FFIRM. Yet is it not eueu so, so fieble as his owne, where he argueth in the Believing it the word of God, he must of necessity believe it AFFLA TUS. exceptions. It does not extend to evidence in any AFFIRM. tongue. Which if any man for a while shall believe upon his expe- particles expressive of consent or approbation, such as rience, he may at his leasure refute it by his own. Brown's Vulgar Errours. The common opinion of the Oestridge, struthiocamelus or sparrow camel conceives that it digesteth iron, and this is confirmed by the affirmations of many. ld. CLOWN. They [my friends] praise me, and make an asse of me, now my foes tell me plainly, I am an asse: that by my foes, Sir, I profit in the knowledge of myselfe, and by my friends I am abused: so that conclusions to be as kisses, if your foure negatives make your two affirmatives, why then the worse for my friends, and the better for my foes. Shakespeare. Twel. Night, act v. It is as gross a paradox to hold there are no antipodes, and that the negative is now as absurd as the affirmative seemed at first. Howell's Letters. The reason of man hath not such restraint; concluding not onely affirmitively but negatively; not onely affirming there is no magnitade beyoud the last heavens, but also denying there is any vacuity within them. Id. The Spaniards are not very scrupulous in affirming any thing that Burnet's Own Times. serves their ends. All our affirmations are only inconcrete, which is the affirming, not one abstract idea to be another, but one abstract idea to be joined to another. Locke's Essay on Human Understanding. The rule, as it is prescribed in the gospel, is affirmative and preceptive: "Whatsoever ye would that men should do to you, do ye even so." But this affirmative precept implies the negative, that so much celebrated rule of vighteousness and justice: "That which ye would not that men should do to you, do ye not to them." Hale's Contemplations. AFFIRMATION, in Law, an indulgence granted to the Society of Friends, or Quakers, in England, to substitute their word on particular occasions for an oath, which first ran in the following form:- "I, 4. B. do declare, in the presence of Almighty God, the witness of the truth of what I say." But by stat. 8, Geo. I. cap. vi. the affirmation of Quakers is legal in the following words:" I do solemnly, sincerely, and truly declare and affirm," &c. without saying in the presence of Almighty God; and, by the same statute, false and corrupt affirming incurs the penalties of wilful perjury. This privilege has, however, some important YES. It is also transferred in common language to AFFIX', v. with. Ad: figo; fixum. To fasten to. To join or unite closely; inseparably to attach to, to connect Her modest eyes, abashed to behold, Spenser. Faerie Queene. Howell's Letters. Six several times do we find that Christ shed his blood; in his cir- We see two sorts of white butterflies fastening their eggs to cab- In my possession is a remarkable piece, which so many circumstances affix to the history of this prince [Henry VI.], that I cannot hesitate to believe it designed for him, though I imagine it was painted after his death. Walpole's Anecdotes of Painting in England. The handles of our modern vessels, whether of clay, or of metal, are awkwardly affixed to the vessel, instead of making a part of it. Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. AFFIX, in Grammar, is an addition to a word, which alters or modifies its meaning. The oriental languages abound in them. AFFLATUS (from ad, and flure to blow), in Ancient Mythology, signified the inspiration of the priestess of the Delphic oracle, supposed to be by the god Apollo. She received this afflatus by being placed on a stool over the sacred cave of the god, and the incoherent words she uttered in that moment were held prophetic. It is now considered Perkyn Warbeck then beyng in Flaunders, had taken great care and sorowe for that his craftie conueighaunce was espied and openly knowen, and also that kyng Henry had afflicted and punished diuerse of his confederates and alyes, and thereby [he was] in despaire of all the ayde and succour that was to hym promysed and appoyncted. Hall, p. 471. For as Salamon sayth. The hope that is differred and delaied, paineth and afflicteth the soule. Sir T. More's Works, p. 1080. c. 2. For as the affliccions of Christ are plenteous in vs, euen so is oure consalacion plenteous by Christ. Bible, 1539, 2 Cor. chap. i. If he be compassionate towards the afflictions