AFRICA. and open their long promised schools (this has been. before explained) for instruction in the native languages; then indeed the captured negroes might be returned with safety to their families, their friends, and their country; but if the negroes are suffered to lose their own language, in an attempt to acquire ours, and are devoid of every knowledge of the arts, useful to society, they can bestow no benefit to their country, and would render our protection discreditable. Only select the natives of any particular part of Africa, instruct them in some useful art, appropriate to the country into which they are destined to return, enable them to retain or acquire the language of the kingdom for whose improvement they are intended; such as the Jalofes, the Foulahs, the Bambaras, the Mandingoes, the Soosos, the Ecos, the Ashantes, the Dahoumes, the Congos, then shall we render them valuable to Africa. Governor Macarthy would have the natives arranged into distinct classes for such useful purposes, and nothing more could be required, but that the African Institution should proceed in their various other plans for the civilization of that continent. AFT. "A few captured negroes have been apprenticed AFRICA. by government; but many should be instructed in various trades, as masons, carpenters, smiths, potters, tilers, weavers, &c. &c. Their great ingenuity is evident in their manufactures, in making trinkets, musical instruments, assaying metals, carving on horn, ivory, &c. Agricultural improvements are of the most essential importance, and implements greatly wanted for cultivating rice, Guinea corn, cotton, &c. If acute boys were selected and apprenticed in England to different trades, it would render their return to Africa a most valuable acquisition. A jewel of the finest water requires polish; a black diamond may demand a little more to produce its lustre. All this must induce favour and protection from the chiefs to the captured negroes; besides such zeal for their improvement would generate a confidence in white men, and convince the natives that England was sincere in her professions and promises to render service to Africa, from her natural love of justice, disinterested humanity, and general philanthropy; all this belongs to the original plan of the Institution." THORPE's View of the Increase of the Slave Trade, p. 111-113, (1818.) AFRICTA, or AFFRICTA, a kind of sacred wafer used, according to Arnobius, in the ancient sacrifices. AFRONT. In front. AFSLAGERS, a sort of brokers or auctioneers, authorized by the burgomasters of Amsterdam to preside at the public sales in that city. They are also called vendic meester. AFT', AFT'ER, prep. AFTER, adv. AFT'EREYE, Goth Aftaro. AS. Æfter. supposed by Tooke to be the comparative of the noun Aft (AS. Er). Hind, Aft and Back have the same meaning. Tooke, i. 444. After, is much used in composition, but without effecting anychange in the usage of the component words. Aftereye, is used as a verb by Shakespeare. To eye or look after. AFTERWARDS. After, is applied to succession in order of time; in order of place: and metaphorically to the desires and pursuits of the mind. In pe vyf hondred ger of Grace Seynt Austyn hyder com pis emperour August was of so gret fame, Id. P. 61. And saw the fox toward the wode is gon And bare upon his back the cok away. They crieden, out! harow and wala wa! Aha the fox! and after him they ran And eke with staves many another man. Chaucer. Nonnes Preestes Tale, v. ii. p. 196. Therfore kepe ye and do ye alle thingis, whatever thingis, thei seyen to you: but nyle ye do aftir hir werkis; for thei scien and do not. Wiclif. Matt. ch. xxiii. All therfore whatsoeuer they bid you obserue, that obserue and do: but do not ye after their workes: for they saye, and do not. Bible, 1539. Id. O ye sonnes of men, how longe wyll ye blaspheme myne honour? ad haue soch pleasure in vany te, and seke after lesyng? Id. Ps. iv. Help pi kynne Crist bit. for per by gynnep charite And afterwarde awhaite, hoo hap moost neede And per help yf pou hast. Vision of Piers Plouhman, p. 288. If we consider the pastoral period before learning, we shall find it unpolished; if after, we shall find it unpleasant. PISA. IMO. Sidney's Criticism on Pastoral Writing. The decke, with gloue, or hat, or handkerchife, Could best express, how slow his soule sayl❜d on, Thou should's have made him As little as a crow, or lesse, ere left To after-eye him. Shakespeare. Cymbeline, act i. To after-age thou shalt be writ the