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The Envestigator.

REPORT OF MR. M'CULLOCH'S LECTURE
ON NATIONAL EDUCATION.

this principle is counteracted by the force of moral re- happy change might be effected in the habits and vul straint, when they send only a limited number of la- tions of the people. This has been done in the [Comprehending Political Economy, Statistics, Jurispru-bourers into the market, their wages will be raised, and and intellectual sciences, but not in those im dence, occasional passages from Parliamentary Speeches they will rise in the scale of society. These are plain and important sciences, which explain and unfold ite of a general nature, occasional Parliamentary Docu- obvious truths, and might be made level to the comprehen-nism of society. The plain and elementary pr ments, and other speculative subjects, excluding Party sion of all. Neither would it require any great degree of economical science might be embodied in a narev Politics.] capacity to perceive that it must always be their interest to pass, and in such a form as to make them acce retard the progress of population, and increase as much as classes. In this way knowledge and informat possible the rate of wages, and that their command over be made to circulate through the workshop and the conveniences and necessaries of life, and consequently let. And the compilation of works of this de their power to increase, must ever depend on this rate. an occupation which, I am persuaded, is very eas You should impress upon them, what, indeed, they can-nevolent and enlightened mind, and is really a day vo not fail to perceive, that the proportion which the supply the man of affluence and the votary of science owe of labour bears to the demand, and consequently the rate who relieve them from the necessity of body bear, of wages which they receive, depends entirely on them- who enable them to enjoy their fortunes selves, that they themselves are possessed of the means studies without interruption. The advan of improving or deteriorating their condition,-that they result from publications of this descriptio, mut be are in a great measure the arbiters of their own fortunes, dent to all." Books," to avail mys, a that what others can do for them is no more than the dust pression of Milton, "are no dead things, but do cuantain a of the balance compared with what they can do for them-potency of life in them, the very spre selves,-and that the wisest institutions, and the most progeny they are." They are the pe strenuous exertions of their rulers, cannot preserve them which are preserved the full strength and ve from want and misery, if they do not exercise the power mind which gave them birth. Put in the basta di ma which they themselves only possess, of checking the too ple books which show them how to improve the r rapid increase of population. When you have done this, tion, and see whether they will contine: you will have done all that can be done to diffuse, rags and wretchedness, or whether they wil teran throughout the country, the advantages of a universal sys-gorous exertions to follow the path pointed tem of public instruction. With a knowledge of these and rise in the world. Had the Catholic death truths, the people would defer, for a short time, the period entrusted with the management of the edu of marriage, and in the course of a few years they would poor in Ireland, felt the force of the observe reap the fruits of their self-denial, and experience the ton, which I have just read, they would ha good effects of the instruction which they had received, very different manner. Mr. Wakefield intra a a in the rise of wages, and the consequent amelioration of the Irish are possessed of as much ability, a their condition. If these principles were explained with desire to learn, as the English, and that the stars that clearness, and enforced with that carnestness, which gress in the acquirement of knowledge and their supreme importance demands, they could not fail to owing to the deficiency of their masters, and ter make a deep impression on the minds even of the young. nature of the books introduced into the schoo But allowing, for a moment, that they could not be made the only books which they read, are the a sufficiently intelligible, or be brought strikingly home to thieves and smugglers, and the lives of witche the young mind, still this would form no valid objection titutes, which either prepare the way for the to the plan which I propose. They might lose some of of every species of crime, or fill the minds of the links in the chain of reasoning by which conclusions with wild and extravagant notions of real e were arrived at, but the conclusions themselves would be abuse of language to say that people instructed indelibly impressed upon their memories, and when they are educated. I am aware that attempts have b reflected upon them in their maturer years, they would made to eradicate books of this description fre bring with them all the adventitious weight of being sup- schools; but still more vigorous efforts will be ported by the revered authority of their early instructors. to substitute others in their place, and to ope The vices and errors of the poor are by no means incor- the people to the abyss into which their own rigible. The poor possess as great a desire for instruc- and the violence of their leaders, is about to pla tion, and as much sagacity in penetrating into the most remote consequences of matters immediately affecting their own interests, as the rich; and if you once succeed in convincing a man that his interest lies in giving up his present line of conduct, and adopting a new one, the chances are ten to one that he will do so. Few can say with the poet, "Video meliora, proboque, deteriora sequor." Ignorance is the impure and muddy fountain whence twothirds of all the vice and misery in the world have flowed, and when you succeed in cleansing and purifying it, you may reasonably expect that the regions through which the matter which issues from it flows, will become more healthy, and more free from the baneful influence of the fogs of vice and error. The seeds of instruction require much care and attention in the sowing, and many seasons must elapse before they arrive at maturity. But if there is little room for extravagant expectations of early improvement, there is no room whatever for despondency. The harvest of good education, though late, will be a most luxuriant one.

