ADULT. Effects. ADULT In the report of the committee of the Edinburgh ADUL In the parish of Fearn, out of 1,500, 1,300 are unable Harris That great practical good has already been accom- Stornaway, Lewes 4,000, 2,800. . do. The benevolent exertions of Great Britain in the line America of adult instruction, soon excited the attention of trans- schools. atlantic Christians. In a letter from Mrs. Bethune, the lady of Davie Bethune, of New York, esq.; dated July 13, 1814, addressed to Mr. Prust, was given the first intimation of her desire to see an adult school; and of the practicability of such a measure. From other communications received from Philadelphia, it appears that similar sentiments prevailed about the same period in that city, and that what the liberal mind devised, the active hand achieved. In February 1816, Mr. Bethune writes a very pleasing account of the proceedings at New York, particularly of the active piety of females. He states that the second meeting, held a week after the first, was so crowdedly attended, that they were necessitated to adjourn from a lecture room to a church, and that at length male and female vied with each other in zeal and benevolence. Amongst others is a school of black adults. ADULT'ER, v. ADULT'ERATE, 7. ADULTERATE, adj. ADULTERATION, ADULT'ERER, ADULT'ERESS, ADULT ERINE, ADULT'EROUS, ADULT'EROUSLY, ADULT'ERY. The old English words are, spousebreach, spousebreaker, wedlock-breaking. The examples furnish the explanation. Adulterer and adulteress are so called, because the former betakes himself to another woman (ad alteram), and the latter to another man (ad alterum). Festus. In our elder writers the words are written ad- ora-voutrie, coutrer, voutresse. Adulterate, adulteration, and adulterine, are applied consequently to that which changes to another, but a worse state or condition; which destroys the integrity, which sullies the purity. gef alle luber holers were y serued so, Me schulde fynde þe les such spouse bruche do. R. Gloucester, p. 26. An yvel kyndrede and a spouse breker sekith a tokene, and a tokene schal not be goven to it. Wiclif. Matt. chap. xii. ADULT. Therefore seing the punishment of aduoutry is a meate that a me can not chew, let euery man consydre by hym selfe, how lothe another man wold be therof, and let him not touche another mas wyfe, so shal his also not be medled withall. Couerdale's Christen State of Matrymonye, fol. 38, col. 1. Yf a maried må bringe a mortal accusació vpo another man, for anye fylthy acte that he shuld haue comitted with his wife, and couinceth him therof, the same aduouterer shal with the swerde be punished vnto death, according to ye sentece of the lawes imperiall. Id. fol. 39, col. 2. For besydes that the aduontresse altereth the inheritauce, and with. false promyses, & shamefull disceat withdraweth and stealeth it fro the right heires, she ladeth first her honest poore husbade with great shame, great trauaile, labour, sorow & paine, in that he is faine to bring vp those aduouterous children, which are not his owne. Id. fol. 42, col. 1. But if it be determined by iudgement that our mariage [H. VIII. Was I not gouernour, and chief ledar thare, Dryden. Ib. It was in that poynt like vnto the church yt the Jewes had agaynst the coming of Christ, infected by many false folke w' false doctrin, & the scripture adulterate and viciate with false gloses and wronge exposicions. Sir T. More's Works, p. 636, col. 2. Wherfore he wrote louyngly vnto hym, that he should vtterly leaue of any further to folowe the newe attempted enterprise aduertisyng him and protesting openly, that the vsurping and wrongfull witholding of an other mans possession, was not so vyle and slaunderous, as the defyling of a pure and cleane bed, and adulterously keping the wife of his Christian brother. Grafton, vol. i. p. 560. If an alchymist should shew me brass coloured like gold, and made ponderous, and so adulterated that it would endure the touchstone for a long while, the deception is, because there is a pretence of improper accidents. Taylor's Discourse of the Real Presence of Christ in the Holy Sacrament. In the blossom of my youth, Massinger. Very Woman, act. iv. To make the compound pass for the rich metal simple, is an adulteration, or counterfeiting. Bacon. Nat. Hist. If the church should acknowledge her self to be the spouse of any other but of Christ, she were a professed whore and adulteresse. Knox's Hist. of the Reformation. Pref. A knave apothecary, that administers the physick, and makes the medicine, may do infinite harm, by his old obsolete doses, adulterine drugs, bad mixtures, &c. Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. The present war has so adulterated our tongue with strange words, that it would be impossible for one of our great-grandfathers to know what his posterity have been doing, were he to read their exploits in a modern news-paper. Spectator, No 65. necessaries of life, have been thought needful by the ADULT. ADULTERINE, in Civil Law, the child of an adulte- ADULTERY. Mankind, in almost all ages of the world, and in all civilised countries, have regarded the violation of the marriage bed with feelings of abhorrence. It has been punished by various methods, and in different degrees, according to the general manners and morals of the country; sometimes with extreme and even cruel severity; in other instances, with capricious and ridiculous penalties. By the Jewish law, adultery was punished with death which was the case also, as Strabo asserts, in Arabia Felix. Among the ancient Egyptians the practice was unfrequent; but where it did occur, a thousand lashes with rods were inflicted upon the man, and the woman was deprived of her nose. In Greece this was a crime which the laws treated with great severity. The rich were sometimes allowed to redeem themselves by a fine; in which case, the woman's father returned the dower he had received from her husband, which some suppose was refunded by the adulterer. A frequent punishment was putting out the eyes. According to Homer, adulterers were stoned to death; a punishment which was denominated Xaïvos XITOY, a stone coat. By the laws of Draco and Solon, adulterers, when caught in the act, were at the mercy of the offended party. Adulteresses were prohibited in Greece, from appearing in fine garments and entering the temples. A remarkable story is recorded of Zaleucus, the law-giver of the Locrians, who was distinguished for his rigorous execution of the law against adultery. His own son having been guilty, he determined to deprive The primitive discipline allowed not adulterers the communion of his purpose by the earnest and reiterated entreaties of him of his sight, and long continued unmoved from We have well proved, that Leucippus and Democritus were not the first inventors, but only the depravers and adulterators of the atomical philosophy. Cudworth's Intellectual System. the church, till their last hour. Comber's Companion to the Temple. Custom, habit, the desire of novelty, and a thousand other causes, confound, adulterate, and change our palates. Burke, on the Sublime. ADULTERATION. Various statutes against the adulteration of coffee, tea, tobacco, wine, and the VOL. XVII. the people. Considering the crime, however, as one S ADULT. Some suppose this offence was made capital by a law of Romulus, and again by the twelve tables. Others, that it was first made capital by Augustus; and others, not till the reign of the emperor Constantine. The fact is, that the punishment was left to the discretion of the husband and parents of the adulterous wife, who acted without any formal authority from the magistrate. The most usual mode of taking revenge was mutilating, castrating, or cutting off the ears, or noses. The punishment allotted by the ler Julia de adulteriis, instituted by Augustus, was banishment, or a heavy It was decreed by Antoninus that the charge of adultery brought against a wife by her husband, could not be sustained unless he were innocent himself, "per iniquum enim videtur esse ut pudicitiam vir ex uxore exigat, quam ipse non exhibeat." Under Macrinus, adulterers were burnt at a stake. Under Constantius and Constans, they were burned sewed in sacks, and thrown into the sea. But the punishment was mitigated under Leo and Marcian to perpetual banishment, or cutting off the nose; and under Justinian, the wife was only to be scourged, lose her dower, and be shut up in a monastery; at the expiration of two years the husband might take her again; if he refused, she was shaven and made a nun for life. Theodosius instituted the shocking practice of public constupration, which was again soon abolished by the same prince. or In Crete adulterers were covered with wool as an emblematical representation of their effeminancy, and were carried in that dress to the magistrate's house, where a fine was imposed upon them, and they were deprived of all their privileges and their share in public business. The punishment in use among the Mingrelians is the forfeiture of a hog, which is usually eaten in good friendship between the gallant, the adulteress, and the cuckold. In some parts of India, it is said any man's wife may prostitute herself for an elephant, and it is reputed no small glory to her to have been rated so high. Adultery is stated to be so frequent in Ceylon, that there is scarcely a wife but practises it, though it is punishable with death. Among the Japanese, and other nations, adultery is only penal in the woman. Among the Abyssinians, the crime of the husband is punished on the innocent wife. On the contrary, in the Marian islands, the woman is not punishable, but the man, and the wife and her relations waste his lands, turn him out of his house, &c. Among the Chinese, adultery is not capital, for fond parents will make a contract with the future husbands of their daughters to allow them the indulgence of a gallant. In Portugal an adulteress is condemned to the flames, but the sentence is seldom executed. By the ancient laws of France this crime was punishable with death. In Spain the men suffered the loss of the instrument of the crime. In Poland, previous to the establishment of Christianity, the criminal was carried to the marketplace, and there fastened by the testicles with a nail; laying a razor within his reach, and leaving him under the necessity, either of doing justice upon himself, or of perishing in that condition. The Saxons consigned the adulteress to the flames, and over her ashes erected a gibbet, on which the adulterer was