Qubam king Latinus spous quene Amata With diligence did procure day be day That he adionyt war thare son in law: But ferefull signis by the goddis schaw, And sindry terrouris gan thareto ganestand. Douglas, book vii. p. 207. To the gouernaunce and ordering of this yong prince was there appointed Sir Antony Woduile, Lord Riuers, and brother vnto the quene; a right honourable man, as valiaunte of hande as politeke in counsayle. Adioyned were there vnto him other of the same partie. Sir Thos. More's Workes, p. 40.

Also I bequeth unto as many godchildern as I have lyving in the countie of Essex, and specially in the parisshes to my mansion adioynant, to every of them viiid.

Fabian's Will, p. 5.

By newe alliaunce, he [James K. of Scottes] sought and practised waies and meanes, how to ioyne hymself with forein princes, to greue and hurt his neighbors and adioynauntes, of the realme of England. Hall, p. 186.

For where is any author in the world,
Teaches such beauty as a woman's eye;
Learning is but an adiunct to ourselfe,
And where we are our learning likewise is.
Then when ourselues we see in ladies eyes
Do we not likewise see our learning there?

Shak. Love's Lab. Lost, fol. 135, act iv. sc. 3.
HEE. So well, that what you bid me vndertake,
Though that my death were adiunct to my act,
By heauen I would doe it.

t

Ib. John, fol. 11, act iii. sc. 3. The bodie of King Edmund rested for the space of three yeares in the parish church of S. Gregory, adioyning unto the cathedrall church of S. Paul, from whence it was conveyed backe agayne to Stapleford. Stow's Chronicle. Howes's edit. 1614.

CAM.

Then, if I mistake not,

He scorns to have his worth so underprised,
That it should need an adjunct in exchange
Of any equal fortune.

Jonson's Case is Altered, act iii. sc. 3.
As one, who long in populous city pent,
Where houses thick and sewers annoy the air,
Forth issuing on a summer's morn, to breathe
Among the pleasant villages and farms

Adjoin'd, from each thing met conceives delight;
The smell of grain, or tedded grass, or kine,
Or dairy, each rural sight, each rural sound.

Milton's Paradise Lost, book ix.

I consider that there are some places of scripture that have the ADJOIN selfe same expressions, the same preceptive words, the same reason ADand account in all appearance, and yet either must be expounded to quite different senses or else we must renounce the communion, and JOURN. the charities of a great part of Christendom. And yet there is absolutely nothing in the thing or in its circumstances, or in its adjuncts than can determine it to different purposes. Taylor's Liberty of Prophesying.

As circumcision figures baptism, so also the adjuncts of the circumcision shall signifie something spiritual in the adherencies of baptism. Ib..

The wise God that ordereth and dispose th all times, and persons, and circumstances, doth with the same wisdom fit them with suitable concomitants and adjuncts. Hales's Contemplations.

Look what estate it is, to which piety adjoyns it self, it shall receive not only security, but even great increase and improvement from it.

Hale's Golden Remains.

St. Paul enjoins us to "redeem the time, because the days are evil;" that is, since we can enjoy no true quiet or comfort here, we should improve our time to the best advantage for the future: he might have also adjoined, the paucity of the days to their badness.

Barrow's Sermons.

To examine another opinion, which makes the bread and wine indeed, as to their entire and true natures, to be retained in the sacrament; and so to be retained, that they have adjoinedly, naturally, corporally, and really, the true body and blood of Christ.

Strype's Memorials of the Reformation.

Every man's land is, in the eye of the law, inclosed and set apart from his neighbour's: and that either by a visible and material fence, as one field is divided from another by a hedge; or, by an ideal invisible boundary, existing only in the contemplation of law, as when one man's land adjoins to another's in the same field. Blackstone's Commentaries.

Though the mind alone be properly ourselves, and all else of the man an adjunct or instrument employed thereby, yet in our ordinary conversations we consider the body, the limbs, the flesh and the skin as parts of ourselves. Tucker's Light of Nature.