man That with smooth air could'st humour well our tongue. Milton. Son. xiii. Moses erected vp the brasen serpente in the wilderness: yet not to be adoured with godly honoure, as it followed afterwarde. Jewel's Defence of the Apologie of the Church of Englande. If our mind thirsts after, and sucks in greedily sensual pleasures, we shall not relish spiritual delights, attending the practice of virtue and piety, or arising from good conscience. Barrow's Sermons. The men that formed the Royal Society in London, were, Sir Robert Murray, the Lord Brounker, a profound mathematician; and Doctor Ward, soon after promoted to Exeter, and afterwards removed to Salisbury. Burnet's Own Times. Is it a new thing for a scholar to make such a progress in learning, as to be able afterward to teach the master, from whom he received his first rudiments. Wollaston's Religion of Nature. When o'er the ship, in undulation vast, A giant surge, down rushes from on high, And fore and aft, the severed ruins lie. Falconer's Shipwreck. The virtuous and humble inquirer, who studies to conduct his understanding with impartial care first, and his life with inoffensive sincerity afterwards, may surely comfort himself with pleasing expectations of acceptance after death. Secker's Sermons. In after ages it [Carlisle] had its share successively in the history of Saxons, Danes, and Scots; and during the revolutions of these several nations, was the scene of every vicissitude of war. Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. AFT, a naval term for the hinder part of a ship, or that which is nearest the stern. AFTER-BIRTH, AFTER-PAINS. AFTERMATH, in Husbandry, the aftergrass, or second crop of grass after the first mowing; or that which springs up after corn. AFTERSWARM, a second or posterior swarm of bees, who commonly leave the hive about fourteen days after the first swarm. The AFWESTADT, or AVESTAD, a town of Sweden Proper, in the province of Dalecarlia, chiefly remarkable for the copper mines of Fahlun, near which it stands. These mines have been worked nearly 1000 years, and are sunk to the depth of 1100 feet. copper is not formed in regular strata, or what the miners call loads, but in vast irregular masses. The mine is the property of the crown of Sweden, and has proved a valuable source of public revenue. It was at one time the practice to issue from this place a small copper currency; but, we believe, none of this coin is now in circulation. The place is entirely supported by the copper-works, and has the resemblance of a busy town; having a church, and a regular post-house, connected with the government. AGA, a Turkish officer; the term originally signifying a great lord or counsellor. Thus the Aga of the Janizaries is their commander or captain; and this officer is allowed to attend the court of the Grand Signior, without placing himself in the posture of devotion or of a slave. The title Aga is given by courtesy to some other distinguished personages among the Turks; but there is an authorized Aga or captain of the seraglio. In Tartary and Algiers we also find this title among the military, and those who are in command of large towns or garrisons. Ac AGADES, a considerable town in the interior of Africa, and situate near the eastern borders of Sahara, or The Great Desert. Geographers differ very much respecting the precise situation of this place. cording to the report of the African Association for 1792, it is one of the cities of Cashna; but we have adopted the authority of Major Rennell's map of North Africa, as being the one, we believe, generally admitted. It is a place of some trade, particularly in the carriage of salt found near the lake of Domboo. There are several mountainous districts in this neighbourhood, in which senna, of a very excellent quality, grows in abundance; but, like all the other towns in the deserts, Agades is thinly populated, and is used principally by the caravans in passing from one part to another of this continent. It is represented by Hornemann as the capital of an independent state called Asben; and appears to be the centre of the eastern traffic of the interior, as Tombuctoo is of the western. AGADE, one of the Fox or Aleutian islands, in the northern Pacific ocean. AGAGEER, a name applied to the elephant and rhinoceros hunters in Abyssinia. The word is formed from Agar, to hough or hamstring. These hunters live constantly in the woods, and feed only upon the flesh of the game which they may have the good fortune to kill. Against, in Sax.