In my last lecture I showed that the principle of increase in the human race was not only sufficiently strong to keep population on a level with the means of subsistence, but that its natural tendency was to exceed this limit, and that unless its progress was checked by the operation of moral restraint, a universal prevalence of vice, misery, and dis. ease, would be the consequence. It is unnecessary to add any thing to the proofs which I accumulated in my last lecture in support of this doctrine, but the ratio of increase of the population of Ireland, and the actual condition of the people, compared with the ratio of increase, and the actual condition of the people in England, afford such a striking illustration of the principle which I then laid down, that I may be excused from mentioning it. No one can doubt that the capital of Ireland has very much increased during the last hundred years, but no one will say that its increase has been a half, or even a third, so great as that of England. The population of England in 1720 amounted to 6,955,000, and by the late census in 1821 it amounted to 14,391,000, having little more than doubled in the course of a century. But, notwithstanding the slower increase of the capital of Ireland, the population, which in 1721 was not quite two millions, amounted in 1821 to nearly seven millions, having thus nearly quadrupled in less time than the population of England took to double. I shall not attempt to inquire into the reason of this enormous difference in the increase of the population of the two nations, but shall merely observe, that this rapid increase, by making the supply of labour far exceed the demand, is the immediate and proximate cause of the present wretched condition of the miserable inhabitants of Ireland. The number of individuals going about in search of employment is so much greater than there is employment for, that the competition reduces their wages to the lowest pittance on which it is possible to support mere animal existence. In many extensive districts more than one half of the inhabitants are out of employment, and the wages of those who are so fortunate as to obtain em ployment, do not amount to more than eightpence per day, and in some places to not more than threepence or feurpence. The consequence is, that their cabins are destitute of all the comforts, and almost of the necessaries, of life; many are not possessed even of bedclothes; and when the potato crop is deficient, the pressure of famine is felt in every corner of the land. As the inhabitants can never hope to fan the spark of life into a flame, their only endeavour is to prevent it from becoming totally extinct. This universal prevalence of want and misery generates vice of the worst description, and leads to the commission of every species of crime.

Such is a true and faithful representation of the state to which every people must be reduced whose numbers continue, for any very considerable period of time, to increase in a greater ratio than the means of subsistence; and it should be the object of every individual who has the good of his fellow-creatures at heart, to endeavour to raise the ratio of the increase of the means of subsistence above that of population, or, in other words, to check the increase of population, and keep it from rising above the level of the means of subsistence, a result to which it has a constant tendency in every old settled and fully peopled country like England.