ADJOURN', TM. Fr. Ad: jour. Adjournèr. It. ADJOURNMENT. (Giorno: Aggionare, Lat. Dies, diurnum. The book into which the proceedings of each day in the R. Senate were entered, was called Diurnum. In the English Parliament-the Journal.

To adjourn, is to go on, to continue from day to day; and then-to any future day. And now, consequently, to put off to a future time. To postpone, to delay, to defer, to discontinue.

mas,

To maynten his partie bei hete to help him wele,
He aiorned þam to relie in þe North at Carlele,
After Midesomer's tide þorgh comon ordinance
No lenger suld þei bide, bot forth & stand to chance,
Id. p. 309.

And vpon ye VIII day of July, Kynge [Henry the VI.] this yere began his parlyament at Westmynster, and so contynued it tyll Lamand then it was ajourned vnto Seynt Edwardes daye. Fabyan, p. 607. Or how the sun shall, in mid heaven, stand still A day entire, and night's due course adjourn, Man's voice commanding.

Milton's Paradise Lost, book xii.

During the adjournments of that awful court, a neighbour of mine was telling ine, that it gave him a notion of the ancient grandeur of the English hospitality, to see Westminster-hall a dining-room. Tatler, No. 142.

A privy verdict is when the judge hath left or adjourned the court. Blackstone's Commentaries.

ADIPOCIRE, from adeps, fat, and cera, wax, a substance of a light brown colour, formed by the soft parts of animal bodies, when kept for some time in water, and when preserved from atmospheric air. was discovered on removing the animal matters from the burial ground of the church des Innocens at Paris in 1787, amongst the masses of the bodies of the poor there interred together; and never appears to be produced in bodies separately interred. In this place, about 1500 bodies were thrown together into the same pit, and being decomposed, were converted into this substance. Its chemical properties have since attracted some attention; a true ammoniacal soap is first yielded, composed of ammonia, a concrete oil, and water. analysis of this substance the oil may be obtained pure, and to that the name of adipocire is more strictly given. See Nicholson's Journal, vol. iv. p. 135. Phil. Trans. 1794, vol. lxxxiv. vol. lxxxv. Journal de Physique, tom. xxxviii. &c.

On

Then the kynge made a promyse by othe, that he wolde be obe. dyent vnto the court of Rome, & stand & obey all thing yt the same court woll adiuge hym. Fabian, repr. 1811, p. 319.

Wherevpon by publique sentence as well of the nobles as of the bishops, his [Thomas Becket's] moveables were adiudged to be confiscate to the king.

Grafton, repr. 1809, v.i. p. 201.
For that with puissant stroke she downe did beare
The salvage knight, that victour was whileare,
And all the rest, which had the best afore,

And to the last vnconquer'd did appear;

For, last is deemed best. To her therefore
The fayrest lady was adjudg'd for paramore.

Spenser's Faerie Queene, book iv. canto v. Although by his absolute power, God might cast any creature into everlasting torment, without any just exception to be taken on our parts; yet, according to that sweet providence of his which disposeth all things in a fair order of proceeding, he cannot be said to inflict or adjudge punishment to any soul, but for sin,

Bishop Hall's Via Media.

(As judges on the bench more gracious are,

And more attent, to brothers of the bar),

Cry'd, one and all, the suppliant should have right,
And to the grandame hag adjudg'd the knight.

Dryden's Wife of Bath's Tale.

In process of time, and multiplicity of business, the matter of fact continued to be tried by twelve men; but the adjudgment of the punishment, and the sentence thereupon, came to be given by one or two, or inore persons.

Sir W. Temple's Intro. to the Hist. of England.

The Roman law adjudged, that if one man wrote any thing on the paper or parchment of another, the writing should belong to the owner of the blank materials. Blackstone's Commentaries.