of others, it shews that his heart is like the noble tree that is wounded itself when it gives the balm. Bacon's Essay on Goodness and Goodness of Nature. An afflicted man is very apt to fancy that any kind of sickness that for the present troubles him, is far less supportable than any other. Boyle's Occasional Reflections. § 2, Med. 3. Tis thine O king th' afflicted to redress, Dryden. Palam. & Arcit. For restless Proserpine for ever treads Prior. Collins. AFFLUENCE, n. AS. Fleupan, to flow. Lat. AFFLICT. Ad: flu-ere, to flow to. Applied metaphorically, to AFFORD. wealth, riches, opulence, flow ing with the fulness of a flood. As they lived in great affluence and case, we may presume, that they injoyed such pleasures, as that condition afforded, free and uninterrupted. Sidney's Criticism on Pastoral Writing. External or worldly prosperity, consists in an accommodate condition of man in this world, as health of body, comfort of friends and relations, affluence, or at least competency of wealth, power, honour, applause, good report, and the like. Hale's Contemplations. [Pleurisy is] an inflammation, either simple, consisting only of an hot and sanguineous affluxion; or else denominable from other humors according to the predominancy of melancholy, flegm, or choler. Brown's Vulgar Errours. Though an unwieldly affluence may afford some empty pleasure to the imagination, yet that small pleasure is far from being able to countervail the imbittering cares that attend an overgrown fortune. Boyle's Occasional Reflections, § iv. Dis. xi. Our writers of rising merit are generally neglected, while the few of an established reputation are overpaid by luxurious affluence. Goldsmith. On the Present State of Polite Learning. Your towns are every day growing in size and splendour; many of the higher ranks among you live in no small degree of opulence; their inferiors, in ease and plenty. What the usual fruits of such affluence as this are, is but too well known. Porteus's Letter to the Inhabitants of Manchester. This country is so highly indebted to Sir Edward Hawke, that no expence should be spared to secure to him an honourable and affluent Junius. Letter i. retreat. AFFOBA, in Botany, a plant known on the coast of Guinea, in Africa. It is similar to our kidney-bean, and is hairy, with small leaves. The natives use this plant, reduced to powder, and with a mixture of oil, for the cure of certain cutaneous affections. Genus Phascolus. AFFORD', v No satisfactory etymology has been given of this word. Affair is by the ancient Scotch authors written Affeir or Effeir, Effere. They also use it as a verb: the past participle of which is Effeired, Affeired, Affeird. Afford, then, is probably a verb, founded upon this past participle; and means, to make for, contribute towards, yield, produce. Particularly applied in matters of loss and gain. Afford, is used by Dr. Sheldon as a past tense or past participle. [There is] no such offering of Christ in the Scripture, where you will find it once afford for all. Sheldon to Chillingworth, in the Life of Chillingworth. Works, p. vii. PAR. I would the cutting of my garments wold serue the turne, or the breaking of my Spanish sword. Lo. E. We cannot affoor'd you so. Shakespeare. All's Well that Ends Well, act iv. KING. Why speak'st thou not? HIER. What lesser liberty can kings afford Than harmless silence? Then afford it me. No, no, Hieronimo, thou must enjoin Id. act iv. To pass by the mighty clephant, which the earth breeds and nourisheth, and descend to the least of creatures, how doth the earth afford us a doctrinal example in the little pismire, who in the summer provides and lays up her winter provision, and teaches man to do the like! Walton's Angler. Whether the flux and reflux of the sea be caused by any magnetism from the moon; whether the like be really made out, or The quiet lanes of Surry; which leading to no great mart, or general rendezvous, afford calmer retreats on every side, than can easily be found in the neighbourhood of so great a town, Gilpin's Tour to the Lakes of Cumberland, &c. AFFORESTING, in Old Law, is the converting populous and cultivated countries into forests for game. The most notorious example of this kind in our history, is that given by William the Conqueror, who thus appropriated immense parts of this island. The term in opposition to this is Deafforesting. AFFRAP', v. Of the origin of the French, Frapper, to strike, Menage acknowledges his ignorance. The AS. Le,-popgian, is explained by