AGE. AGEMOGLANS. Christian æra. future age. time of Adam to Moses; the age of the Jewish law, from Moses to Christ; the age of grace, the entire The Jews speak of the third as the Among the poets, we read of the golden, the silver, the brazen, and the iron age. The golden age was a time of innocence and universal harmony. Saturn presided in person over agricultural pursuits; the earth brought forth, almost spontaneously, every comfort of human life, and all things were enjoyed in common. In the silver age, the dignity of human nature and its happiness first began to derline; the brazen age introduced greater moral disorder, which the iron age completed. Virgil has given us one of the finest passages in the Æneid, in describing the first, lib. viii. 315-325. On some ancient monumental inscriptions, the rocky, or stony age, is said to correspond with the brazen age of the Greeks; and the fourth age has been called, amongst the Goths, the ashen age, from the period when their weapons were first made of that wood. The fabulous, or heroic age, is also said, by some ancient historians, to end with the first Olympiad, and the historical age to commence with the building of Rome. The ages of the eastern world, particularly of the Hindoos and the Chinese, partake, of course, of the extravagance of their chronology. The MIDDLE AGE and the DARK AGES, are comparative periods of time, which are limited or extended by different writers, according to the immediate object in their view. Generally the former has been taken to signify the space of time from the reign of Constantine the Great to the taking of Constantinople by the Turks; or from the decline of the Latin, or Western Empire, to that of the Greek, or Eastern. The dark ages extend from the final fall of the Roman empire to the revival of learning at the Reformation. AGE, in the menage, or general management of a horse. See HORSEMANSHIP. years The AGE of neat cattle is indicated by their teeth and horns. The ox, cow, and bull, shed their first fore-teeth at the end of ten months; and in three years all the incisor teeth are shed and replaced. The first set of these are equal, long, and white; the last darker, and less uniform. At the end of three they also shed their horns, which are replaced by more pointed ones than the first, and, continually shooting out, appear to string downwards a set of annular joints or rings, which are easily distinguishable upon the horn, and which added together, reckoning three for the first, will give the age of the animal. The AGE of sheep may be ascertained, with regard to rams and horned sheep, in a similar manner to that of the ox, &c. In the first year, and sometimes at birth, they have horns, to which are added annual rings that will give the age. Sheep generally have, in their second year, two broad teeth before; in their third, four; in their fourth, six broad teeth; and in their fifth, and to old age, eight. The age of goats may be learnt by similar observations on the horns and teeth. AGE, in Law. See INFANT and MARRIAGE. AGEMA, in Ancient History, a body of military in Macedon, which seems to have been formed after the manner of the Roman legion. AGEMOGLANS, or AZAMOG LANS, amongst the Turks, are children obtained by purchase or by war, AGENCY or such as are exacted from the Christians in that em- AGEMO pire, in return for the toleration granted to them by GLANS the Grand Seignior. There are officers who exact this levy with rigour, and not unusually by force. They are careful to select such objects as are the handsomest, and likely to prove most useful to the state, who are circumcised and brought up in the Mahomedan faith. When arrived at years of maturity, those who are able to serve are drafted into the corps of janizaries; and thus, as these turbulent troops are well known to be the real masters of the Grand Seignior himself, the injustice practised on the Christians becomes, in turn, the punishment of those who enforce it. The Agemoglans who, on reaching maturity, prove feeble or disabled, and are rejected from the army, are devoted to the lowest and most servile offices. AGEN, the capital of the modern department of Lot and Garonne, in France. It is seated in a delightful country, on the right bank of the Garonne. The latest accounts of the population state the number of houses to be about 900, and the