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It is but lately that the expositions of porn mists have found their way into the public j useful and interesting vehicles of information, vey to the learned as well as the unlearned a rat 4 of political events, and of the progress of new in the arts and sciences. The advantages of the disseminating knowledge are incalculable, and this I may mention an anecdote related by A Simpson, one of the most able mathematicians century, who informs us that more mathera ledge was diffused throughout the kingden the Ladies' Diary," a periodical publication of an almanack, in which mathematical questi termixed with rebuses and acrostics, then ha quired by the instructions of the most celebrate and professors of the science. A public journal tional principles, and ably conducted, mus of great benefit to society; but, unfortunate ence of the press is too frequently employe purposes. The natural philosopher and the It is necessary that the people should be made acquaint- cian can have no inducement to bias their vi ed with the laws which regulate production and accumula- the truth; but it is otherwise with the condit tion, for, on the amount of wealth which they possess, public press. Every abuse in society, e their comfort and advancement in civilization must always measure of the Government, though injuries It seems to me, that this can only be accomplished by depend. Poverty, like death, treats alike the fool and the lic, is yet advantageous to some particular i the establishment of a universal system of National Edu- philosopher. But reading, writing, and arithmetic, cannot set of individuals; and these endeavour to secu tation. By this I only mean instruction in reading, writ-give a knowledge of these laws; and an exposition of the selves the advantages which they have obtained. sag, and arithmetic, in the duties enjoined by morality principles which regulate profit and wages should hold a ing a portion of the press into their service; add and religion, and in the plain and elementary principles conspicuous place in every well-digested system of uni-bour, by means of false arguments and perverte of political economy, particularly the laws which regulate versal instruction. ments, to persuade the public that the measures population and wages. I am persuaded that these would There is, then, only one way of improving the condition tutions which in reality are operating to their Poore easily understood than many of the treatises of the people, and that is, by enlightening them. Much prove advantageous to them; in other words, ught in the Scottish parochial schools. They might be has been done, of late years, by benevolent and philan- to make the worse, appear the better, cause. twily taught, for instance, that population has a constant thropic individuals, to diffuse, by means of cheap publica- no better way of guarding against the evidence e d natural tendency to increase beyond the means of sub- tions, general knowledge among the people, and in no corrupt press, than by diffusing throughout the ver stence, and that their comfort and prosperity must ever science, perhaps, more than in political economy; but knowledge of the duties which the people by depend on the degree in which they subject this tendency much yet remains to be done. It is not to be expected, from, and which they owe to, their rulers, opradential control, that the rate of wages must always nor perhaps is it to be wished, that the bulk of the people every man acquainted with the constitution of t pend upon the increase of population, or on the degree should become profoundly learned. The more expensive which his happiness must ever mainly depend which they supply the market with labour, that when and voluminous publications are not to be read or under- ought to be made acquainted with the real sparer, t e principle of population is allowed to exert its natural stood by them; but by means of cheap clementary trea-vate opulence and public wealth and propert ndency, the market will be overstocked with labour, and tises, setting the principles in the clearest point of view, national poverty and degradation. Without this wages will be reduced;-but that when the strength of and explaining the most obvious laws of the science, alledge, the conduct of every man must be regulated by la

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whose education it is the object of a system of universal two years subsequent to the passing of the act establishing
instruction to provide for, and the bulk of the people must, parochial schools, that there were then upwards of 200,000
therefore, still remain in the same ignorant and urenlight-persons wandering about the country, who derived their
ened state. But, supposing it possible for the children of subsistence by begging and the commission of the most
all of the poorer classes to be instructed in this way, there abandoned and atrocious crimes. But such is the im-
are still insuperable objections to the plan. Something of proved state of society, resulting from the education of the
degradation always attaches to education at a charity school, poor, that, notwithstanding the increase of population
and the parents of the children, and the children them- since that period, and the establishment of a system of
selves, cannot but feel that they are there because they are poor laws in no way differing from those of England, there
paupers and dependent on the bounty of others; and this is now scarcely a single beggar to be met with in the
feeling must operate to the total extinction of that sense of country, and no rate is levied for the support of the poor,
manly independence, moral dignity, and self-respect, for excepting in large towns and in the counties bordering on
the want of which no education can compensate. The people England, and even there it is so slight as scarcely to be
ought not to be instructed by means of charity sermons and felt.
beating up for alms in every quarter of the kingdom; in
short, the people ought to be educated, but they ought not
to be educated on an eleemosynary system.