-Ongegen, appears to be lost. (v. AGA Tooke, i. 423.) Again; turn again, i. e. turn to meet; to oppose; return. Do this again; i. e. to meet, a new demand, a new emergency; to act, and continue to act in return; to persist in meeting, or opposing; and hence the application to frequent repetitions. Toward hys fon with hem alle with god herte he drow, R. Gloucester, p. 36. Sir, said kyng Guyon, turne ageyn, I rede, R. Brunne, p. 191. R. Brunne, p. 17. And therfore is I come, and eke Alein To grind our corn, and cary it home agein : pray you spede us heuen that ye may. I Chaucer. The Reves Tale, vol. i. p. 159. And Tullius sayth, that no sorwe, ne no drede of deth, ne nothing encrese his owen profite, to harme of another man. that may falle unto a man, is so muchel ageins nature, as a man to Id. Tale of Melibeus, vol. ii. p. 116. And Custance han they taken anon fote-hot, Id. Man of Lawes Tale, vol. i. p. 195. Not yeldinge yuel for yuel, neither cursyng for cursyng, but agenward blessynge. Wiclif. Peter i. c. iii. For I schal gyue to you mouth and wisdom to whiche all youre aduersaries schulen not mowe agenstonde and agenseye. All that day she out-wore in wondering, Id. Luke, c. xxi. Spenser. Faerie Queene, book iii. c. xii. Those, which burned with the fire of lust, are now consumed with the fire of vengeance: they sinned against nature; and now against the course of nature, fire descends from heaven, and consumes them. Hall's Contemplations. The gloves of an otter are the best fortification for your hands Possesses thee to bend that mortal dart Milton, P. L. book ii. When there is no particular reason for the contrary, what has oftnest happen'd, may from experience most reasonably be expected to happen again. Wollaston's Religion of Nature. The preachers thundered in their pulpits against all that did the work of the Lord deceitfully; and cried out against all that were for moderate proceedings, as guilty of the blood that had been shed. Burnet's Own Times. Milton had appeared so boldly, though with much wit and great purity and elegance of style, against Salmasius and others, upon that argument of putting the king to death, and had discovered such violence against the late king and all the royal family, and against monarchy, that it was thought a strange omission if he was forgot, and an odd strain of clemency, if it was intended he should be forgiven. Aspiring to be gods, if angels fell, And who but wishes to invert the laws Id. Pope's Essay on Man. Is yonder wave the sun's eternal bed? Beattie. Minstrel, book i. IN. The wisest way that can be taken in the nature of things for de- AGALACTIA, AGALAXY (a priv. and yata, milk), terms sometimes used in our old writers for a deficiency of milk after child-birth. AGALACTOUS (as above), destitute of milk. AGALLOCHUM, the aromatic aloe of the East Indies, the produce of the Linnean Excæcaria. AGALMA, AGALMATA, in Ancient History, terms first applied to any ornament upon a statue, or within the heathen temples; but afterwards, to the temple or statue itself, as well as to representations of them on seals. AG'AME. In Game. See GAME. For by my trouth, I say it not in game Chaucer. The Third Booke of Troilus, fol. 170. col. ii. I am right glad with you to dwellen here I said but agame I would go I wis graunt inercy nece (qd. he) tho Were it agame or no, soth to tell Now am I glad, sens that you list to dwell. Id. AGAMENTICUS, a mountain in North America, about eight miles from York harbour. It serves as a land-mark to seamen making for Pascataqua bay, which supplies the waters of Agamenticus river, in which small vessels can enter. The mountain affords one of the most pleasing prospects in this part of America. The summit is covered with pasture, and the acclivities abound with wood and shrubs of various kinds. lat. 43°, 16'. W. lon. 70°, 39'. is of opinion that these feasts are also intended in the AGAPE. In Pliny's letters to Trajan, he speaks of a "pro- AGANA, a town of Guam, one of the Ladrone islands, where, in 1520, the celebrated Spanish navigator, Ferdinand Magellan, lost his life, either in fight or by the hands of his own men, over whom he is represented as exercising the most arbitrary authority. The town is now become of some consequence. The private houses for the most part, are constructed of wood, and stand on large piles, the ends of which project about a yard above the surface of the ground. The streets are straight and regular, and the public buildings are of brick. There is