draw out the boundaries that divide them; whereas, in animals most resembling each other, the different species are preserved pure and unmixed. Neither does the colour, which I have described in general terms as belonging to any particular race, prevail so universally in all the individuals of that race, as to constitute an invariable character, as we should expect if it arose from a cause so uniform as an original specific difference: its varieties, on the contrary, point out the action of other circumstances. Thus, although the red colour is very prevalent on the American continent, travellers have observed fair tribes in several parts, as ULLOA* and BOUGUER† in Peru; Cook‡ and VANCOUVER § at Nootka Sound; HUMBOLDT || near the sources of the Orinoco; and WELD near the United States. The natives of New Zealand vary from a deepish black to an olive or yellowish tinge ¶. In the Friendly Islands many of the women are as fair as those of Spain or Portugal; several of both sexes are of an olive colour; and many of a deep brown **.

The domestic animals exhibit varieties entirely analogous to those which have been just enumerated; a fact so familiarly known with respect to the sheep, pig, horse, cow, dog,

* Voyage to South America; i. 257.

+ Relation abrégée du Voyage, &c.; in Acad. des Sciences, 1740, p. 274. He represents the Peruvians at the foot of the Cordilleras to be nearly as white as Europeans.

↑ He represents the colour of their skin as not very different from that of Europeans, but with a pale dull cast. Voy. to the Pacific; ii. 303.

Voyage; i. 395.

|| Political Essay on the Kingdom of New Spain; i. 144. ¶ ANDERSON, in Cook's Voyage to the Pacific; i. 154.

**Cook's Voyage to the Pacific; i., 381.

cat, rabbit, &c. that it cannot be necessary to support the assertion by any details. The leucæthiopic constitution occurs too in wild and domestic animals, as well as in the human subject. It has been observed (not to mention the well-known examples of the rabbit, ferret, mouse, horse) in the monkey, squirrel, rat, hamster, guinea-pig, mole, opossum, martin, weasel, roe*, foxt, rhinoceros ‡, elephant §, badger, beaver |, bear, camel, buffalo **, and ass tt. The crow, blackbird, canary-bird, partridge, common fowl, and peacock, are sometimes the subjects of it; but it has never been seen in any cold-blooded animal.

In the leucaethiopic mammalia and birds just enumerated the nature and characters of the deviation seem to be perfectly analogous to those of the human Albino. The pure whiteness of their skin and other integuments, and the redness of the iris and pupil, mark the same deficiency of colouring matter. A white mouse possessed by BLUMENBACH also exhibited the intolerance of light, which has been no

BLUMENBACH de 9. h. var. nat. sect. iii. § 78.

+ Shaw's Zoology.

↑ BARROW's Travels in South Africa; i. 395.

The white elephants are very rare, and highly valued; they receive the greatest care and attention, and are regarded in some cases with a kind of religious respect. One of his Birman majesty's SYMES' Embassy to Ava; 8vo.

titles is, lord of the white elephant.

v. 2, p. 390; and v. 3, p. 338.

|| The beaver may deviate either into white or black. The white are very scarce; the black are beautifully glossy, and more common. HEARNE'S Journey to the Northern Ocean, p. 241.

¶ "One of the camels was pure white with blue eyes."-EL

PHINSTONE'S Account of Caubul, Introduction, p. 30.

PALLAS mentions the same fact. Travels in the southern Pro vinces of the Russian Empire.

**SHAW's Zoology.

+ BUCHANAN'S Journey from Madras, &c. v. 1, p. 7.

ticed almost universally in the human examples: the animal kept its eyelids closed even in the twilight *.

In

When two varieties copulate together, the offspring resembles neither parent wholly, but partakes of the form and other properties of both. This cannot with propriety be termed hybrid generation, as authors apply that word to the animals produced by the copulation of different specics, as of the horse and ass, the canary-bird and goldfinch. this sense hybrids are never produced in the human species. "Non desunt," says BLUMENBACH, "historiæ nefandæ hominum cum brutis copulæ, quando aut viri cum bestiarum femellis rem habuerunt, sive effrenata libidine rapti †, sive ex vesana continentiæ opinione‡, sive quod medicum usum ex ejusmodi facinore sperarent §; aut feminas a brutorum masculis subactas esse relatum est, sive violenti stupro id

"Audivi ex

• Commentation. Reg. Soc. Scient. Gotting. v. 7, p. 34. †TH. WARTON ad THEOCRITI Idyll. i. 88, p. 19. docto quodam amico, qui per Siciliam insulam iter faciens, ibidem cum vetera monumenta, tum populi mores accuratius investigaverat, inter confessionis articulos a Siculis caprariis apud montes vitam solitariam degentibus, etiamnum per sacerdotes proprios rite solere exigi, an rem cum hircis suis habuerint!"

