Autobiography, edited for this series by Frank W. Pine, pages 15-16, Franklin acknowledges that he was a diligent reader of the Spectator.

10, 31. Owner. This enthusiastic description of Sir Andrew's business abilities reveals Steele's pronounced Whig sympathies. The large and prosperous merchant class of the city belonged almost exclusively to the Whig party, whereas the landed aristocracy of the country was largely Tory.

11, 6. Next heir to Sir Roger. Captain Sentry afterwards inherits Sir Roger's estate. See introductory comment to No. XXXII.

11, 18-19. Disposing: dispensing rewards.

12, 4. Humorists: odd, eccentric fellows.

12, 14. Habits: styles of dress. We still say "riding-habit." 12, 16. Mode: fashion.

12, 22. Female world. The extravagance of contemporary fashion in feminine dress is a constant subject of satire in the Spectator. In Spectator No. 69 Addison writes: "The single dress of a woman of quality is often the product of an hundred climates. The muff and the fan come together from the different ends of the earth. The scarf is sent from the torrid zone and the tippet from beneath the pole. The brocade petticoat arises out of the mines of Peru, and the diamond necklace out of the bowels of Indostan."

12, 23. Take notice to you: call to your attention.

12, 24-25. Duke of Monmouth. The Duke of Monmouth (1649-1685) claimed to be the son of Charles II, and on that pretext made an attempt to deprive James II of the British throne. He was defeated by James II and executed on Tower Hill. Monmouth was a young man of pleasing manners and engaging personality.

12, 27. Relations: recitals.

12, 27. The Park: Hyde Park, the largest and most fashionable park in London.

13, 26. R. One of Steele's signatures. See note to 7, 23.

QUESTIONS

1. Distinguish between the class characteristics and the individual characteristics of the members of Mr. Spectator's club.

2. What different classes of society are represented by the several members of the club and what are the class characteristics of each member?

3. What members of the club bear names that indicate the class to which they belong?

4. What are the individual characteristics of each member?

III. MR. SPECTATOR AT HIS CLUB

The present paper, together with the two preceding, serves as a general introduction to the Sir Roger de Coverley series. In the first paper Addison introduces Mr. Spectator, in the second Steele follows with a sketch of the several members of Mr. Spectator's club, and now Addison completes this little preliminary group by introducing Mr. Spectator in the company of his club associates.

(Motto).

"From spotted skins the leopard does refrain."

JUVENAL, Satire XV, verses 156-160. 14, 23-24. The opera and the puppet-show. In preceding papers of the Spectator, Addison had criticised Italian opera, a fashionable entertainment recently introduced upon the London stage. Perhaps as a result of the ill-success of his own opera Rosamond, he remarks that "nothing is fit to be set to music that is not nonsense," and repeatedly ridicules the unnatural medley of English and Italian words heard at these performances. Towards the puppet-or Punch and Judy— show, which, as a domestic and less pretentious form of amusement, would naturally appeal more strongly to a sensible Englishman, he is more lenient, basing his strictures mainly upon the diminished popularity of church-going since Mr. Powell has set up his puppet-show in the immediate neighborhood of St. Paul's Church. For Addison's comments on the opera, see Spectator Nos. 5, 13, 14, and 18, and upon the puppetshow, No. 14.

15, 1. Dress and equipage of persons of quality. In Spectator No. 15 Addison had expressed his disapproval of a coach adorned with gilded cupids," and in No. 16 had protested against "silver garters,” “fringed gloves," "top-knots," and other fashionable fopperies.

15, 5. The city-as contrasted with "the whole city" (15,

7)-is used in a technical sense to denote that part of London devoted primarily to business-the part, that is, which centers about the Bank of England and which would naturally be of chief interest to a merchant such as Sir Andrew.

15, 12. Aldermen and citizens. Since Addison had not attacked the citizen class, it is probable that these words are intended as a warning, not as a rebuke.

15, 18. The wits of King Charles's time: the authors of the reign of Charles II, particularly the comic dramatists, such as Congreve, Farquhar, Vanbrugh, and Wycherley, who delighted to picture the follies of citizens and their wives.

15, 20. Horace, Juvenal, Boileau. Quintus Horatius Flaccus (B. C. 65-8) and Decimus Junius Juvenalis (A. D. 60-140) were famous Roman satirists; Nicholas Boileau-Despréaux (1637-1711) was a famous French satirist.

15, 26. Several persons of the Inns of Court. Addison had ridiculed the lawyer class in Spectator No. 21.

16, 4-5. Mention foxhunters with so little respect. There is no ground for Sir Roger's complaint. Addison has not only made no derogatory reference to foxhunters thus far but afterwards gives, in the Freeholder No. 22, a charming picture of that class. Steele, to be sure, makes a disparaging allusion to foxhunters in Spectator No. 474; but since that paper had not yet been written, it can have no bearing upon the present passage.