hanged. King Edmund, the Saxon, ordered adultery to be punished in the same manner MIM as homicide; and Canute the Dane ordered that the ADUL offender should be banished, and the woman have her nose and ears cut off. In the time of Henry I. it was ADUM punished with the loss of eyes and genitals. Adultery is in England considered a spiritual offence, cognizable by the spiritual courts, where it is punished by fine and penance. The common law only allows the party aggrieved an action and damages. In Scotland a distinction is made between notour, or when the parties live openly together, and simple adultery. The former by an act in 1563, cap. lxxiv. was rendered capital; the punishment of the latter is left to the discretion of the judge. Both in England and Scotland this crime is a sufficient ground of divorce. In Engiand the adulterous parties are permitted to marry after a divorce, which is prohibited by the law of Scotland. The Mahommedan code pronounces adultery a capital offence, and one of the three crimes which the prophet directs to be expiated by the blood of a Mussulman. Adultery, considered in a moral point of view, must be allowed to be a violation of some of the first and most important duties of life. Whatever security the marriage-contract affords for the education of children, and the preservation of families, in their honours and properties, is daringly broken by this crime; to which the baseness of seduction is commonly added: and however the laws or customs of the particular community to which she may belong, may dispose of the adulteress, from the destruction of her moral principles which attends this outrage, she rarely rises in character. Upon no crime is the language of scripture more explicit; and in almost all the catalogues of crimes which are given us in the New Testament, "adulterers" are declared to be excluded from the kingdom of God. From the importance which is so justly attached to home-virtues in England, it is truly astonishing that adultery should be visited with no severe penalties by the law; it is a crime which, under the present system of attaching to it a mere pecuniary inconvenience, has been alarmingly on the increase. Many well-educated foreigners have expressed their surprize at this circum By the pulpit are adumbrated the writings of, our modern saints in Great Britain, as they have spiritualised and refined them, from the dross and grossness of sense and human reason. Swift's Tale of a Tub. Introduction. We must be cautious, that, in making the comparison, we mistake not a hideously distorted picture for a flattered likeness-a disfigured for an embellished copy; lest we be inadvertently and insensibly reconciled to the impure and blasphemous fictions of idolatry to her obscene and savage rites, as nothing worse than elegant adumbrations of sacred truth in significant allegory. Horsley's Sermons. ADUMMIM, in Scripture Geography, a town in the tribe of Benjamin, near Jericho. The mountain of the M. UM- same name Dr. Shaw assigns to the tribe of Judah, through which he says is cut the road-way which leads from Jerusalem to Jericho; it is a difficult pass, and E. the word may signify, the bloody road or mountain, with reference, perhaps, to its being infested by robbers. SHAW's Travels, vol. ii. p. 276. ADUNATION. Ad: unus. To one. Obsolete and useless. Collecting, uniting, gathering into one. Our poet, something doubtful of his fate, Made choice of me to be his advocate, Relying on my knowledge in the laws; And I as boldly undertook the cause. Dryden's Epil. to Maiden Queen. Whatever dishonesty the advocates of religion have been either justly or unjustly charged with, the opposers of it have given full Heresie, or blasphemy, may creep without possibility of pre-proof, at least of their inclination not to come short of them. vention: hath no external forms to entertain the fancy of the more common spirits; nor any allurement to perswade and entice its adversaries: nor any means of adunation and uniformity amongst its confidents. Taylor's Apology for authorised and set Forms of Liturgie. Pref. The aduncity of the pounces and beaks of the hawks, is the cause of the great and habitual immorality of those animals. ADVOCATE, v. ADVOCATE, n. ADVOCACY, ADVOCATESHIP, AD'VOCATESS, ADVOCATION. cause at law. Pope. Martinus Scrib. Ad: voco, to call to. An advocate, is one called to give his advice, assistance, patronage; to give the aid of his talents and knowledge, particularly in pleading a Advocacies is applied by Chaucer to a call or summons to answer an accusation. O thou that art so faire and ful of grace, Be thou min advocat in that high place, Ther as withouten ende is songe Osanne, Thou Cristes mother, doughter dere of Anne. Chaucer. The Second Nonnes Tale, vol. ii. 204. p. but if ony man synneth, we han an advocat anentis the fadir iesu crist, and he is the forgifnesse for oure synnes. Wiclif. 1 Jon. ch. ii. And yf eny man synne we haue an aduocate wyth the father Jesus Christ the ryghteous, & he it is yt obteyneth grace for oure Bible, 1539. Ib. synnes. Be thou an aduocate, and stande in iudgment thy selfe, to speake for all soch as be domme and socourles. Bible, 1539. Prou. chap. xxxi. Be ye not ware how false Poliphete Chaucer. 