In 1803, the salaries of the schoolmasters were raised, and the minimum is now £16 13s., and the maximum £22 5s. per annum. Taking the number of parochial I think, therefore, that the only way in which the con- schoolmasters in Scotland at 900, and their average salary dition of the people can be permanently improved, is, by at £20, both of which I believe to be pretty near the the establishment of a public system of universal instruc- truth, it will be seen that the whole expense of this estion, sanctioned by the authority of the legislature, tablishment, exclusive of the houses and gardens, only and in which the children of the poor and the rich should amounts to £18,000 per annum. I am aware that the be placed on a footing of the most perfect equality. All present salaries of the schoolmasters are thought by some that I would wish to be comprised in the scheme of instruc- to be too small, and that vigorous attempts will probably tion, are reading, writing, and arithmetic, the branches be made, in the course of a short time, to have them of education commonly taught in the Scotch parish schools, augmented, but such attempts ought not to be allowed the duties enjoined by religion and morality, and, above all, to succeed too hastily, or without being submitted to the an acquaintance with the plain and elementary principles strictest investigation, and considering well the consewhich regulate wages and the increase of population. If quences which will result from the scheme. The salaries Government did more than this, it would err in excess, of the schoolmasters were not intended as a fund to render but this much it is certainly its interest and duty to do, in them independent of the fees of their scholars, but as a order to secure the tranquillity of the state. Every thing premium to ensure the constant attendance of men qualified else might be left to the benevolence of individuals; for to give instruction, and who should have every inducement if the higher branches of education and the knowledge to make themselves perfect in their profession, and draw as of the arts and sciences are not worth paying for, they great a number of pupils as possible to school. But were ought not to be cultivated at all. I do not intend to in- their salaries to be raised, as is proposed, it would in all quire into the expediency of investing a particular indivi- probability have the effect of rendering the schoolmasters dual, or body of individuals, with the exclusive privilege idle and inattentive, careless how few attend their schools, of educating those who are intended for the learned pro-and lead them, like most other public functionaries, sionifessions, but I shall merely observe, that Dr. Smith has larly situated, to consider their business as a drudgery satisfactorily shown that such measures are equally per- which ought to be avoided. There has, as yet, been no nicious to the teachers and students. Monopolies in learn- lack of candidates for the office of schoolmaster; and if ing, like monopolies in trade, are always pernicious. improper persons have in some instances been chosen, it Though I doubt not the nature of the Scotch parochial has been owing more to the culpable negiect and indissystem of education, to which I have already alluded, is cretion of those in whom the appointment rests, than to sufficiently well known to some among you, yet, as many any difficulty in inducing eligible individuals to undertake of you must be unacquainted with it, and as it affords the office. Every proposition, then, for raising the salasuch a striking instance of the beneficial effects which may ries of the parochial schoolmasters above their present be expected to ensue from the establishment of a similar standard, ought to be listened to with the utmost caution, system in England, I trust I shall be excused for detain- and ought not to be fallen in with too hastily, or without ing you a few minutes in explaining it, the most perfect considering whether it may not lead to the undermining system of its kind ever established in any country. of that inestimable system which is the principal cause of the intelligence and information for which the inhabitants of Scotland are so much distinguished.

