Some bold adventurers disdain Couper's Task, b. i. Gray's Ode to Eton Col. ADVENTURE, Bill of, in Commerce, a writing signed by a merchant to testify that the goods shipped on board a certain vessel, belong to another person who is to take the hazard; the subscriber only signing to oblige himself to account to him for the produce. ADVENTURE Bay, the name of a bay in the southern part of New Holland, off Van Diemen's land. Captain Cooke states that it has a beautiful sandy beach, about two miles long, at the bottom of the bay, formed apparently by particles which the sea washes from the fine white sand-stone. Behind it is a plain, with a brackish lake, out of which his party caught some bream and trout. The vicinity of the bay is hilly, covered with a forest of tall trees, rendered almost impassable by brakes of fern, and shrubs, &c. The soil is sandy, consisting of a yellowish earth, or of a reddish clay; the country in general is very dry, and the heat intense. The only quadruped observed was a species of opossum, about twice the size of a large rat. The inhabitants are mild and cheerful, with little of that wild appearance which characterizes savages; but they are almost as devoid of personal activity or genius as the natives of Terra del Fuego. Their complexion is a dull black, their hair woolly, and clotted with grease and red ochre, like that of the Hottentots; their noses broad and full; they are, upon the whole, well proportioned. This bay was first visited by Captain Furneaux in 1773, then in 1788 by Captain Bligh, and was completely surveyed by the French officers who went in search of Perouse. E. lon. 147°, 29. S. lat. 43o, 21'. ADVENTURERS, an ancient company of merchants erected for the discovery of lands, territories, and trades. This society originated in Burgundy, and was first established by John, duke of Brabant, in 1248, for the encouragement of English and other merchants at Antwerp. It was afterwards confirmed in England by Edward III. and IV.; Richard III.; Henry IV. V. VI. and VII.; and by patent of the last monarch in 1505, they received the title of Merchant Adventurers. Before this period the Merchant Adventurers of London (who appear to have been a distinct company) had been accustomed to require from the merchants of other places, and who called themselves the Merchant Adventurers of England, a considerable duty upon all commercial transactions in the great fairs of Flanders and Brabant; but in 1497 this impost was reduced by act of parliament to a fine of ten marks. The influence of the English Merchant Adventurers at Antwerp was so important in 1550, that they were able successfully ADVENto resist the establishment of the Inquisition in that TURERS. city. AD'VERB, n. ADVER'BIAL, ADVERBIALLY. Adverbs are words so called from their manner of signification. See GRAMMAR, Div. i. For thys woorde nouum [Mark, chap. xiv. v. 25] seemeth not there to be putte for an aduerbe, but is a nowne adiectiue: and therefore it signifieth some kynde of newenesse in the drincke it selfe. Sir T. More's Works, p. 1328, col. 2. But of one thynge I do not a lyttle maruele, that in my dyscryp cion of a vowe, a poore aduerbe of negacio shulde so muche offende hym, and the vsurped lordshyppes wyth all outragiouse pride in the clergy. Bale's Apology, fol. 28, col. 2. An adverb is a word without number, that is joyned to another word: as Adjectives compared, when they are used adverbially, may have Id. the article the going before. There is in the liturgy as well as holy scripture a twofold Amen, the one affirmative in the end of the creed, the other optative in the end of collects, and particularly of this confession; so that here it is an adverb of wishing, a serious desire that God would grant all our petitions. Comber's Companion to the Temple. He [the cunning man] gives half-looks and shrugs in his general behaviour, to give you to understand that you do not know what he means. He is also wonderfully adverbial in his expressions, and breaks off with a " perhaps" and a nod of the head upon matters of Tatler, No. 191. the most indifferent nature. AD'VERSE, v. Ad: verto; to turn to or against. The verb is obsolete. The adjective is applied to that which turns to or is turned against, with a design to oppose, resist, contend against: to that which is hostile or destructive to; which causes calamity, misfortune, distress. At Wyncehestre he held his parlement ilk gere, Be ye R. Brunne, p. 82. With that he pulleth vp his head, Gower. Con. A. book ii. Than said he thus, fulfilde of high disdaine, Chaucer. Fourth book of Troilus, fol. 182, col. 2. But euery ioye hym is delaied, So that within his herte affraied Gower. Con. A. book iv. rorynge lioun, goith about sechinge whom he schal deuoure. sobre and wake ye, for your aduersarie the deuel, as a Wiclif, 1 Petir, chap. v. Be sober and watch, for youre aduersary ye deuyll, as a roaring lyon, walketh about sekyng whom he may deuoure. Bible, 1539, Ib. For who so maketh God his adversary, ADVERSE. ADVERSE. ADVERT. For slain is man, right as another beest, Chaucer. The Knightes Tale, vol. i. p. 53. Shakespeare. Rich. III, act iv. sc. 3. This losse was so great, that it is accounted the first of the three