17, 19. The Roman triumvirate: Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus. Their debate is recorded by Plutarch in his Life of Mark Antony, edited by Skeat, page 169, and by Shakespeare in Julius Cæsar, Act IV, scene i.

17, 29-30. If Punch grows extravagant. The reference is to Punch as played by a certain hunchback dwarf named Robert Powell, whose language appears to have been somewhat free. See Tatler No. 16.

QUESTIONS

1. State in your own words the doctrine which Addison seeks to teach in this paper.

2. In what way is the behavior of the several members of Mr. Spectator's club used to demonstrate the necessity for such a doctrine?

3. What is the particular applicability of the Roman fable to the situation that arises in Mr. Spectator's club?

4. Is there anything particularly appropriate in the selection of the clergyman as peacemaker in the dispute?

IV. A LADY'S LIBRARY

Strictly speaking, the present paper should not be included in the Sir Roger de Coverley series, for, with the exception of a casual reference to Sir Roger at the opening, the paper has nothing whatever to do either with that gentleman or with any other member of Mr. Spectator's club. It is included in the series because it represents that large and important portion of the Spectator in which Steele and Addison, abandoning altogether their original design of representing Mr. Spectator as the member of a club, allow that gentleman to discuss, without the aid of his club associates, a large variety of subjects which could not well be brought within the compass of that design. Among these subjects none was of greater interest to Addison than that of female affections; and the present paper affords an excellent example of the deliciously humorous manner in which he treats this general theme.

(Motto).

"Unbred to spinning, in the loom unskill'd.”—

VIRGIL, Aeneid, book VII, verses 805-806. 18, 22. Jars of china. A craze for collecting china was then at its height. See Steele in Tatler No. 23, and Addison in Spectator No. 299.

19, 11. Scaramouches: miniature figures of clowns. Scaramuccia was the name of an Italian buffoon of the seventeenth century.

19, 11. Mandarins: diminutive figures of Chinese officials in ceremonial dress.

19, 14. Snuffbox. The taking of snuff was then a novelty. The learned lady of Addison's day was, therefore, as much "advanced" as her sister of to-day. In Spectator No. 344 Steele describes a lady who takes snuff at meals and another who takes it in the middle of a sermon. We may be permitted to suppose that these were also "reading" ladies.

19, 18. Fagots: dummy soldiers or persons hired to take the place of real soldiers at the muster of a regiment.

19, 26-27. Heard them praised or . . . seen the authors of them: a delightful bit of irony based upon the natural tendency of women to buy books for purely sentimental reasons.

19, 29. Ogilby's Virgil. The first complete English translation of Virgil was that made by John Ogilby in 1649-1650. It was poor as a translation but beautifully illustrated.

19, 30. Dryden's Juvenal. The satires of the Roman poet Juvenal were translated by John Dryden in 1693.

19, 31-33. Cassandra, Cleopatra, Astraea: long-winded French romances of the typically sentimental variety then in fashion among ladies of quality. The first two were by La Calprenède (1610-1663) and the last by Honoré D'Urfé (15681625). It is needless to add that Leonora read these authors likewise only in an English translation.

20, 1. The Grand Cyrus; a romance of the same type as the preceding, written by Mademoiselle de Scudéry (16071701).

20, 3. Pembroke's Arcadia: a romance written by Sir Philip Sidney in 1580-1581, and published after his death by his sister, the Countess of Pembroke, to whom it was dedicated.

20, 4. Locke of Human Understanding: an Essay on the Human Understanding by the famous philosopher, John Locke (1632-1704). It would be a safe guess that this book was not among the "few which the lady had bought for her own use." 20, 8. Sherlock upon Death: a Practical Discourse concerning Death by William Sherlock (1641-1707).

20, 9. The Fifteen Comforts of Matrimony: an English version of Les Quinze Joies de Mariage, a clever satire on women, written in 1450 by Antoine de La Salle.

20, 10. Sir William Temple. The Essays of this polished but conventional writer were published in 1692.

20, 11. Father Malebranche's Search after Truth: an English version of La Recherche de la Vérité, written in 1674 by the French philosopher, Nicholas Malebranche.

20, 14. The Academy of Compliments: an anonymous collection of guides to behavior.

20, 15. Culpepper's Midwivery: the Complete Midwife's Practice by Nicholas Culpepper (1616-1654).

20, 16. The Ladies' Calling: a companion volume to the Whole Duty of Man. Both were popular religious manuals of the seventeenth century.

20, 17. Tales in Verse by Mr. D'Urfey: Tales, Tragical