inhabitants 10,834. It is a bishop's see, and has a cour royale, and a tribunal of commerce. In the reign of Charlemagne there was a celebrated castle here, now sunk into decay. The general appearance of the houses indicate the great antiquity of the town; but the promenade along the borders of the Garonne is much admired for its beauty. The late revolution has left the marks of its devastating character in the destruction of the religious houses which, before that event, gave importance to the place. At present there are only two parishes. This town is about 100 miles from Bourdeaux, and about 408 S. S. E. of Paris. Prior to the late new division of the French provinces into circles and departments, Agen was the capital of the Agenois, in Guienne. It produces corn, wine, brandy, hemp, French plums, and cattle; and has manufactures of sail-cloth, serges, cottons, counterpanes, and braziery. AGENCY MONEY, in military affairs, a certain portion of the pay and allowances of the British army, which is subtracted from it for defraying the expenses of the public business of each regiment. A'GENCY, n. Ago: agens. A'GENT, n. A'GENT, adj. A'GENTSHIP. another. From ayw, to lead; to conduct. Applied particularly to the conduct or management of the affairs of -Shall it be, That you a world of curses undergoe, Shakespeare. Henry IV. act i. sc. iii. Drayton's Barons' Wars. KING. So goodie Agent? and you think there is no punishment due for your agentship? Beaumont and Fletcher. Lover's Progress, act v sc. i. This success is oft truly ascribed unto the force of imagination upon the body agent; and then, by a secondary means, it may upon a diverse body. Bacon's Natural History. It is evident by the universal experience of men, that regular effects are caused by the skill of a designing agent. Bates. On the Existence of God. Nor can I think, that any body has such an idea of chance, as to make it an agent, or really existing and acting cause of any thing, and much less sure of all things. Wollaston's Religion of Nature. NCY. An agent is an acting being, some substance, not a manner of being. ENDI. The moral agency of the supreme Being, who acts only in the ca- HINE. AGENHINE, in Old Law, a guest who had lodged AGENfor three nights at an inn, when he was accounted one of the family, and the master of the house became The responsible for his keeping the king's peace. terms hagenhine and hogenyhne, were synonymous to agenhine. AGENOIS, a district of the province of Guienne, in France, named from the town of Agen; it is twenty nature of justice before there were agents capable of mutual dealings leagues long and ten broad, and forms a portion of the There could not be a human nature before there were men, nor a which might be regulated by the rules of justice. Should God again, As once in Gibeon, interrupt the race Of the undeviating and punctual sun, How would the world admire! but speaks it less His moment when to sink and when to rise? Id. Cowper's Task. AGENT, in Commerce, a term variously applied to the confidential servant of a house, a society, or company. Or sometimes to the procurator, broker, factor, or legal representative of a party or parties. AGENT, in Military affairs, a person in the civil department of the army, through whom all the pecuniary concerns of a regiment are transacted, and who acts between the paymaster-general and the paymaster of the regiment. By the Mutiny Act, he is subject to dismissal from office, and to payment of the fine of 1007. if he detain the pay unduly for the space of a month, and he is obliged to give security to the colonels of regiments, or to the War Office, for the monies he re ceives. AGENT, Navy, a person on shore who manages the pecuniary concerns of the fleet respecting pay, prizes, &c. according to the directions of the parties interested. By an act of the 45th Geo. III. all Agents who received the pay, wages, prize, or bounty money of any petty officers, seamen, or others, shall take out a license from the Navy Pay Office, which is immediately forfeited on any misconduct in the agent. AGENT-VICTUALLER, an officer stationed at a royal port, under the direction of the commissioners for victualling his majesty's navy. He has the superintendence of all necessaries supplied to the fleet, distributes to ships in harbour all provisions, fuel, lights, turnery wares, lanterns, &c. receives