aduerse fortunes which euer happened to Cæsar in all his proceedings. Speed's Hist. of Gr. Britain. There is a third kind of world, which is in a great measure without us; namely, the accidental, or, more truly, the providential world, in relation to man and his condition in this world; and 'tis commonly of two kinds, viz. prosperous, or adverse. Hale's Contemplations. And they but idly talk, upbraiding us with lies, To comfort thee, though thou art banished. Grow hard, and stiffen with adversity. Dryden. Hind and Panther. Let nothing adverse, nothing unforeseen, Cowper. Charity. Truth seems to be considered by all mankind as something fixed, unchangeable, and eternal; it may therefore be thought, that to vindicate the permanency of truth is to dispute without an adversary. Beattie's Essay on Truth. Of these disjunctives, some are adversative, simple, as when we say," either it is day, or it is night;" adversative, when we say, "it is not day, but it is night." Harris's Hermes. Against which allegations, M. Parsons himself, a man known unto you for his malignity and adverseness, could take no exceptions. Morton. ADVERSATIVE, a species of disjunctive conjunction, according to Mr. Harris. See the above extract, and GRAMMAR, Div. i. ADVERT, v. ADVERT'ENCE, ADVERT'ENCY, ADVERT'ENT. in the application. Ad: certo. To turn to. The difference between the old verb, to adverse, and the still common verb, to advert, is To advert is used when we turn to, with a design to look at, observe, attend to, consider, remark upon. Helenus, the deuyne, as we with him can luge, Schew not before to me thyr harmys smert, Douglas, book iii. p. 92. I zou beseik to geuin aduertence, This text is ful of stories euer ilk deill. Douglas. Pr. to book iii. Chaucer. 4th book of Troilus, f. 179, c. 4. There is no commandment, but a man that considers, that endeavours, that understands, that watches, that labours, may do in long as his instrument is in tune. time and place, and so long as he adverts, and is dispassionate, so Taylor. On the Doctrine and Practice of Repentance. In this life our understanding is weak, our attention trifling, our advertency interrupted, our diversions many. Id. As I cannot be conscious of what I do not perceive, so I do not perceive that, which I do not advert upon. That which makes me feel, makes me advert. Every instance, therefore, of consciousness and perception is attended with an act of advertence. Wollaston's Religion of Nature. God strictly eyes and observes every man in the world, with the very same advertence as if there were nothing else for him to observe; and certainly there cannot be imagined a greater engagement to advertence, and attention, and consideration, than this. Hale's Contemplations. Is he rich, prosperous, great? yet he continues safe, because he continues humble, watchful, advertent, lest he should be deceived and transported. Id. Our low world is only one of those, ADVERTISE, 7. ADVERTISEMENT, ADVERTISER, ADVERTISING. Blackmore's Creation, book iii. From the same source as Adverse and Advert. To turn the mind or attention to; to call the attention to; to give notice or information of. And now beholde, I go vnto my people: come therfore and I will aduertise the, what this people shall do to thy folke i the later dayes. Bible, 1539. Numeri, ch. xxiv. When the lordes of Brytayne sawe and consyderyd the great multy tude of Saxons, and theyr dayly repayre into this lande, they assebled them togyder, and shewed to the kynge the inconuenyence and ieopardy that might ensue to hym and his lande, by reason of the great power of thy se straugers, and aduertysed hym in aduoydyng of gretter daunger, to expelle & put theym out of his realme, or the more parte of theim. Fabyan, p. 62. There dothe in deede, in theirs that either neuer or but seldom heare anye good counsayle there againste, and when they heare it, harken it but as they woulde an idle tale, rather for a pastyme, or for the maner sake, then for anye substancial entent and purpose to folowe good aduertisment, and take anye fruite thereby. Sir Thomas More's Works, p. 1232, c. 2. This grudge was perceiued, by their mutuall frendes, whiche by charitable exhortacion and Godly aduertisement, exhorted theim to renewe their old loue and familiaritie, and to mete and enteruieu, in some place decent and conuenient. Hall, p. 173. GARD. The king is so advertized of your guilt, DUKE. Your friar is now your prince as I was then TUB. Shakespeare. Meas. for Meas. act v. sc. 1. Your daughter Audrey met I on the way, Who means to carry her to Pancras-church. Ben. Jonson. Tale of a Tub, act iii. When he heard his accusation to be, because he made himself the ADVISE', v. ADVICE', n. ADVISABLE, ADVISEDLY, ADVISEDNESS, ADVISEMENT, ADVISER, ADVISING, ADVIS'O. Horsley's Sermons. To advise is usually derived from the barbarous Latin advisare (q. d.), to see to, to look to. Junius suspects that advisare is from the German wisen, to show, instruct, direct; and the ancient mode of writing the word viz. auys, confirms this etymology. From which same source is the Saxon and English, wise; to wisse, to wist. plication of the word is this, viz. to look, listen, or attend to; with care, caution, prudence; to