upon them which he gives in his Phytologia; see also GREW's Anatomy of Roots, chap. iv.

AIRA, in Botany, a genus of plants; class Triandria, order Digynia.

AIRE, a town of France, in the department of Landes, formerly the capital of Gascony Proper, now the head of a populous canton, in the arrondissement of St. Sever, 27 miles from Pau, and 465 from Paris. It was taken by the Romans in the time of Julius Cæsar, and was thence called Vicus Julii. This town has experienced many changes, having been successively in the hands of the ancient Franks, the Romans, and the Visigoths, by the last of whom it was greatly improved, and strengthened. Alaric II. who was subsequently overthrown by the personal valour of Clovis, king of the Franks, built a castle here; but this with all the other

LINGEN.

AIRE fortifications, suffered very much during the sanguinary conquests between the Arians, the Pagans, and the A Catholics, whose religious wars spread devastation through the fairest portions of France and Italy, until the final establishment of the French monarchy in Gaul. The present population of Aire, including the village of Le Mas, is about 3000 persons. There is another town of this name in France, 13 miles from St. Omer; but, though also the head of a canton, it is not a place of much consequence.

AIRE, or ARE, one of the most considerable rivers in Yorkshire, which rises in the hills of Craven, about six miles N. E. of Settle, and runs with a slow and silent stream by Skipton; then winding to the E. and S. E. and passing the busy town of Leeds, those of Pontefract, Snaith, and Rawcliff, it falls into the Ouse, a little below Armin, near Booth Ferry; having been previously augmented by the Calder, about five miles N.E. of Wakefield. This river, which is navigable to Leeds, is extremely useful in transporting the woollen manufactures through various parts of the county. In the year 1208, King John granted an important charter to the town of Leeds, which seems to prove the river Aire to have been navigable as early as the 12th century. This valuable stream finally empties itself into the Humber, and is thus connected with the North sea on the east; while, communicating with the Leeds and Liverpool canal, it may be said also to connect itself with the Irish sea and St. George's channel, on the

west.

house.

VOL. XVII.

gen, which has a castle and bailiwic, and about 1200 inhabitants.

AISLINGEN.

AISNE, or AINE, a navigable river of France. It. AIX. joins the Oise, near Compeigne, after a course of about 120 miles; and becomes navigable near Chateau-Porcien. Some ineffectual attempts have been made to connect this river, by means of canals, with the Maese. AISNE, or AIN, a department of France, which takes its name from the above river, comprising the ancient districts of Bresse, Bugly, and a part of Burgundy. It contains about 299 square leagues, and is surrounded by the departments of the Loire, the Isere, and the Rhone. It is divided into the arrondissements of Bourg, Nantua, Belley, and Trevoux.

AITONIA, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Monadelphia, order Octandria, to which this name has been given, in honour of the late Mr. Aiton, his Majesty's gardener at Kew.

AJUGA, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Didynamia, order Gymnospermia.

AIÚS LOCUTUS, in Mythology, a divinity or deified voice amongst the Romans, to whom an altar was erected in memory of a supernatural warning of the attack of Rome by the Gauls. A voice is said to have been heard, by a plebeian, issuing from the temple of Vesta, which announced that circumstance; and after they had been repulsed, Camillus erected a temple to the interposing deity, under this name.

AJUTAGE, in Hydrodynamics (ajouter, Fr. to adapt), that part of the mechanical apparatus of a fountain which regulates the direction and shape into which the water is thrown. It generally intends the extreme aperture, or small tube fitted to the aperture of the cistern or pipe; by varying which, different kinds of jet d'eaua are produced from the same spring or source of water. The application of Hydronamics to these ornaments of the garden has been the means of bringing down to us some of the most curious opinions of the ancients on the theory of that science. See HyDRODYNAMICS, Div. ii. Introductory Chapter. modern times, the French have much excelled in their constructions.

In

AIX, a very ancient town of France, formerly the capital of Provence, and now of the department of the Bouches du Rhone, is situated in a plain near the river Arc, about 489 miles from Paris, 48 S. E. of Avignon, and 21 N. of Marseilles. It was founded by the Roman general Caius Sextius Calvinus, B. c. 120, and received the name Aqua Sexta, on account of the numerous medicinal springs in the vicinity. In the most correct maps of the western empire, Aqua Sexta occupies a conspicuous situation near the northern shores of the Mediterranean; several of the Roman baths were discovered here about the year 1704, with various medals and other relics of antiquity; and until 1779, there were three ancient towers in the centre of the town which exhibited traces of some of the best times of Roman architecture. These were at that time barbarously demolished for the purpose of erecting a public building, not yet finished, and some fragments of the columns are to be seen in the walls and ornaments of the hotel de Ville. The few other relics of antiquity with which the town was adorned, have been almost entirely destroyed by the desolating fury of the Revolution.