A common recovery is so far like a fine, that it is a suit or action, either actual or fictitious: and in it the lands are recovered against the tenant of the freehold; which recovery, being a supposed adjudication of the right, binds all persons, and vests a free and absolute fee-simple in the recoverer.

Id.

ADJUDICATION, in English law, the act of adjudg ing by legal decision. In Scots law it implies the attachment of land on security and payment of debt, or that by which a title is made up in a person holding an obligation to convey, without precept.

ADJUNCT, in Philosophy, something superadded to another thing without being an essential part of it. ADJUNCT, in Metaphysics, some natural or acquired quality belonging to the body or mind.

ADJUNCT, in Music, a term expressive of the relation between the principal mode and the modes of its twofifths. To swear to.

}

ADJURE', v. 1 Ad: juro. ADJURATION. S To put upon oath: to charge or bind upon oath; or with the solemnity of an oath. In the first of Samuel (c. xiv.), where the Bible (1539) uses the word "adjured," King James's version has "charged the people with an oath." (v. 28.) And in v. 24, King James's version has " adjured;" and the Bible 1539, "charged the people with an oath." The Geneva Bible, 1561, in v. 28, has, "made the people to

sweare."

Then answered one of the people ad sayde; thy father adiured the people saying, Cursed be the mã that eateth any sustinaunce this daye, & the people were fayntye.

Bible, 1539. 1 Sam. c. xiv.

But let us go now to that horrible swering of adjuration and conjuration, as don thise false enchauntours and nigromancers in basins ful of water, or in a bright swerd, in a cercle, or in a fire, or in a sholder bone of a shepe: I cannot sayn, but that they do cursedly and damnably ayenst Crist, and all the feith of holy chirche. Chaucer. Personnes Tale, v. i. 334.

But Jesus held his peace. And the high priest answered, and said unto him, I adjure thee by the living God, that thou tell us whether thou be the Christ, the Son of God. Matthew, c. xxvi. v. 63.

-Thou know'st the magistrates
And princes of my country came in person.
Solicited, commanded, threaten'd, urg'd,
Adjur'd, by all the bonds of civil duty,
And of religion, press'd how justit was,
How honourable, how glorious to entrap
A common enemy, who had destroyed
Such numbers of our nation.

Milton's Samson Agonistes.

Attend the sacred mysteries begin-
My solemn night-born adjuration hear;
Hear, and I'll raise thy spirit from the dust.

Young's Complaint, Night ix.

Hearing a lawyer, grave in his address,
With adjurations ev'ry word impress,
Suppos'd the man a bishop, or at least,
(God's name so much upon his lips) a priest.

ADJUST', v.

Cowper's Conversation. Lat. Ad justum, ordered to. ADJUST'ER, To fix or set, or put in, or accordADJUSTMENT. Jing, or conformable to method; to order, to rule, to regulate.

For these ne been yet no remedies of the malady, but they ben a manner norishing of thy sorrows, that rebell ayenst thy curacion. For whan time is I shal inoue and aiust soch things, that percen hem ful depe. Chaucer, 2 B. of Boecius, fo. 217, c. i.

He hangs his mantle loose, and sets to show
The golden edging on the seam below;
Adjusts his flowing curls, and in his hand
Waves with an air the sleep-procuring wand.

Addison's Translations. The Story of Aglauros.

Virtue and wisdom are continually employed in clearing the ruins, removing these disorderly heaps, recovering the noble pieces that lie buried under them, and adjusting them as well as possible according to their ancient symmetry and beauty.

Tatler, No. 87.

Let the most stedfast unbeliever open his eyes, and take a survey of the sensible world, and then say if there be not a connexion, and adjustment, and exact and constant order discoverable in all the parts of it.

Guardian, No. 27.

This adjustment of men's condition to their deserts, is the true greatness and glory of a kingdom.

Clarke's Sermons.

Sixe batchelers, as bold as he,

Adjuting to his companee,

And each one hath his liverie.