consult, to deliberate, to counsel, to inform. He charged chapmen. to chasten hure children. Our ap Amonge the proude there is ener stryfe, but amonge those that do all thynges with aduysemet, there is wysdome. Bible, 1539-Prouerbes, chap. xiii. You knew he walk'd o'er perils on an edge, You were advis'd his flesh was capable Of wounds and scars: and that his forward spirit ANT. In the meane time the Britaines, that after flight had againe re-. couered head, and in their assemblies aduisedly considered their imminent dangers, concluded their submission for the safest remedy. Speed's Hist. of Gr. Britain. And herewithal turning about, he wakes, Daniel's Civil Wars, book i. I much thank you for the avisos you sent me how matters pass thereabouts. Howell's Letters. Nor do less certain signs the town advise, Gay. Trivia, book i. The advice sent over all the country, from their leaders who had> settled measures at Edinburgh, was, that they should do and say nothing that might give a particular distaste. Burnet's Own Time. While things are in agitation, private men may modestly tender their thoughts to the consideration of those that are in authority; to whose care it belongeth, in prescribing concerning indifferent things, to proceed with all just advisedness. Sanderson's Judgment. Here, free from court-compliances he [K. Charles] walks, Waller. St. James's Park.. The end of pleasant or unpleasant advice, is full of delight; but wherever a speaker, and a hearer of it is, there dangers abide. Sir Wm. Jones's Hitópadésa. May breach of friendship be in the mansion of the enemies; and may every wicked adviser, detected in time, be dragged continually to perdition; but may every man of virtue enjoy all prosperity; and may every boy delight in pleasing and useful instruction! Id. ADULA. ADULA, in Ancient Geography, a mountain of the Alps, in Rhætia, said to be the highest in Europe, in ADULT. which are the sources of the Rhine, Rhone, Nantz, Tesin, and Aa. It is the modern St. Gotherd. Adula is also a name given to a mountain of Navarre, in Spain. ADULATION, n. Adulor: perhaps from advADULATORY, λίζω, Dorice pro ηυλίζω, from ndus, suavis, sweet; Heviz (says Vossius) valet idem ac ncoloy, sive, byssinis ac suavibus verbis utor. "To use well placed words of glozing courtesy." To gloze, to flatter, to give unmerited or excessive respect, approbation, or applause. } When hee came to man's estate, bee exercised feates of knight hood, hee loued discipline, and hated adulation. Golden Booke, g. 3. While eache partie laboureth too bee chiefe flatterer, adulacion shall then haue more place then plaine and faitheful aduise, of whiche muste nedes ensue the eiuill bryngynge vp of the prince,whose mynde in tender youth infecte shall redely fall to mischiefe and riote, and drawe downe this noble realme to ruine. Hall. P. 344. There he beheld how humbly diligent Without the least adulation, we are bound to profer this worthy Peer [William Cecil] his own election; whether he will be pleased to repose himself under BENEFACTORS TO THE PUBLICK, all England in that age being beholden to his bounty, acknowledging, under God and the Queen, their prosperity the fruit of his prudence. Or else he may rest himself under the title of LAWYERS. Fuller's Worthies. Lincolnshire. Flattery corrupts both the receiver and the giver; and adulation is not of more service to the people than to kings. Burke on the French Revolution. Lest the foundation of the king's exclusive legal title should pass for a mere rant of adulatory freedom, the political divine proceeds dogmatically to assert, that by the principles of the revolution the people of England have acquired three fundamental rights. Id. ADULE, or ADULIS, in Ancient Geography, a town of Ethiopia, built by fugitive slaves of Egypt, distant from its port on the Red Sea twenty stadia, and from Axum about fifty leagues. Pliny calls the inhabitants Adulitæ, and represents Adule as the place whence the Ethiopians chiefly exported ivory, and other articles of commerce. Dr. Vincent thinks it the same with Massuah, the proper entrance into Abyssinia. ADULT', ". Ad: olesco; adultus, grown up ADULT', adj. to. Adolere proprie est crescere. ADULT'ED. Voss. One who is grown up-to manhood or maturity. Now that we are not only adulted, but antient Christians, I believe the most acceptable sacrifice we can send up to Heaven, is prayer and praise; and that sermons are not so essential as either of them to the true practice of devotion. Howell's Letters. His province should be to superintend the moral and spiritual concerns of the slaves, to take upon himself the religious instruction of the adult negroes, and to take particular care that all the negro children are taught to read. Porteus's Essay on the Civilization of Negroe Slaves. The Holy Ghost bare witness, by the acknowledgment of the infant Jesus, made, by the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, by the mouths of his servants and instruments Simeon and Anna; and more directly, by his visible descent upon the adult Jesus at his baptism. Horsley's Sermons. So language in the mouths of the adult, ADULT BAPTISM. See BAPTISM. ADULT SCHOOLS. The present may justly be re- ADUL garded as an age