2d book of Troilus, fol. 165, col. 2. After it had been advocated, and mov'd for by some honourable and learned gentlemen of the house, to be call'd a combination of libelling separatists, and the advocates thereof to be branded for incendiaries; whether this appeach not the judgment and approbation of the parlament, I leave to equal arbiters. Milton's Animadversions upon the Remonstrants' Defence, &c. As much to wake your sleeping mercy, Sir, Beaumont and Fletcher. Lover's Progress, act v. Christ is not [says Antonnius, arch-bishop of Florence,] our adrocate alone, but a judge: and since the just is scarce secure, how shall a sinner go to him, as to an advocate? Therefore God hath provided us of an advocatess, who is gentle, and sweet, in whom nothing that is sharp is to be found. Taylor's Dissuasive from Popery. PRU. Leave your advocateship, Except that we shall call you Orator Fly, And send you down to the dresser, and the dishes. Ben Jonson. New Inn, act. ii. The mysteriousness of Christ's priesthood, the perfection of his sacrifice, and the unity of it, Christ's advocation and intercession for Secker's Sermons. They're native all, and will not be conceal'd, ADVOCATE, a pleader, or one who undertakes the defence of causes at the bar. The term barrister at law is used in England to express the same avocation, and in court the advocates are usually termed coun sel. The profession of an advocate was anciently held in high esteem among the Romans. Whoever aspired to honours and offices, endeavoured to interest the people by pleading gratis. But when luxury and corruption began to prevail, their zeal and eloquence, being sold to the highest bidder, rapidly degenerated. The tribune Cincius procured a law, called from him Lex Cincia, to prohibit the advocates from taking money of their clients. The emperor Augustus had indeed annexed a penalty to such a proceeding; but the advocates managed so well, that the emperor Claudius considered it an extraordinary triumph when he obliged them to take only eight great sesterces, about 64 l. sterling, for pleading each cause. Nero attempted to revive the Lex Cincia, or at least recommended it to the senate; and Alexander Severus paid the provincial advocates from the public purse, on condition of their receiving nothing from their clients. Constantine banished extortionate advocates from the bar, but countenanced something like the modern practice. Scotland, who enjoy the exclusive privilege of pleading ADVOCATES, Faculty of, a society of lawyers in before the supreme courts. They founded a library in 1660, the plan of which was suggested by Sir George M'Kenzie, of Rosehaugh, advocate to King Charles II. who was himself a large contributer of books. The whole collection was destroyed by fire in 1700, but since that period, it has increased so considerably, as to contain at present the best collection of law books in Europe; besides a great variety of original manuscripts, coins, and medals. A candidate for admission into the Faculty of Advocates, must undergo an examination in Latin, upon the civil law, and Greek and Roman antiquities, and, a year afterwards, in English, upon the municipal law of Scotland; then he is required to defend a Latin thesis, and, finally, makes a short speech in Latin to the lords, when he takes the oaths to the government and de fideli. At the first institution of the College of Justice, in 1537, there were only ten members; previous to which time the barons usually ap peared in the causes of their vassals. The Faculty now numbers about 300 members. ADVOCATE, in Church History, is particularly used to denote a person appointed to defend the rights and revenues of a church. The word advocatus, or advowce, is still employed for patron. ADVOCATE. AD Feudal ADVOCATES were a military class, whose services the church endeavoured to secure, by giving them lands in fee, which they held by doing homage to the VOWEE. bishop or abbot. They were the standard-bearers of the churches, and were to superintend all its military expeditions. Juridical ADVOCATES, in feudal times, were those who, from attending causes in the court of the count of the province, became themselves judges, holding courts of their vassals thrice a year. Matricular ADVOCATES, were the advocates of the cathedral churches. Military ADVOCATES were appointed in times of public confusion for the defence of the church, by authority and force, ecclesiastics not being permitted to bear arms, and the scholastic advocates being unacquainted with them, recourse was had to persons of rank, princes, knights, noblemen, as well as soldiers. Supreme or Sovereign ADVOCATES, had the authority in chief, but acted by deputies. Kings sometimes belonged to this class, either by being chosen advocates, or becoming such as founders or endowers of churches. ADVOCATE, Lord or King's, the chief crown lawyer in Scotland, whose business is to conduct public prosecutions. The powers of this officer surpass those of all the grand juries in England, for he is competent in capital crimes to restrict the sentence to what is called an arbitrary punishment; or a punishment, not extending to death, at the discretion of the judge. This office was established about the commencement of the 16th century. At the circuit courts he acts by