a church, two or three convents, and a college, originally founded for the instruction of the native Indians in the principles of the Roman Catholic religion. In the neighbourhood of the town are several fine gardens, and there are capacious barracks, with a very large and commodious government house, and a royal magazine. AGANIPPE, in ancient geography, a fountain in Boeotia, rising at the foot of Mount Helicon. It is said, by Pausanias, to have been so called from the nymph Aganippe, whose father gave his name to the river Permessus, into which this fountain ran. It was sacred to the Muses. This fountain is also called the Hyantean and Aonian fountain, Hyanthis and Aonia being ancient names of Boeotia. Ovid's Metam. b. 5, v. 312. Virg. Ecl. 10, v. 12. Ovid in his Faste. b. 5, v. 7, seems to confound Hippocrene and Aganippe, but this is considered a poetical license by Solinus. AGANIPPIDES, in ancient mythology, an epithet of the Muses, derived from the fountain Aganippe. AGAPE, (ayarn, love, or friendship) in Ecclesiastical History, certain primitive feasts of the Christians, to which allusion is supposed to have been made by St. Jude, v. 12, and St. Peter, 2 Epist. ii. 13. Calmet Some modern sects have attempted to revive this primitive custom; amongst whom are the Wesleyan. Methodists and the Sandemanians, or Glassites; the latter partake of a frugal repast together every Sabbath, either in an apartment adjoining to their place of worship, or at some contiguous private dwelling belonging to their members, every one of whom is expected to attend; and they conclude with the kiss of charity. The Methodists hold their love-feasts once every quarter of a year. The members of the society are admitted by tickets, which are occasionally, but not frequently, granted to strangers. They commence the feast in a similar manner to their public worship, afterwards some small pieces of bread, and some water AGAPE. are handed round; what they call conversation upon their Christian experience then freely takes place; and the meeting is terminated by singing and prayer. AGAST. AGAPETE, in Ecclesiastical History, certain young women and widows who devoted themselves to attend upon the ministers of the primitive churches. Sometimes they were the deaconnesses of the societies, and took up their abode with ecclesiastics. St. Paul is careful to specify that he was attended by none of these companions, 1 Cor. ix. 5 and 15 compared, and it was an effort of Christian zeal which soon fell into abuse and disrepute. AGAPANTHUS, in Botany, a genus of plants, order Monogynia, class Hexandria. AGAPE'. See GAPE. More solemn than the tedious pomp that waits Of horses led, and grooms besmear'd with gold, Milton. P. L. book v. AGAR, in Ancient Geography, a town of Africa (now Boo-Hadjar, i. e. a stony town), one of Cæsar's stations, five leagues from Thapsus. AGARIC, AGARICUM, AGARICUS, in Botany, a genus of plants, order Fungi, class Cryptogamia. AGARIC, in Mineralogy, a sort of earth or marl, which is sometimes used in pharmacy as an astringent, in fluxes, or violent hæmorrhages. It is formed in the openings of rocks and on the roofs of caves. AGAST', adj. AGAZE', AGAZED'. AS. Lerean, to see, to look at. Tooke inclines to the Gothic Agyan, timere; past participle Agids, territus, terrified; which might become Agidst, or Agisd, Agist, Agast. But the constant application of the word to that, which is gazed, agazed upon with terror or consternation, seems sufficiently to account for the entire restriction of it to denote a degree of terror. So com a tempest wilde, his schip had alle ouer ronnen. R. Brunne, p. 124. Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, vol. i. p. 93. For wele I feele in my degree, Gower. Con. A. book vi. Vision of Peirs Ploughman, p. 381. Halding bakwart ilk futestep we had gane, Lukand and serchand about me as I mycht: The vgsumnes and silence of the nycht In euery place my sprete made sare agast. Douglas. Book ii. p. 63, Æneid. The silence selfe of night agast my sprite. Surrey. Id. Chaucer. The Legend of Good Women, fol. 203, c. ii. But him (according as they had decreed) Spenser. Faerie Queene, book vii. c. vi. Id. Book iii. c. xii. Thus roving on In confus'd march forlorn, the adventurous bands Shakespeare. Henry VI. act i. sc. ii. In the first week of the reign of King Edward the Sixth, whilst most men's minds stood at a gaze, Master Harley, in the parish church of Saint Peter's in Oxford, in a solemn Lent sermon, publiquely preached antipal