of benevolent daring; in which, no longer satisfied implicitly to follow the footsteps of their predecessors, individuals combining and concentrating their energies, have struck into new paths, and most adventurously, but most wisely, have occupied Till the comhitherto untrodden felds of labour. mencement of the nineteenth century, the proposal to form schools of instruction for the grown up children of a former generation, would assuredly have excited ridicule rather than respect; and nothing could have furnished a finer subject for declamatory banter than the imagined scene of a village school, consisting of hoary-headed disciples, and boys of fifty and threescore;-shrivelled fingers grasping the horn-book-eyes begirt, with spectacles, poring over A, B, C,-and grandames sitting at the feet of experienced instructors of sixteen. This, however, is no longer a subject for ridicule, but for congratulation; and a system of edu cation applicable to persons of adult age, which had hitherto been wholly overlooked or set down as impracticable, has been pursued upon an extensive scale, and with very considerable success. Difficulties which at a distance appeared formidable, have vanished upon a nearer approach, and both the juvenile and mature poor population of the empire are now placed in a situation to receive those educational advantages, which, there is reason to believe, will not only prove conducive to the welfare of the recipients themselves, but most beneficial in their influence upon the civil and moral interests of the whole community. The first school for the exclusive instruction of adult First adi persons, was opened in the summer of 1811, in North school. Wales, through the efforts of the Rev. T. Charles, Episcopal Minister of Bala, Merionethshire, who has since stated, that the original reason of his attempting this benevolent measure, was the aversion which he had observed in adults to associate with children in their schools. The success of the undertaking was very considerable; multitudes in every district repaired to the chapels, or other places appropriated to the purpose, for instruction, and the most beneficial results were every where observable. Mr. Charles's own account is as follows: the My maxim has been for many years past to aim at great things; but if I cannot accomplish great things, to do what I can, and be thankful for the least success, and still to follow on without being discouraged at the day of small things, or by unexpected reverses. For many years I have laid it down as a maxim to guide me, never to give up a plan in despair of success. If one way does not succeed, new means must be tried; and if I see no increase this year, perhaps I may from my vocabulary, and obliterate it from the minds next. I almost wish to blot out the word impossible of my brethren. We had no particular school for the instruction of adults exclusively, till the summer of 1811; but many attended the Sunday schools with the children, in different parts of the country, previous to that time. What induced me first to think of esta blishing such an institution, was the aversion I found in the adults to associate with the children in their schools. The first attempt succeeded wonderfully, and far beyond my most sanguine expectations. The report of the success of this school soon spread over the country, and in many places the illiterate adults began ADULT. to call for instruction. In one county, after a public address had been delivered to them on the subject, the adult poor, even the aged, flocked to the Sunday school in crowds; and the shop-keepers could not immediately supply them with an adequate number of spectacles. Our schools, in general, are kept in our chapels: in some districts, where there are no chapels, farmers, in the summer time, lend their barns. The adults and children are sometimes in the same room, but placed in different parts of it. When their attention is gained and fixed, they soon learn; their age makes no difference, if they are able, by the help of glasses, to see the letters. As the adults have no time to lose, we endeavour (before they can read) to instruct them without delay, in the first principles of Christianity. We select a short portion of Scripture, comprising the leading doctrines, and repeat them to the learners, till they can retain them in their memories; and which they are to repeat the next time we meet." Origin of schools. Contemporaneously with these proceedings, but the Bristol wholly independent of them, and indeed at the time without any knowledge of their existence, were the efforts of certain individuals in England directed to the same object, at Bristol. At an anniversary meeting of the Bible Society, a letter was read from Keynsham, stating, that in the distributions of the Bible, several poor families had been omitted, owing to their incapacity to read, from which it had been deemed needless to supply them. This awakened the attention, and prompted the immediate interference of W. Smith, who concerted measures with Mr. Stephen Prust, through whose kind encouragements he hastened to commence his work in the out-parish of St. Philip and Jacob, with the assistance of two companions. Rooms were