Lye to mean Accusare Frape is used by R. Brunne, p. 323. Faine, Sir, I let you weet, that from the howre I taken was from nurses tender press, I have been trained up in warlike stowre, Spenser. Faerie Queene, b. iii. c. ii. He gan t'encounter him in equal race. AFFRAY', c. Id. b. ii. c. i. Etymologists have not settled the AFFRAY', n. origin of this word. The old EngAFFRAID'. lish word, to fray; to rub, to ruffle; supplies a meaning which appears sufficiently to account for all the usages of the verb and noun, Affray, and of the adjective Afraid also. To put out of order, to disorder, to confuse, or confound, to disturb, to harass. And consequently to alarm, to terrify, to raise apprehensions of danger. pe stones were of Rynes, pe noyse dredfulle & grete, Fro morn tille euentide, per of had many affray. Me met thus in my bed al naked, The Dreame of Chaucer, fol. 241. c. 1. And me quham laitlie na wappin nor dartis cast Douglas, bk. ii. p. 63. Surrey, Id. As when a griffon seized of his prey, But suddaine catching hold, did her dismay Who would trust another in matters of highest consequence, and be afraid to rely on him in things of less moment. Chillingworth's Religion of Protestants a Safe way to Salvation. A knowing man will do that, which a tender conscience man dares not do, by reason of his ignorance; the other knows there is no hurt, as a child is afraid to go into the dark, when a man is not, because he knows there is no danger. Selden's Table Talk. Damn with faint praise, assent with civil leer; Pope. Pro. to Satires. Affrays (from affraier, to terrify) are the fighting of two or more persons in some public place, to the terror of his Majesty's subjects: for, if the fighting be in private, it is no affray, but an assault. Blackstone's Commentaries. Here make thy court, amidst our rural scene, And shepherd-girls shall own thee for their queen. With thee be chastity, of all afraid, Distrusting all, a wise suspicious maid. Collins. Orient. Ecl. Their [the Emperors'] example was universally imitated by their principal subjects, who were not afraid of declaring to the world, that they had spirit to conceive, and wealth to accomplish, the noblest undertakings. Gibbon's Rome. AFFRAY, in Law, by stat. 2 Edw. III. is defined to be the offence of persons appearing in public with unusual or terrific weapons. At present the fight AF AFFRAY. ing or skirmishing of two or more persons publicly is Their steele-head speares they strongly coucht and met They rudely droue to ground both man and horse, AFFRIEND', v. See FRIEND. Where when she saw that cruel war so ended, Spenser. Faierie Queene, b. iv. c. iii. AFFRIGHT, v. William was oglyft, his helm was fulle of myre, Chillingworth's Religion of Protestants a safe way to Salvation. Drayton. Barons' Wars. Id. When now the genius of this woeful place, Being the guide to his affrightful ghost, With hair dishevell'd, and a ghastly face, Shall haunt the prison where his life was lost. That should not be made a prejudice against Christianity, and revealed religion; nor lookt upon as such an affrightful bugbear or mormo in it; which even pagan philosophers themselves, and those of the most accomplished intellectuals, and uncaptivated minds, though having neither councils nor creeds, nor scriptures; had so great a propensity and readiness to entertain, and such a veneration for. Cudworth's Intellectual System. Pref. Thunder, which the Heathens called the voice of God, was wont so to affright that atheistical monster Caligula, that it made him run to hide his guilty head. Comber's Companion to the Temple. I have known a soldier that has entered a breach affrighted at his own shadow, and look pale upon a little scratching at his door, who the day before had marched up against a battery of cannon. Spectator, N° 12. Ev'n those who dwell beneath its very zone, Pope. Essay on Man. Fortune doth not further its [virtue's] acquists, but casteth in rubs and hindrances thereto, every condition presenting its allurements, or its affrightments from it. Barrow's Sermons. Daughter of Jove! relentless power! Thou tamer of the human breast! Whose iron scourge, and torturing hour, The bad affright, afflict the best. AFFRIGHT. Gray's Adversity. AFFUSE He sees the wide extended desart lie before him; what is past' only increases his terror of what is to come. His course is not half finished, he looks behind him with affright, and forward with despair. Goldsmith. On the Present State of Polite Learning. AFFRONT', v. I To stand front