Jonson's King's Entertainment at Welbeck, in Nottinghamshire. I have only been a careful adjuvant, and was sorry I could not be the efficient. Sir H. Yelverton, 1609. He had a due regard to his person; for in great battles he would sit in his pavilion, and manage all by adjutants. Bacon's Biography. Having treated of the generation of minerals, he finds that they have their seminaries in the womb of the earth, replenished with active spirits; which meeting with apt matter and adjuvant causes, do proceed to the generation of several species, according to the nature of the efficient, and fitness of the matter. Howell's Letters.

As nerves are adjuments to corporal activity, so are laws the hinges on which politique bodies act and move. Waterhouse.

It was no doubt disposed with all the adjutaney of definition and division. Burke.

ADJUTANT, in the military art, an officer who relieves the major of part of his care and performs it in his absence. His orders are received from the brigade major, which he carries to the colonel of his regiment, and then delivers them to the serjeant. He must be acquainted with all manœuvres.

ADJUTANT-GENERAL, an officer of distinction, who assists the general. His business is to form the details of duty of the army with the brigade majors, and keep an account of the state of each regiment. He daily receives orders at head quarters from the general officer, and distributes them to the majors of brigades. In battle he superintends the drawing up of the infantry, and then places himself by the side of the general.

ADJUTANTS-GENERAL, those fathers, among the Jesuits, who dwelt with the general of the order; and whose business it was to watch over the principal occurrences of distant countries, and from time to time communicate information to the general.

Promises of friendship are, like all others, useless and vain, unless

Rambler, No 13.

the common interest who had no separate rights of legation, on their own account.

ADLESBERG, a market town of Carniola, in Austria, at the foot of a high rocky mountain, chiefly celebrated for an extensive cavern in the neighbourhood, whose passages are said to be some miles in length. The exsudations of the petrifying fluid have formed numerous pillars and apartments, that are perpetually varying their shapes and dimensions: near its entrance rises the river Poig.

ADLOCUTION, (adlocutio, Lat.) a term applied to the speeches of the Roman generals to their armies

P

ADJUTE.

ADLOCUTION.

The antient and most effectual method of proceeding is by writ of admeasurement of pasture. This lies either where a common appurtenant or in gross is certain as to number, or where a man has common appendant or appurtenant to his land, the quantity of which common has never yet been ascertained. *** And upon this suit all the commoners shall be admeasured.

Blackstone's Commentaries. ADMEASUREMENT, ADMENSURATIO, in Law, a writ brought for remedy against those who usurp more than their share. There are two cases: admensuratio dotis, where a man's widow holds from the heir more land, &c. than of right belongs to her as dower; and admensuratio pasture, which is between those who have common of pasture where any of them surcharge the

While I administred the office of common doing, as in ruling of the stablishmentes emongs the people, I defouled neuer my conscience for no maner deede, but euer by wit and by counsaile of the wisest, the matters were drawen fo their right ends.

Chaucer. Test of L. b. i. fo. 293, c. 3. Power me thought yt I had to keep from mine enemies, and mee seemed to shine in glory of renoume, as manhood asketh in mean, for no wight in mine administracion, coud none yuels ne trechery by soth cause on me putte.

Id. Test of L. b. ii. f. 304, c. 2. King Henry [the iv.] perfightly remembring that there could be no more praise geuen to a prince than to execute his office in administryng justice, whiche aboue all thyng is the very necessary minister to all people,-called a great cousail of the thre estates of his

realme.

Hall, p. 44.

ADMI

And not that onely, but who was also chosen of the churches to travel with us, with this grace, which is administred by us to the NISTER glory of the same Lord, and the declaration of your ready minde. Auoiding this that no man should blame us in this abundance which is administered by us. 2 Cor. c. viii. v. 19, 20.

It is decreed and ordained in this present parliament, that no
manner of person or persons, in any time coming, administrate any
of the sacraments secretly, in any manner of way, but they that are
admitted, and having power to that effect.
Knox's History of the Reformation.