d untutored prejudices; and no man can be ca-
acting properly, either in his private capacity as
f a family, or in his public capacity as a citizen.
experience and history of all ages and countries
out in making these remarks. You will uniformly
that an ignorant and uneducated mob are the
rious and bigoted, and that an enlightened people
e moderate and sober, and more easily brought
te sway of reason and common sense. Put igno-
says the late Mr. Whitbread, "into the hands of
id observe what a dangerous weapon it becomes.
away ignorance, and see how impotent craft be-
efore reason and information." Ignorance was
e of the bloody political and religious wars and
swhich desolated Europe for so many centuries.
I doubt that the shameful murder of the statesman
d pensionary, De Witt, and his unhappy brother,
ve been avoided, had the mob, to whose fury and
hey fell victims, been possessed of minds capable
ciating the services which they had rendered their
ul country? Would the disgraceful London riots
have happened, when a proposal was made to re-
penal laws against the Roman Catholics, had the
of that city been more enlightened? or, to give a
re striking instance, would the bloody and mur-
scenes of the French Revolution have taken place,
the ignorance and bigotry of the populace rendered
prey to the artful designs of their leaders, and
hem the willing and powerful dupes of the shal-
artifices?
ppears, then, that notwithstanding what some shal-
phists have asserted, that the ignorance of the people
ire guarantee of the safety of the state, it in reality
gers the public tranquillity, and is an inevitable
of disasters and confusion:
supposing it were allowed that a system of national
ion is necessary, it may yet be contended that the
ture ought not to interfere, but leave the people to
e themselves with instruction, like any other com-
7. There are, however, many circumstances under
it would be highly proper for Government to exert
luence in the establishment of a plan of universal
ction. The children of tradesmen, shopkeepers,
inics, labourers, and, in short, of all who are too
to keep a tutor, cannot be educated otherwise than
ablic school, or, in other words, by joining together
Scient numbers to pay a schoolmaster. But many
sive districts of the country are so thinly peopled,
he inhabitants cannot afford, or would not choose, to
fficiently high fees to induce a schoolmaster to open
ool where he could only expect to obtain a limited
er of scholars. Nor am I altogether certain that
lan should be abandoned in towns. On this subject So early as the reign of James IV. the legislature of
are some very good remarks in No. 67, of the Edin- Scotland began to evince a laudable anxiety in promoting
Review:-"The supply of articles of prime neces- the education of the young, and, in 1494, an act was
in every country, may safely be left to be regulated passed which compelled every Baron and substantial free-
e demand; and there is no risk of any class of per-holder, to place his son at school, from the age of six to
being long in want of them, who can afford to pay a nine, and then to send him to study law, so that there
price for the acquisition, because all pretty nearly might be a sufficient number of individuals capable of
equally in need of them. But it is far otherwise filling the office of sheriff, and other public appointments.
education. The poor are apt to undervalue it, or at Dr. Henry informs us, that a few years after the passing
to postpone it to more sensible objects; and if there of this act, individuals began to distinguish themselves by
nany, or even several persons in any district who seck their talents and literary attainments. In 1615, an act
their negligence puts it out of the reach of those was passed by the Privy Council, directing public semi-
desire it, because it reduces the number of scholars naries to be established in every parish; and in 1633, in
that which can maintain a master. It would, in- consequence of an act of Parliament, confirming the act
1, be a fair position to lay down, that the whole of the of the Privy Council, schools were established throughout
in any country care considerably less for instruction the low and populous districts. But much was still want-
1 they ought; and that their wish for it is never strong ing to render the system complete, and it made little pro-
steady enough to command a regular and secure sup-gress till 1696, when another act was passed, modelling it
Bad times come, and the quarter pence are grudged; as it is now constituted. Schools were established in every
school is broken up. The distress passes away, and parish throughout the kingdom; yearly salaries were
poor, next year, are anxious for instruction: but a ordered to be paid so the schoolmasters, by the landlords
ig time must now elapse before another school will be of the parish,-the minimum of which was fixed at
ntured upon in that quarter where it had so lately £5 12s. and the maximum at £11 4s. and houses were
iled. From a consideration of this circumstance, it ordered to be built for them. The appointment of
ems reasonable to conclude, that they are right who the schoolmaster lay with the minister and landlords,
aintain the principle of bringing education to the door, and the direction of the school was vested in the
it were, of the poor man, both in towns and country presbytery, within whose jurisdiction it was situated,
istricts, by extraordinary encouragements to the establish- and who had power to censure, suspend, and deprive,
aent of schools, which requires a certain zeal and a certain without their sentence being subject to appeal before any
combination to effect it, and may, therefore, most strictly other tribunal. It is impossible fully to estimate the be-
be placed on the same footing with the erection of public neficial and salutary effects which the establishment of
this system of education had on the condition of the peo-
It may be said, that a legal establishment for the instruc-ple, by disseminating throughout the country general
tion of the poor is unnecessary, and that their education knowledge and information, promoting sober and orderly
may be left to the benevolence of private individuals. I
am aware that the philanthropic example of some charita-
ble and enlightened individuals has done much to dif-
fuse throughout the land the blessings of education, but
the schools established in this way, can accommodate only
a comparatively small and very limited number of those

works."

habits, giving a stimulus to the spirit of industry, and
stamping a degree of intellect on the minds of the lower
classes, which gives an importance to Scotland to which it
has no claim whatever, either from fertility of soil or
amount of population. That enlightened patriot, Fletcher,
of Saltona, mentions, in a discourse published in 1698,