immediately obtained, and scholars came forward to avail themselves of the opportunity to learn to read the Scriptures. "The successful exertions of William Smith," says Dr. Pole (Hist. of the Origin and Progress of Adult Schools), "have proved him to be a wellwisher to his country, and to mankind at large, and strikingly evince to us, that neither a humble station in life, nor the want of an extended education, preclude the sincere Christian from imparting usefulness to his fellow-creatures. This estimable man, who, through divine Providence, has been made so great a blessing to the indigent in society, occupies a rank in life no higher than that of a door-keeper of a Dissenting chapel in this city, for a salary of eighteen shillings per week; out of which he pays three shillings, to have a part of his work done by another person, for the purpose of setting himself more at liberty to perform the duties dictated by that Christian philanthropy, which animates his heart, and guides his footsteps to the haunts of sorrow, the abodes of sickness and of want. This is the person who collected the learners, engaged the teachers, and opened the first two schools in England for instructing adults exclusively, in borrowed rooms, and with borrowed books." Not many weeks elapsed before a society was formed under the patronage of a few individuals, having for its designation," An Institution for Instructing Adult Persons to read the Holy Scriptures;" and on the publication of the first report, dated April 19, 1813, it Co-opera- appeared that two hundred and twenty-two men and two on of the hundred and thirty-one women were receiving education. Quakers. The Society of Friends, or Quakers, contributed during this year, their extensive and powerful co-opera- ADULT. tion; and in addition to their personal and pecuniary assistance, offered the school-room, adjoining their place of worship, gratuitously, for the Bristol Adult School Society, where only the scholars were taught the art of writing, in addition to that of reading. Although this appeared some deviation from the original plan, and excited some apprehensions in the minds of several of the committee, its evident importance at length conciliated their agreement with the measure. The system of public adult tuition has been since somewhat modified, both at Bristol and in other places, in conformity with the very natural aversion of the grown up poor to an exposure of their incapacities. The plan of private schools has accordingly been adopted, Private by which a few neighbours are associated together, and schools. taught at their own habitations, or in a private manner at some convenient place. A very pleasing story is recorded of the eagerness which a poor man displayed to be taught to read the Scriptures, and there is good reason to believe, that similar feelings are every where prevalent. Joseph Ingram was seen in much distress in Ann-street, Bristol, with a wife and two small children. Not being able to procure work a considerable part of the winter, they were reduced to great poverty. This case was visited and relieved, until the man was employed by some builders as a mason's labourer; but in a few days he met with a severe accident by a block of freestone falling on his hand, which was dreadfully bruised, and one of his fingers nearly torn away.. He was admitted an out-patient to the Infirmary, but his parish being remote, he applied again to the Stranger's Friend Society, who visited him, and recommended his case to the Samaritan Society for more effectual relief. The visitors, on calling a second time, found the poor man, though afflicted with great pain, and all the aggravations of cheerless poverty, was gone to an adult school to learn to read the Holy Scriptures. Adult schools have, since this period, been established Other in various parts of the kingdom; at Plymouth, Salis- schools.. bury, Uxbridge, Sheffield, Norwich, Ipswich, and other places; and these examples of benevolence have not been disregarded or unimitated by the metropolis. The simplicity of the principle upon which those Simplicity. institutions are founded, whose object is to provide for their the instruction of the adult poor, affords a considerable principle. pledge of their success and extension. No feelings of party are allowed to predominate in this benevolent system, or at least they have no opportunity of display. The purpose to do good is adhered to with the utmost scrupulousness, and having taught the objects of the charity to read the Scriptures, they are left to the free and uncontrouled exercise of the right of private judgment as to their meaning and design. No autho ritative imposition of a creed is attempted; there is no insistance upon the subject of public worship, as to place or denomination. As the different Committees in the respective towns and districts, where schools are established, consist of persons of various religious persuasions, each is necessarily required to wave the assertion of his own peculiarities, in order to that general union which the common cause of adult education demands; and consequently instruction is neither obstructed by the folly of discord, nor depraved by the asperities of controversy. |