For forms of government let fools contest;
Whate'er is best administer'd is best.

Pope. Essay on Man, Epistle ifi.

The tyrant, by making his will and pleasure the rule of his administration, imprisons and confiscates without legal complaint or forfeiture; which, exposing liberty and property a prey to court sycophants, reduces all honour to a servile fear. Warburton's Sermons.

ADMINISTRATOR, in Law, a person entrusted by the ordinary with the goods of another, dying intestate, for which he is accountable. In Scots law, it denotes a person empowered to act for another, who is considered by the law as incompetent to act for himself: also the power of a father over his children when

minors.

ADMIRAL, the commander in chief of a squadron, or fleet of ships of war; or of the entire naval force of a country.

The origin and early history of this high office are involved in great obscurity. It has obtained in almost all countries that have any breadth of sea-coast: some writers have traced it to the eastern languages, others to the Greek. Sir Henry Spelman is of opinion, that both the name and office were first in use amongst the Saracens, as it is clear they were introduced into Europe by the Crusades. The first authentic instance that occurs of admirals in this part of the world, is about the year 1284; when Philip, king of France, created Enguerand de Coussy admiral of his fleet. Neither the laws of Oleron, made in 1226, nor Bracton, make any mention of the term Admiral; and it was not used in a charter in the eighth of Henry III. where a similar appointment was conferred on Richard de Lacy; but in the 56th year of the same reign, not only the historians, but the charters themselves, employ it. Spelman therefore refers its origin to this reign.

In the reign of Edward I. who succeeded Henry, and who had himself been active in the naval services of the Crusades, we find a title of honour, "Admiral de la mer du roy d'Angleterre," conferred for the first time on W. de Leybourne; and about this time the jurisdiction of the English seas, was committed to three or four admirals, who held the office durante bene placeto. These had their particular limits, as admirals of the fleet, from the mouth of the Thames, northward, southward, or westward. There were, besides, admirals of the Cinque Ports, as in the reign of Edward III. when William Latimer was styled Admiralis quinque Portuum. From the time of Edward II. a regular succession of admirals is to be traced; and in the

ADMIRAL

ADMI- 34th of Edward III. John de Beauchamp, Lord Warden ᎡᎪᏞ. of the Cinque Ports, was created High Admiral of England. The office was again, however, divided for a few years into that of the Northern and Western Admiral, when Richard II. appointed Richard FitzAlain, son of the earl of Arundel, Admiral of England; the duke of Albemarle succeeded him by the title of High Admiral of the North and West; it was again divided, for a short time, in the reign of Henry IV.; but in the sixth year of that reign became permanently vested with most of its present powers. Persons of high rank, and some of them entirely unacquainted with naval affairs, continued to fill this office until 1632, when it was first put into Commission, as it remained during the protectorate of Cromwell. James, Duke of York, afterwards James II., exercised the functions of Lord High Admiral for several years of Charles the Second's reign, with great ability; and, when he succeeded to the throne, continued to administer them through a secretary. Many of his regulations are observed to the present time, and evince his zeal for this most popular and most important service. During the reign of William and Mary, the powers of the Lord High Admiral were committed, by statute ii. cap. 2, to Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty. Prince George of Denmark enjoyed this dignity during a short period of the reign of Anne; since which time it has always been vested in seven Lords Commissioners, acting under the statute of William and Mary.

During the short time, however, in which this office was entrusted to his Royal Highness Prince George of Denmark, a most important alteration took place in its perquisites. These, with the exception of 25007. per annum, he formally alienated to the Crown. The income of the office was afterwards increased to 1000 7. per annum for each of the Commissioners; but that of the First Lord is now equal to 5000l. per annum. The surplus revenue so alienated, forms what are called the Droits of Admiralty, which have been applied to various public purposes, at the pleasure of government.