It is gratifying to observe the progress which enlightened views on the subject of education have been making on the Continent. Frederick of Prussia, whose talents as a warrior are perhaps inferior to his talents as a statesman, has the merit of being the first continental sovereign who has endeavoured to place the means of instruction within the reach of all classes of his subjects. In his Letters on Silesia, Mr. Quincey Adams mentions that the schools established there by Frederick have been productive of the most signal advantages. Their effect, he observes, is somewhat similar to that of the institutions of Luther, though milder and more gradual in their operation; and the inhabitants, as you all know, are distinguished for their sobriety and intellect, and are as orderly and industrious a people as any in Europe. In Russia, schools have been established under the patronage of the Emperor, on the principle of mutual instruction; and though it is yet too early to judge of their effect on the habits and character of the nation, the most beneficial consequences may be expected to result from them. I have thus endeavoured to lay before you the principal advantages of a universal system of National Education, and to obviate some of the principal objections which have been brought against it. I trust I have said enough to convince you of its practicability, and of the necessity of its adoption, before any reasonable expectations can be entertained of increasing the ratio of capital to population, or, in other words, of augmenting the comfort and happiness of the people. It is foreign to my subject to enter into the numberless minor advantages which would result from a system of universal instruction; but I may mention, that it would not have the effect which some assert it would, of overstocking the learned professions with crowds of learned aspirants. The more you instruct the people, the more you will open their eyes to the folly of attempting to reach what they can never attain, and deter them from entering on so dangerous a career. Providence has wisely decreed, that in every country a few minds only are capti

vated by the delights of study, while others shun the
trifling emoluments and empty honours too frequently
the only reward of literary merit, and seek, by entering
into the business of the world, the far greater gain of
trade and enterprise, and the more substantial honours of
political preferment. The same unerring wisdom which
regulates the disposition of each individual, guides the
destinies of each. The same power which preserves the
balance of the sexes in that proportion which is most con-
ducive to the happiness of mankind, regulates the distri-
bution of intellect and talent among men, so as to preserve
the right order of society. Legislative enactments cannot
give birth to intellect, but it is one of the most powerful
recommendations of a system of National Education, that

it brings out and cultivates the seeds of genius, so sparingly
scattered among mankind,-seeds which, when ripened
into a harvest, may be productive of blessings to every
future generation.
Liverpool.

Correspondence

W. D. G

LANCASTER OR BELL SYSTEM.

TO THE EDITOR.

SIR,-The few observations I have to submit to your notice shall be as brief, plain, and comprehensive as the nature of the subject will allow, and the courtesy due to my opponent will admit of; and I shall, therefore, without further ceremony, begin to treat American with a little of his own sauce; for, of all the drivellers I ever met with, he undoubtedly possesses the most unbounded stock of impudence, and who, poor fellow, for want of argument, has parodied and tortured my last letter most unmercifully, and vented his spleen in personal abuse. It hap pens most unfortunately for M. Lancaster that the defence of his cause should have fallen to the lot of one so totally disqualified, from a deficiency of intellect, to do justice to it, and one, too, who seems so much a stranger to truth and plain matter of fact. I am completely at a loss to conceive what American may mean in allusion to his friend Cobbett's rule of superficial measure; but I certainly think he has been improving his conscience by Cobbett's maxims, and, indeed, if he can be said to have a conscience at all, I must admit it to be a very conve nient one, and what, no doubt, both he and Cobbett have acquired in that hot-bed of republicanism to which they Bave both more than once been obliged to retreat to shelter themselves from a prison or a madhouse.