deputy. ADVOCATION, in Scots Law, a form of appealing from an inferior to the supreme court, or court of session. If the sum be less than twelve pounds, the cause cannot be removed by advocation, except on the plea of incompetency on the part of the inferior judge. Delay or injustice is a sufficient plea for advocation. ADVOWEE, in Ancient Customs, the advocate of a church or religious house, as a cathedral, abbey, monastery, &c. Sometimes it signifies a person who has a right to present to a church living. Charlemagne had the title of advowee of St. Peter's, which the people conferred upon him for having protected Italy against the Lombards. Pope Nicholas constituted king Edward the Confessor, and his successors, advowees of the monastery at Westminster, and of all the churches in England. Advowees were the guardians and administrators of temporal concerns; and under their authority all contracts passed which related to the churches. The command of the forces furnished by their monasteries for war, was entrusted to them. Sometimes there were sub-advowees, who introduced great disorder, and very much contributed to the ruin of the monasteries. The origin of this office is sometimes assigned to the time of Stillico, in the fourth century; but the Benedictines represent it as commencing so late as the eighth century. Persons of the first rank were gradually introduced into it, as it was found necessary either to defend with arms, or to protect with power and authority. In the course of time every person who took upon him the defence of another, was denominated advowee or advocate. Hence, cities had their advowees, as Augsburgh, Arras, &c. There were also advowees of provinces and countries, as of Alsace, Swabia, Thuringia, &c. Two kinds of eccle ADVOWE siastical advowees are mentioned by Spelman; the one of causes or processes, advocati causarum; who were nominated by the king, and undertook to plead the ADUR causes of the monasteries. The other, of territory or lands, advocati soli; sometimes called by their primitive name, advowees, though more usually patrons, were hereditary; as being the founders and endowers of churches, &c. ADVOWSON, OF ADVOWZEN, in Common Law, a right to present to a vacant living in the church of England, synonymous with the term patronage in Scotland. The word is derived from the right of presenting having been originally gained by such as were founders or benefactors of the church. The nomination of proper persons to all vacant benefices, was, at first, vested in the bishops; but they readily allowed the founders of churches the nomination of the persons to officiate, only reserving to themselves a right to judge of the qualifications of such persons for the office. Advowsons are presentive, where the patron presents a person to the bishop to be instituted in the living; collative, where the bishop presents as original patron, or from a right he has acquired by negligence and lapse; donative, where the patron puts the person into posession by a single donation in writing. Formerly, advowsons were appendant to manors, and the patrons were parochial barons: the lordship of the manor and the patronage of the church being usually in the same hands, until advowsons were given to religious houses. The lordship of the manor and advowson of the church were afterwards divided. In ancient times, the patron had frequently the sole nomination of the prelate, abbot, or prior; either by investiture, or direct presentation to the diocesan. A free election was left to the religious, but a congé d'elire, or license of election, was first to be obtained of the patron, who confirmed the person elected. Advowson of the moiety of the church is where there are two patrons, and two incumbents, in the same church, each of a moiety respectively. A moiety of the advowson is where two must join the presentation, and there is but one incumbent, stat. 7 Anne, c. 18. Grants of advowsons by papists are void. 9 Geo. II. c. 36, § 5. 11 Geo. II. c. 17, § 5. Advowsons are temporal inheritances and lay fees; and may be granted by deed or will, and are assets in the hands of executors. ADURE', ADUST', ADUST ED, ADUSTION. Ad: uro, ustum; to burn. To burn up, to heat, to scorch, to parch, wither, or dry, to harden. And althoughe, that, to touche and se them wythoute, and throughe the bodyes; they were not exceadinge hotte nor pale, but that thair skynne was as redde colour adusted, full of a lytle thynne Nicoll's Thucidides, fol. 57, col. 2. blaynes. Raufe, the byshop of Chichestre than stode vp lyke a praty man, and rebuked the kynge for takynge that trybute, whych lyke an adust concyenced hypocryte he called the fyne of fornycacyon. Bale's English Votaries, part ii. fol. 42, col. 1. A degree of heat, which doth neither melt nor scorch, doth mellow and not adure. Bacon. Nat. Hist. If natural melancholy abound in the body, which is cold and dry, so that it be more than the body is well able to bear, it must needs be distempered and diseased: and so the other [unnatural], if it be depraved, whether it arise from that other melancholy of choler adust, or from blood, produceth the like effects, and is, as Montaltus contends, if it come by adustion of humours, most part hot and dry. Burton's Anatomy of Melancholy. |