to front; as AFFRONT', n. hostile armies; as one who means to oppose the progress of another; or to offer disrespect, insult, contempt, and consequently, To offend by disrespect: to insult. For ich ne wiste wher to ete. ne in what place In this meane whyle king Philip and the French king with two most puyssaunt arniies affronted eche other neere vnto the water of Some, ey ther of them being obstinately bent to driue the other out of the fielde, for which cause they entrenched their campes. Grafton, vol. ii. p. 565. He highly leapt out of his place of rest, Skilfull captaines, in arraunging of their battailes, place first in the vantguard thicke and strong squadrons to affront the enemie, then light armed souldiors, afterwards the archers and darters, and last of all in the rereward the companies of succours. Holland's Trans. of Ammianus Marcel. I ncer attempted aught against thy life, Or in remembrance of thy affront and scorn, With clowns and tradesmen kept thee clos'd in horn. If thy brother or thy neighbour have offered thee an injury or an affront, forgive him. Chillingworth's Sermons. FALS. These four came all a-front, and mainely thrust at me. Shakespeare. Henry IV. part i. act ii. Waller. Ah! spare your swords, where beauty is to blame; Love gave th' affront, and must repair the same. Life is a term, none more familiar. Any one almost would take it for an affront to be asked what he meant by it. Locke's Essay on Human Understanding. Among words which signify the same principal ideas, some are clean and decent, others unclean; some chaste, others obscene; some are kind, others are affronting and reproachful, because of the secondary idea which custom has affixed to them, Watts's Logic. Yea often plac'd Within his sanctuary itself, their shrines, Abominations; and with cursed things Couper. the His holy rites, and solemn feasts profan'd, And with their darkness, durst affront his light. AFFRONTEE, in Heraldry, a term to express position of any animals placed face to face, on a shield or escutcheon. It is synonymous with confrontee. AFFUSE, AFFUSION. Ad: fundere, fusum. To pour to. When the Jews baptized their children in order to circumcision, it seems to have been indifferent to them whether it was done by immersion or affusion. Wheatley's Rational Illustration of the Common Prayer. AFFUSION, in Ecclesiastical History, a mode of baptism, by pouring water on the subject, upon the origin of which there has been some controversy. BAPTISM. See AFFUSION, in Medicine, an application of cold water in febrile diseases, advocated by Dr. Currie, Dr. Wright, and some others, which has recently excited considerable attention. See CURRIE's Medical Reports, &c. and MEDICINE, Div. ii. nd bounries. AFGHAUNISTAUN. FGHAU- AFGHAUNISTAUN, a kingdom of Asia, forming ISTAUN a considerable portion of Caubul, is bounded on the north by Hindoo Coosh and the Paropamisan range of tution mountains, by which it is separated from Bulkh and Budukhshan; on the east by the river Indus; on the south by the hills which form the northern boundary of Seeweestaun; on the west by the desert which stretches into Persia. So much of the Afghaun country as lies to the west of the parallel of Mookloor in lon. 68°, 30' is included in the extensive province of Khorassaun, the remaining part of that province, bounded by the Oxus, the Salt Desert and the Caspian Sea, belongs to contains. TS. Persia. MOUNTAINS.-It has been already stated that the Hindoo Coosh is part of the northern boundary of Afghaunistaun. This is a mountainous and snowy ridge which pursues its course westerly from the Indus to lon. 71°, after which its direction is at present not ascertained. The elevation of Hindoo Coosh is very great, since no diminution of snow was observed by the honourable Mountstuart Elphinstone on any part of the range in the month of June, when the thermometer in the plain of Peshawer was 113°; who observes that if Lieutenant Macartney's admeasurement be correct, who estimated one of the summits at 20,493 feet, the peaks of Hindoo Coosh are higher than those of the Andes. The inferior ranges are generally well wooded, having many European fruits and flowers growing in wild luxuriance; the tops of the highest are bare. Three branches stretch from the great ridge at right angles, to the lower ranges, one of which is covered with pine forests inhabited by the Otmaunkhail tribe. The Paropamisan chain extends three hundred and fifty miles from east to west, and two hundred from north to south, the