doctrine, and powerfully pressed justification by faith alone. Fuller's Worthies, in Buckinghamshire. Loud was the noise, aghast was every guest, Dryden. Theodore & Honoria. Stout Glo'ster stood aghast in speechless trance: To arms! cried Mortimer, and couch'd his quivering lance. Gray's Bard. AGASUS, in Ancient Geography, a harbour on the coast of Apulia. AGASYLLIS, AGASYLUS, (ayaoμai, to be wonderful) in the Ancient Materia Medica, a name sometimes given to gum ammoniac. AGATA, St. a town of Calabria Ultra, in Naples, six miles from Reggio, situated on the Appenines, and possessing great natural strength. It is the head of a principality. Also the name of a coast-town in the province of Capitanata. AGATE, ACHATES, in Mineralogy, a compound mineral, supposed to have been called by the latter name, among the ancients, from the river Achates in Sicily, where it is said to have been first found. For its structure, see MINERALOGY, Div. ii. The name is frequently transferred to gems and instruments made of this stone. AGATHA, St. the name of two small towns in Italy, in the Papal states. AGATHODEMON, in Mythology, (from ayabor good, and dawr a beneficent genius, or demon). It was applied by ancient writers to various animals and figures of animals in Egypt and Greece, to whom a tutelary power was attributed, such as the Nile and its symbols, serpents, &c. AGATHYRSIANS, in Ancient History, a people who inhabited certain parts of Scythia. Herodotus says they possessed great riches, and practised the singular custom of possessing their women in common, which, it is alleged, formed an additional ground of attachment between the men, and prevented the effects AGAS AGA THYE SLAN AGATHOPHYLLUM, in Botany, a genus of plants, order of Monogynia, class Dodecandria. AGATHO, one of the Aleutian islands, distant from Attoo, the principal one, about 20 miles. It is about sixteen miles long, and has a lofty mountain in the centre. E. long. 175°. N. lat. 529, 30'. AGATHYRNA, or AGATHYRSA, in Ancient Geography, a town of Sicily, on the northern coast, lying east of Messina, (Strabo, b. 6); built, according to Diodorus Siculus, by Agathyrnus, son of Eolus. It was situated on an eminence near the mouth of a river, now the Figura, running into the Tuscan Sea. Its name is now St. Marco, or, according to D'Anville, Agati. When the Carthagenians were driven from the island of Sicily, the Roman general carried from this place 4000 men of desperate character, whom he thought it unsafe to leave behind. Livy, b. xxvi. c. 40. AGAVE, in Botany, a genus of plants, class Hexandria, order Monogynia. AGDE, anciently called AGATHA, a very old and populous town of France, in the late province of Lan with fear and reverence, not with wit and dalliance. The dangerous Happy and innocent were the ages of our forefathers, who ate sooner. Bacon's Essay on Youth and Age. Near this my muse, what most delights her, sees Bold sons of earth, that thrust their arms so high, guedoc, and the department of Herault, arrondissement of aged men amount but to this, that more might have been done, or The ancient Agatha was an island; but the land which has accumulated at the mouth of the river Herault, has now joined it to the main land; and here are grown considerable quantities of corn. The neighbour hood also produces wine and oil, with a manufacture of silk, and some fine wool. There were at one time several volcanoes in the vicinity, but they are now extinguished. The town is, in great part, built and paved with the hard, black lava which once issued from what is now called the Rock of Agde. AGDENAS, a peninsula and bay of Norway, in the gulf of Drontheim. AGEA, a town of Persia, in the province of Irak, 35 leagues east of Ispahan. AGELASTE, in Antiquities (from a, priv. and yɛλazw, to laugh), a celebrated stone near Eleusis, in Attica, on which Ceres sat when oppressed with grief for the loss of Proserpine. AGE' n. A'GED, AGEDLY. Of uncertain etymology. Perhaps originally applied to time, past, gone, agone. AS. Agan, preteritus, exactus. And then generally, to all time. Fro be by gynnyng of be world, to be tyme þat now is, With him ther was his sone a yonge, squier p. 9. Waller's St. James's Park. Whereas man after decrepit age never renews his youth, a country is the work of ages, must be liable, as it has been and will be, to Ancient learning may be distinguished into three periods. Its Goldsmith. On the present State of Polite Learning We build with what we deem eternal rock: Cowper's Task. |