back into certain storehouses, what may be returned at the expiration of a voyage; and furnishes to the purser what is called necessary money, for the supply of such articles while abroad. AGENTES IN REBUS, in Eastern Antiquities, a certain rank or office in the court of the Eastern or Con stantinopolitan emperors. It appears to have corresponded partly with our office of commissariat, but that additional duties were required. The Agent not only supplied the camp, but also the court with corn, and expedited generally all intelligence respecting the state of the country, &c. AGENDA (from agere, to do, or act), is generally applied, by church writers, to signify things necessary to be performed in the church service; such as morning and evening prayer. Sometimes it is opposed to credenda, things to be believed. Agenda is also applied to certain books of the church, and is synonymous to the ritual, liturgy, missal, formulary, &c. AGENDICUM, in Ancient Geography, a town of Gaul (now Sens), the capital of the Senones, according to Cæsar. VOL. XVII. department of the Garonne and Lot. AGENORIA, in Ancient Mythology, from aynywp, fortis, the goddess of industry and courage. Also an epithet of the goddess of silence. AGER, in Roman Antiquities, a measure of land equal to 1 English acre. On the expulsion of the kings, 34 agri were assigned to a plebeian. It is also a term used with various epithets for different portions of public or private lands; as ager vectigalis publicus; ager vectigalis privatus, &c. AGER, a small town of Catalonia, in Spain; a small island, belonging to Denmark, in the Baltic, E. lon. 110, 31'. N. lat. 54°, 37'.; and a river of Austria, running into the Traun. AGERATUM, in Botany, bastard hemp-agrimony; class Syngenesia, order Polygamia Equalis. AGERATUS LAPIS, (from ageratus, belonging to a common field), the cordwainer's lapstone, which was sometimes used, when ground, as an astringent powder in the materia medica of the ancients. AGETORION, AGETORIA, in Grecian Antiquities, obscure feasts, mentioned by Hesychius, without stating the deity in whose honour they were celebrated. Potter thinks they belonged to Apollo, and might be synonymous with the Κάρνεια of the Lacedemonians, Αγητής being the name of the person consecrated to the god at that feast. AGEUSTIA (a priv. and yɛvw, to taste), a deprivation of the sense of taste, ranked by Cullen in the class Locales, order Dysesthesia. AGGADA, in Jewish Antiquities, certain ingenious tales, or stories, which abound in the Talmud. AGGELA'TION, n. Lat. Gelu. Ice. Ice receiveth its figure according unto the surface wherein it concreteth, or the circumambiency which conformeth it. So it is plain upon the surface of water, but round in hayl and figured in its guttulous descent from the ayr, and so growing greater or lesser according unto the accretion or pluvious aggelation about the mother Brown's Vulgar Errours. and fundamental atomes thereof. AGGENERATION, n. Ad: genero: genus: yivoμai, to be. To make a perfect nutrition into the body nourished, there is required a transmutation of the nutriment; now where this conversion or aggeneration is made, there is also required in the aliment a faBrown's Vulgar Errours. miliarity of matter. AGGER, in Antiquity, was a mount or bank raised for the purpose of strengthening a city against the attack of an enemy, or of carrying on a siege. When Servius Tullius enlarged Rome, LIvy, b. i. c. 44, says he fortified it with an agger. But this work was most frequently an erection of the moment, raised by the besiegers from the inner line drawn round the city, and composed of earth, strengthened with hurdles and stakes, if there were a sufficiency of these to be obtained; otherany binding material was used. They were carried up till they rose above the walls, so that the inhabitants were exposed to the showers of stones and missile weapons of every kind, which the soldiers stationed in wise 2 E AGGER. MERATE. AGGER. the towers poured from their engines into the place. Being made partly of combustible matter, they were AGGLO- often set on fire by the inhabitants. This occurred to Cæsar in his operations against Marseilles, and as all the trees about the city were already cut down, he was under the necessity of raising another agger of brick walls, which he describes as quite new. CESAR. de