whole of which space consists of an intricate maze of mountains hitherto unexplored. The whole is, generally speaking, barren and wild, especially on the eastern side. The range of Solimaun commences at the White Mountain, or Suffaid Coh, so called from its being always covered with snow; from which the range runs south south-east, passing through the Janjee country, and then turns southerly, forming the mountainous country of the Jadrauns which extends to lat. 31° N. Two minor ranges accompany that of Solimaun, in a parallel direction on its eastern side from the southern borders of Afghaunistaun as far as lat. 32°, 20′ every where pierced with vallies and intersected with rivers. The first of these ranges is lower than the principal ridge, the second still lower and entirely bare, except in the hollows which contain some thickets of brush-wood. The Solimauny range is composed of a hard black stone, the next range of red stone, and the third of a friable grey sand stone. Besides these, are several minor hills running east and west of the great chain. RIVERS.-Compared to the extent of the country, the rivers are of very inferior consideration, being fordable throughout their whole course for most part of The Indus is the only exception to this remark, which is to be reckoned among the first rivers in the year. VOL. XVII. the world. It has been traced for 1,350 miles, but its AFGHAUentire length from the head to the sea has never been as- NISTAUN. certained. At the point above Draus, a town in Little Tibet, to which only it is traced with certainty, it is met by a smaller branch which has been pursued from Rodauk, a distance of 250 miles. From its passing near the capital of Little Tibet it has acquired the name of the river of Ladauk, at which place it is joined by another stream from the north-west supposed to issue from the lake Surickol. The desolate nature of the country through which it flows previously to its entering Afghaunistaun has totally prevented its sources being accurately discovered. At Mullau, after passing through the range of Hindoo Coosh, it receives the Abbaseen, a small river from the north-west, which rises in the mountains at the distance of one hundred and twenty miles, and after pursuing its course for fifty miles, issues into an open country and spreads over the plain, enclosing a multitude of islands. Forty miles onward, near the fort of Attok, it receives the rapid river of Caubul, and soon afterwards rushes through a narrow opening into the branches of the Solimauny range. The Indus is contracted at Attok to the breadth of only three hundred yards; it is still narrower where it enters the hills, and at Neelaub, fifteen miles below, it is said to be only a stone's throw across, but very deep and rapid; thence it winds among bare hills, to Carrabaugh where it passes through the salt range in a clear and tranquil stream, from which point to the sea it is no longer enclosed by hills or hindered by obstructions. Near Ouch it receives the large river of Punjund, and then runs south-west into Sind, where it disembogues itself through many mouths into the gulph of Arabia. Of the rivers which join from the east, the chief are the Ammu or Oxus, the Kokcha or Budukhshan river, the Aksurrai, the Hissar, the Turufshan, the Murghab, the Sind, and others; of those which join from the west there are the Abba Seen, the Kaushkhaur, the Caubul, and the Gomul. The largest river which flows through the west of Afghaunistaun is the Helmund or Etymander, which rises on the eastern edge of the Paropamisan range, twenty or thirty miles west of Caubul; after running among mountains for upwards of two hundred miles, it issues into the cultivated plains of the Dooraunees, then enters a desert which extends to its termination in the lake of Seestaun. Its whole length is four hundred miles, and its banks are every where fertile and well cultivated. The Urghundaub, the Khashrood, the Furrah-rood, the Lora and others, are of inferior magnitude or importance. CLIMATE.-Afghaunistaun presents some peculia- Climate. rities of climate, particularly with regard to the monsoon or the rainy reason. It is generally felt with much less violence than in India, and is exhausted near the sea, so that at Candahar there is no trace of it, and yet in the north-east of Afghaunistaun, although at a much greater distance from the sea than Candahar, not only does the monsoon prevail, but what is remarkable it comes from the east. The south-west monsoon, as it 2 A |