Aix has, however, always been distinguished in the

history of Provence. The counts of Provence resided here; and the parliament of Aix was frequently celebrated for men both of literary and political eminence. Here was also a Jesuit's college, and a famous university founded in 1409, at which the celebrated Piersec, a native of Aix, studied for some time. A lycee was substituted for these institutions at the revolution. Valuable libraries, both public and private, have thus been accumulated, and the cabinets of the opulent in the town and neighbourhood are said to be very rich in the stores of nature and art. The modern city is handsome and very popalous; it is surrounded by a wall, and has eight gates. The cathedral of St. Sauveur is a noble gothic structure, and has suffered less from the late changes than the other religious edifices. Its gates of sculptured walnut-tree, bearing date about 1504, contain many figures of delicate execution, and are curious altogether as a specimen of art; they are protected by shutters, which are only removed on particular occasions. St. John's, the church of the Magdalene, and of l'Esprit, are also worth notice; as well as the three excellently conducted hospitals near the town, La Charité, La Trinité (for lunatics), and the Hotel Dieu. The palais is an ancient building, occupying an entire side of one of the principal squares, and containing several large halls, at one time used by the parliament and other public bodies. This square, planted with elms, is called the Place des Precheurs, the sides are upwards of 500 feet in length, and there is a handsome jet d'eau in the centre. But the finest quarter of the town is Orbitelle, a favourite and fashionable cours or promenade, 1500 feet long, adorned with rows of elms, making five elegant avenues, and three fountains in the centre. One of them is said to furnish water warm enough for domestic use. This is the principal entrance to the city from Paris, Lyons, and Avignon, and is terminated towards the environs, by a handsome iron gate and palisade.

The waters of Aix have still some celebrity in cutaneous disorders, consumption, rheumatism, &c. and are found in the Fauxbourg of Cordeliers. Some marble baths are preserved with care, and are assumed to be of Roman construction. May is the best time for bathing. The inhabitants carry on a good and an increasing trade in oil, velvet, and silks; wine, brandy, almonds, wool, grain, raisins, and other dried fruits; fish, vermicelli, and hardware of various kinds; so that Aix has been long accounted one of the most flourishing trading towns in all France. According to the last census, the number of inhabitants amounted to nearly 27,000. The environs are very beautiful.

Aix, is also a small ancient town of France, in the department of Upper Vienne. Aix-en-Othe is in the department of the Aube; and Air-d'Anguillon, in the department of the Cher. There is also a small town of the name of Aix, in Savoy, about 12 miles N. of Chamberry, chiefly remarkable for its warm baths, originally constructed by the Emperor Gratian.

AIx is likewise the name of a small island belonging to France, near Rochefort, on the coast of the Aunis. The fort was destroyed in 1757, by the English, under the command of Admiral Knowles, who was sent out for the express purpose of taking this island. The fortifications were afterwards rebuilt, and have since been kept in a respectable state of defence.

AIX-LA-CHAPELLE, a town of Germany, now in

cluded in the Prussian dominions, is situated in N. lat. AIX. 51°, 55', and E. lon. 5°, 54'. Aix-la-Chapelle, once a free imperial city, received its affix of La Chapelle, from a chapel built here to the blessed Virgin, by Charlemagne. Both Caesar and Tacitus mention a town on this spot, as in the possession of the Romans during their invasion of Germany. It was then strongly fortified, and was denominated by the invaders, AquisGranum, Aquæ, and Urbs Aquensis; on account of its celebrated baths. The emperors of Germany were generally crowned here, from the time of Charlemagne (who died and was buried in this city, after having long made it his favourite residence) to the reign of Ferdinand I. brother of Charles V. Since that period, the ceremony of coronation has been performed at Frankfort on the Maine. Frankfort on the Maine. The Emperor Otho being crowned here in 983, built a new palace and church in the city (the cathedral church of Notre Dame), where his tomb is still exhibited, and in which there is a monument to Charlemagne, much admired. Till very lately his sword and belt were also preserved in this city, and the robes and regalia used at the coronation of the emperors. These were kept in the chapel of the convent, where also were a sabre belonging to Charlemagne; a copy of the holy gospels, written upon a blue kind of bark, in characters of gold, and a shrine containing some of the blood of St. Stephen, the protomartyr, several other relics of saints, &c. Most of these valuable deposits were removed during the late political changes on the continent; but the emperor of Austria is said to have transferred the three principal appendages of the chapel to Vienna; i. e. the gospels, Charlemagne's sword, and the shrine above mentioned, as indispensibly necessary to the future coronation of the emperors. The town, however, still retains some of the privileges conferred upon it by its early imperial protector, and is to this day of considerable importance, having long held the second rank among the imperial towns of the circle of Westphalia. In the year 1792, it was taken by the revolutionary forces of France, but was retaken in 1793, and finally again seized by the French, under the command of General Jourdan, in 1794, who defeated Clairfait, near Juliers, and soon made the French masters of Cologne and Bona. It continued to form a part of the French empire, being the capital of the department of the Roër, and head of the arrondissement, till the fall of Bonaparte (upwards of twenty years), when it was ceded to Prussia by the treaty of Vienna. During this period, the bishop and clergy of Aix-la-Chapelle, testified their gratitude to the ci-devant emperor (then first consul), as the restorer of the Gallican church, by an elegant column in the area to the principal entrance of the cathedral, bearing in the inscription, Heroi Bonaparte Reipublica Gallica Primo Consuli, Episcopus Clerusque Aquisgranus Posuerunt, and recording the triumphs of France. The Cossacks, when here, overturned it to get at the coins which were deposited beneath; but the king of Prussia restored it, altering some parts of the inscription dishonourable to Prussia.

This city makes a considerable figure in the history of modern Europe, from the circumstance of its having been the scene of two celebrated treaties of peace between France and Spain, and between the several powers engaged in the war concerning the Austrian succession. The first of these treaties took place in 1688,