Bel. Civ. l. ii. c. 15. They were often of great height and bulk, as that which Cæsar raised against Avaricum, in Gaul, which was 330 feet broad at the base, and 80 feet high. Florus mentions a horrible expedient used by this general, who besieging the town of Munda, in Spain, whither the enemy had fled after an obstinate battle, collected the bodies of the slain to raise the mount with. Works of this kind were also employed to protect an army when encamped. The wall of Severus, in the north of England, may be regarded as a grand agger, to which several smaller ones are attached. AGGERHOUD, or AGGERHOUT, in Ancient Geography, a town at the extremity of the Red Sea, two leagues from Suez. It is remarkable for being the terminating point of the canal of Necos and Ptolemy Philadelphus, for uniting the Red Sea with the Nile. AGGERHUUS, or CHRISTIANA, the most important of the four governments, or bishoprics of Norway. Christiana, the capital of this part of the united kingdom of Sweden and Norway, is seated about thirty English miles from the sea, in an extensive and pleasant valley, and is reckoned one of the handsomest towns in the country. It has, during the last thirty or forty years, been in a rapid state of improvement; and at present contains a population of upwards of 400,000 persons. See CHRISTIANA. The timber for the building of ships, &c. which grows in great plenty in this district, has long been a source of great wealth to the government; as have also the silver mines of Kongsberg and Stroemsoe, particularly the former, which are in the heart of the country. There are also in the neighbourhood some rich mines of iron and copper; and loadstones and alum are found here in considerable quantities. On the western side of the gulf of Christiana, and at the distance of about three miles from the town, is the strong fortress of Aggerhuus, which also gives name to a neighbouring bailiwick. The castle and fortress have been frequently subject to severe sieges by the Swedes, to whom, as above intimated, they have lately been conceded. AGGERSHOE, a Danish island in the Great Belt, E. lon. 11°, 12'. N. lat. 55°, 12′. AGGI, a river of Persia, which flows into the Arras, near Chambe. } AGGLOM'ERATE, v. Ad: glomero: glomus: To Besides, the hard agglomerating salts, Thomson's Autumn. Worlds! systems! and creations!--And creations, He seeks a favour'd spot; that where he builds AGGRACE', v. AGGRACE, n. AGGRATE. Ad: gratia; To treat with favour or kindness. Suffice, that I have done my due in place. Spenser's Faerie Queene, book ii. c. viii. Faire Vanagan Fidelia faire request And opened his dull eyes, that light mote in them shine. But now in stedfast love and happy state AG'GRANDIZE, v. AG'GRANDIZEMENT. grain; which etymon he illustrates by the application of Grandis, to fruges, frumenta; i. e. to the whole product or accumulation of grain. To accumulate into large heaps; to enlarge, to magnify, to augment. We are not always certain, who are good, who wicked. If we trust to fame and reports, these may proceed, on the one hand, from partial friendship, or flattery; on the other, from ill-natured surfrom small matters aggrandized. mises and constructions of things, envy, or malice; and on either, Wollaston's Religion of Nature. Let the small savage boast his silver fur; Young's Night Thoughts. AGGE VATE Cowper's Task. AGGREGE'. Chesterfield. Letter clix. Ad: gravis, heavy: perhaps (says Vossius) geravis from gerendo. And therfore a vengeaunce is not warished by another vengeaunce, ne a wrong by another wrong, but everich of hem encreseth aud aggreggeth other. Chaucer. The Tale of Melibeus, vol. ii. p. 97. With thir wourdis Turnus to ouer charge, Douglas. Book xi. p. 374. Some tyme a thynge righte well entended and mis-construed hath been turned to the worse, or a small displeasure doen to you, either by youre owne affection, either by instigacion of euill tongues hath been sore aggrauate. Hall, p. 344. I doubte not that here be many presente that either in theimselues or their nigh frendes, as well their goodes as their persones were greately endaungered either by fained querels or small matters aggrauated with heinous names. Id. p. 369. Mos. O, but before, sir; had you heard him, first, Ben Jonson, act ii. sc. 2. Every man, saith Seneca, thinks his own burthen the heaviest; and a melancholy man, above all others, complains most weariness of life, abhorring all company and light, fear, sorrow, suspicion, anguish of mind, bashfulness, and those other dread symptoms of body and mind, must needs aggravate this misery. Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. To lessen or extenuate my offence, Milton. Samson Agonistes, Prior's Solomon. For, seeing the church is a society of men, whereof every one AGGRE(according to the doctrine of the Romish church) hath free-will in GATE. believing, it follows, that the whole aggregate hath free-will in believing. Chillingworth's Religion of Protestants a safe Way to Salvation. All these cubical and pyramidal corpuscula of the fire and earth are in themselves so small, that by reason of their parvitude, none of them can be perceived singly and alone, but only the aggregations of many of them together. Cudworth's Intellectual System. Spelman. In the disjunctive, and not the aggregative sense. Penottus speaks of an excellent balm out of Aponensis, which, taken to the quantity of three drops in a cup of wine, will cause a sudden alteration, drive away dumps, and chear up the heart. Ant. Guianerius, in his antidotary, hath many such. Jacobus de Dondis, the aggregator, repeats ambergreese, nutmegs, and all-spice amongst the rest. Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. Some are modest, and hide their virtues; others hypocritical, and conceal their vices under shews of sanctity, good nature, or something that is specious. So that it is many times hard to discern, to which of the two sorts, the good or the bad, a man ought to be aggregated. Wollaston's Religion of Nature. Put yourself upon analysing one of these words [virtue, liberty, or honour], and you must reduce it from one set of general words to another, and then into the simple abstracts and aggregates. Burke. On the Sublime and Beautiful. Corporations aggregate consist of many persons united together into one society, and are kept up by a perpetual succession of meinbers, so as to continue for ever. Blackstone's Commentaries. Many little things, though separately they seem too insignificant to mention, yet aggregately are too material for me to omit. Chesterfield's Letters. AGGREGATE FLOWERS, in Botany, are flowers which are incorporated by means of the calyx or the receptacle; or that are composed of distinct parts or florets thus united. AGGREGATE, in Chemistry. See CHEMISTRY. Div. ii. AGGRES'SOR. Ad: gredior, gressus: to step to. To march or advance against; as foe against foe, and thus applied to the commencement of a quarrel;-to the first attack. Leagues offensive, and defensive, which oblige the princes not only to mutual defence, but also to be assisting to each other in their military aggresses upon others. Hale's Hist. of the Pleas of the Crown. Prior's Ode to Queen Anne. Self-preservation requires all men not only barely to defend themselves against aggressors, but many times also to prosecute such, and only such, as are wicked and dangerous. Wollaston's Religion of Nature. As the public crime is not otherwise avenged than by forfeiture of life and property, it is impossible afterwards to make any reparation for the private wrong: which can only be had from the body or Blackstone's Commentaries. goods of the aggressor. Agrever, Fr. Agravar, It. Gravis, Lat. heavy. AGGRIEVE', v. I AGGRIEVANCE. To bear heavy upon, to weigh down, depress; with sorrow or affliction. Grete was pat linage & many to pam cheued, AGGRIEVE. And thys pacyfyer aggrieueth the cleargye of England, for vse of the lawes not made by themself, but be common lawes of al chrystendome. Sir T. More's Works, p. 1015, col. 2. I saw alas! the gaping earth devour Spenser. The aggrieved person shall do more manly, to be extraordinary and singular in claiming the due right whereof he is frustrated, than to piece up his lost contentment by visiting the stews, or stepping to his neighbour's bed. Milton. On the Doctrine and Discipline of Divorce. AGGROUP', or GROUP. See GROUP. Bodies of various natures, which are aggrouped, or continued together, are agreeable and pleasant to the sight. Dryden. AGHABOE, a very ancient parish of Queen's County, Ireland; chiefly remarkable for the ruins of a Dominican monastery, generally supposed to have been erected about the middle of the 14th century, though some antiquaries assign the year 1052 as the