To the Lord High ADMIRAL, or Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty of England, pertain the power of decision in all maritime cases, both civil and criminal; a jurisdiction upon or beyond the sea, in all parts of the world; upon the sea coasts, in all ports and havens, and upon all rivers below the nearest bridge to the sea. According to the terms of the patent, "To preserve public streams, ports, rivers, fresh waters and creeks whatsoever, within his jurisdiction, as well for the preservation of the ships as of the fishes; to reform too straight nets and unlawful en gines, and punish offenders; to arrest ships, mariners, pilots, masters, gunners, bombadiers, and any other persons whatsoever, able and fit for the service of ships, as often as occasion shall require, and wheresoever they shall be met with; to appoint viceadmirals, judges, and other officers, durante bene placeto; to remove, suspend, or expel them, and put others in their places; to take cognizance of civil and maritime laws, and of death, murder, and maim." But the Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports has jurisdiction exempt from the control of the Admiralty within those ports. And the Lord Admiral seems to have his more proper jurisdiction confined to the main sea, or coasts of the sea not within the counties; as he has legal cognizance of the death or maim of a man committed in

any ship riding in great rivers, beneath the lowest ADMIbridge; but if a man be killed upon any arm of the RAL. sea where the land can be seen on both sides, the coroner of the county is to inquire into it, and not the admiral; and where a county may inquire the admiral has no jurisdiction. Between high and low water mark, the common law and the Admiralty have jurisdiction by turns, one upon the water, and the other upon the land. By the discipline of the navy, the Lord High Admiral grants commissions to inferior admirals to enforce obedience in all the branches of the service, to call courtsmartial for the trial of offences against the articles of war; upon which they decide by the majority of votes: a Deputy Judge Advocate, who resides at Plymouth, presiding over those of most importance. To the office of Lord High Admiral are given, as perquisites by the patent, "treasure, deodands, direlicts found within his jurisdiction; all goods picked up at sea; all fines, forfeitures, ransoms, recognizances, and pecuniary punishments; all sturgeons, whales, porpusses, dolphins, rigs and grampusses, and all such large fishes; all ships and goods of the enemy coming into any creek, road, or port, by stress of weather, mistake, or ignorance of the war; all ships seized at sea, salvage, &c. together with his shares of prizes." This officer, in ancient times, carried a gold whistle set with precious stones, at the end of a gold chain.

ADMIRAL of the FLEET, the highest naval officer under the admiralty of Great Britain, who, when he embarks, is distinguished by the hoisting of the union flag at the main-top-gallant-mast head. A member of the royal family has lately filled this office.

The Lord High ADMIRAL of Scotland, was anciently one of the great officers of the crown, and supreme judge in all maritime cases within that part of Britain. "The king's Lieutenant and Justice-General upon the Seas," is a title by which he was designated in 1651. All the powers of this office have been vested, since the union, in the admiralty of Great Britain, which appoints a Judge, or Vice-Admiral, who executes its duties and presides over an Admiralty court in Scotland.

ADMIRALS being commanders in chief of any fleet or squadron, carry their flags at the main-top-gallantmast head, from which they are designated as admirals of the red, of the white, of the blue. They rank with field-martials in the army. The VICE-ADMIRAL carries his flag at the foretop-mast head, and takes rank with the lieutenantgenerals of the army.

The REAR-ADMIRAL carries his flag at the mizentop-mast head, and ranks with major-generals.

ADMIRAL, Vice, is also a civil officer appointed by the Lords Commissioners of the Admiralty, with judges and marshals under him, for executing jurisdiction within certain limits. His decisions, however, bear a final appeal to the Court of Admiralty. The ViceAdmiral of England was formerly the Deputy of the High Admiral, but the place is now a sinecure, generally conferred on some officer of distinction. Ireland has four Vice-Admirals; Scotland one; and the Governors of Colonies generally hold a commission to preside over Vice-Admiralty Courts.

ADMIRAL is also a name given to the most considerable ship of a fleet of merchantmen, or of the vessels employed in the cod fishery of Newfoundland. The ship which first arrives is entitled to this appel