MART. a BAUMGARTEN, Peregrinatio in Egyptum, Arabiam, &c. p. 73. "Ex Alchanica Egypti egressi, venimus ad casale quoddam Belbes dictum, ubi carabenæ eunti Damascum sumus conjuncti. Ibi vidimus sanctum unum Saracenicum, inter arenarum cumulos, ita ut ex utero matris prodiit, nudum sedentem.-Audivimus sanctum illum, quem eo loco vidimus, publicitus apprime commendari: eum esse hominem sanctum, divinum ac integritate præcipuum, eo quod nec foeminam unquam esset nec puerorum, sed tantummodo asellarum concubitor atque mularum."

§ Hoc fine Persas ischiade laborantes onagras inire PALLAS auctor est, in Neuen Nordischen Beyträgen, p. ii. pag. 38.

PHILLIPS, speaking of the baboons of Guinea in CHURCHILL'S Collection of Voyages, v. 6, p. 211, says, "Here are a vast number of overgrown large baboons, some as big as a large mastiff dog,

acciderit, sive sollicitantibus ex libidine insanientibus feminis*, sive prostituentibus sese ex religiosa superstitione † ; nullum tamen unquam a teste fide digno relatum comperimus exemplum, ubi fecunda evaserit ejusmodi copula, hybridumque ex hominis cum bestia immani coitu prognatum fuerit." Yet the laws of various countries have directed that the fruit of such unnatural intercourse should be burned, or otherwise destroyed.

We can only speak, in the human subject, of such hybrids as proceed from copulation of the different varieties of one and the same species, as of a carthorse and a racer, the green and white canary-birds, &c. These unions have a great effect in changing the colour, conformation, and other properties of the offspring, and are consequently employed with wonderful advantage in improving the breeds of our domestic animals, particularly the horse, sheep, and cattle.

Children produced from the copulation of different races exhibit the middle (or nearly so) between the two tints of their parents. This law holds good universally; climate not making the smallest difference: Mulattos precisely similar are produced from the union of Negroes and Europeans, whether in Africa, in the East Indies, in the sugar islands, in North America, or in Europe. From a refinement of vanity, the inhabitants of the Spanish colonies in America have enriched their language with terms for the finest shades,

which go in droves of fifty and one hundred together, and are very dangerous to be met with, especially by women; whom I have been credibly informed they have often seized upon, ravished, and in that kind abused one after another, till they have killed them."

* Ita feminas Kamtschadalicas quondam cum canibus coivisse STELLER refert, in Beschreibung von Kamtschatka, p. 289.

+ Ut Mendesiæ feminæ cum hirco sacro: de quo singulari ritu videsis uberrime disserentem D'HANCARVILLE in Recherches sur l'Origine des Arts de la Grèce, t. 1, p. 320.

which result from the degeneration of the primitive colour; and have also distinguished the offspring of the various darkcoloured races with the whites.

In the first generation, the offspring of Europeans and Negroes are called Mulattos (mulâtre, Fr.). The word Creole (criollo) has been frequently confounded with this, even by good writers; but that name, originally applied by the first Negroes conveyed to America in the sixteenth century, to their children born in that country, and borrowed by the Spaniards from them to denote their own offspring in the new world*, belongs properly to the children of European or Negro parents born in the East or West Indies.

In colour, figure, and moral qualities, the Mulatto is a medium between the European and African. The colour is more or less yellow, brown, or tawny, according as the European father may have been fair or dark; and the countenance has the middle form between that of both parents t. There is no redness of the cheek. The hair is curled and black, but much longer than that of the Negro; and the iris is dark. In cleanliness, capacity, activity, and courage, they are decidedly superior to the Negroes.

• GARCILASSO del Origen de los Incas, p. 255. We can easily understand how the use of the word may have been extended in the West Indies to the animals which have been produced from stocks imported from the old world.

+ Whether either colour or sex affects the offspring more strongly than the other, is an interesting question, which we have not the means of answering satisfactorily. I find an opinion expressed, that in the union of the European and Negress the nobler blood predominates. ESTWICK, History of Jamaica; ii. 335. There is the same authority for an opinion that male and female Mulattos do not produce so many children together, as if they were united respectively to Negresses and Europeans. Mr. LONG, in his History of Jamaica, gives a similar testimony on this point, and that in strong terms.