date of its foundation. The town is mentioned as early as the year 680, under the name of Achebban, or "the field of the ox." It became the see of a bishop; but was transferred to that of Kilkenny, about the commencement of the 13th century. It is supposed to contain about 4361 inhabitants. AGHRIM, a village of the county of Galway, in Ireland; memorable in English history for a most decisive battle, fought in the neighbourhood between the forces of William III. under General Ginckel, and those of James II. commanded by the French general St. Ruth. Ginckel having put Athlone in a posture of defence, and St. Ruth having posted himself very advantageously in Aghrim, it was resolved, at a council of war, to attack the Stuart forces, on Sunday the 12th of July, 1691. St. Ruth commanded 28,000 men, while Ginckel's force did not exceed 20,000. The French general extended his line along a rising and uneven ground in this neighbourhood, intersected with banks and ditches, but joined by lines of communication, and fronted by a large bog, which was almost impassable; his right was fortified with entrenchments; and his left secured by the castle of Aghrim. Notwithstanding these great advantages, the forces of Ginckel, crossed the bog, and made a desperate attack on the enemy; though repulsed for a time with great loss, they compelled the Irish finally to give way, and soon recovered their ground. In the sequel, St. Ruth was shot by a cannon ball, and victory was soon afterwards decided in favour of the English. Aghrim is now in a poor and decayed condition. It is AGHE about 28 miles E. of Galway, and 75 miles distant from Dublin. AGIADES, in the Turkish armies, according to Du Cange, those whose duty it is to clear the road, and to fortify camps; they seem to be a rude mixture of our pioneers, and engineers. A'GILE, adj. AGILITY. Ago: agilis: able to act. Able to act-with readiness, to move with quickness, nimbleness. Yet God hathe suffered theym [the fiendes] to keepe their gyftes of nature styll, as wytte, bewtye, strengthe, agylytie, and suche other lyke. Sir T. More's Works, p. 863, col. 2. For the sauegarde and preseruacion of his awne body, he cōstituted & ordeyned a certayne nombre as well of good archers as of diuerse other persons being hardy, strong and of agilitie to geue dailye attendance on his person, whome he named yomen of his garde. Hall, p. 425. He [the thief] was pursued close by a fierce mastiff dog, and was forced to save himself by leaping over a hedge, which being of an agile body he effected. Bacon's Apophthegms. If the shadows of some trees be noxious; if torpedoes deliver their opium at a distance, and stupifie beyond themselves, we cannot reasonably deny that there may proceed from subtler seeds more agile emanations. Brown's Vulgar Errours. Once more, I said, once more I will inquire, Prior's Solomon. He that before wholly attended upon his body to make it excel in strength or agility, that he might contend victoriously in the olympic games, then made it his business to improve and advance his soul in knowledge and virtue. Bates, on the Immortality of the Soul. First he bids spread Dry fern or litter'd hay, that may imbibe Cowper's Task. From the full fork, the saturated straw. AGILLARIUS, in English Law, an ancient name for a keeper of cattle in a common field. There were two sorts; one of the town or village, the other of the lord of the manor. AGILT, r. a verb formed upon the past part. vigled, gu'iled, guil'd, guilt. See BEGUIle. To practise any cheat, imposture, or injustice: any sin or wickedness. Awey! Awey! we synuol men, alas! oure wrecchede þat we abbyp pus God agult mýd moný synual dede We and oure elderne ek. R. Gloucester, p. 252. Thus moche wol I say, that when thou prayest, that God shuld foryove thee thy giltes as thou foryevest hem that have agilted thee, be well ware that thou be not out of charitee. Chaucer. The Persones Tale, vol. ii. p. 385. AGINCOURT or AZINCOUR, a small village, in the department of the Pas-de-Calais, France; formerly a portion of the province of Artois. It is about seven miles north of Hesdin, and eleven east of Montreuil. The town has nothing to recommend it to modern notice but its memorable connection with the victory which our Henry V. gained over the French on the 25th of Oct. 1415, in the plains adjoining. The English forces AGI COUR |