Before I enter upon a brief history of the discovery of the Madras System, allow me to inform American, that Mr. Lancaster says, himself, that it was in 1801 he opened the school in the Borough-road as a free-school, and adopted the system of mutual tuition; so that from 1801 to 1807 is only six years, which establishes my former assertion, and shows the truth of American's statement.

name of BELI..

ness and despatch. The whole school became a picture | A Monster.-M. de Chalons had such a reputati of activity and emulation, of which, he confesses, he could piety, that he almost passed for a saint. His fa have had no previous conception. The plan of mutual rather handsome; but he had a manner of looking tuition succeeding so well, it was followed up by classifi. from the corner of his eye, and by stealth, which spired me with an aversion to him. I remarked alm cation, &c. till at length a well-digested system presented at church he made many pious contortions; and his itself, which has no parallel in scholastic history; and eyes, and hands crossed on his breast, were not at all hence originated that discovery which is destined to be fying to me. In short, I considered him a hypocrite, the means of conveying instruction to the remotest corners the event proved him a most wicked monster. Exconse of the earth, and thousands yet unborn will bless the by the reputation he had usurped, he at last re upon it too far; Heaven suffered him to be so blinded to commit crimes which were sure to be discovered. Un the pretext of repairing his household linen, be fro from Autun a pretty seamstress, whom he had a in that town; he detained her in his chatean sor weeks, after which she disappeared. He te mother that she had run off with a lover, and at the time he begged her to send him the girl's youngasian, as the repairing of his linen, he said, was not yet fid and the monster wrote to the mother than filowed. She was sent to him. In two months stored at the example of her sister. This time, howe tunate mother, enlightened by her despair, la t plaint before the Judge, who gave orderstras throughout the house of M. de Chalons. The who had information of this, took flight, and was teven afterwards heard of; but Providence has surely him, and caused him to perish in his obscure high An examination of his chateau took place; mari, ill-washed out, were visible in one of his cabinet; te were deadly poisons found in a cupboard, and n den were several skeletons of his victims!-Fr

The Doctor's health became so impaired, that, in 1796, he was reluctantly compelled to abandon his interesting charge and return to his native country. His feelings on this occasion were wrought up to the highest pitch, and you will, I am sure, pardon me, if, by the following quotation, I extend my letter beyond the limits I originally intended. In writing to Lord Hobard, the President, he says, —“This numerous family I have long regarded as my own. I feel all that interest in its progressive welfare and success, which arises from my situation, from the years I have spent, and the toil I have bestowed on this favourite object. These children are, indeed, now mine by a thousand ties. I have for them a parental affection, which has grown upon me every year; for them I have made such sacrifices as parents have not always occasion to make to their children; and the nearer the period approaches when I must, for a while at least, separate myself from them, the more I feel the pang I shall suffer in tearing myself from this charge, and the anxious thoughts I shall throw back upon these children, when I shall cease to be their protector, their guide, and their instructor."

On his arrival in England, and in the same year (1796) he published the " Experiment whereby a school, or family may teach itself," &c. at which time there was no other school in any part of the world, except at Madras, conducted through the agency of the pupils themselves, nor was there any publication in which the principle of mutual tuition was ever alluded to or hinted at. The system was immediately introduced into several schools, both in the metropolis and in the country, with eminent success, and has since continued to spread and flourish.

Mr. Lancaster, a scoolmaster by profession, had opened a school in 1798; but, as I said before, it was not till 1801 that he converted it into a free-school, and adopted the Madras system. In Mr. Lancaster's early publications, he distinctly acknowledges the obligations he is under to "Dr. Bell, late of Fort St. George, in the East Indies," and says, that, "during several years he had essayed to introduce a better system of tuition into his school, but every attempt failed, and that to Dr. Bell he was indebted for many valuable hints and much useful information."

ference is given by every denomination of Christians to
Dr. Bell's system, I trust the absurd opinion of its being ap-
plicable only to the instruction of children in the principles
of the Established Church is now abolished; and, indeed,
in my opinion, the imaginary difference between the sys-
tem falsely called Lancaster's and that of Dr. Bell existed
only in the distinction made by the parties supporting
them, who, professing different religious opinions, made
the principle subservient to their own views.

I would, Sir, trespass further on your limits, but I am The Rev. Dr. Bell, having received an appointment as persuaded you will no longer doubt to whom the merit of chaplain to the British forces at Madras, in the East In-discovery really belongs; and since such a decided predies, undertook, in 1789, the gratuitous superintendence of the Military Asylum, established there for the education of the children of the soldiery. Disgusted with the barbarous method of teaching then practised, he determined to attempt some mode, more simple, efficacious, and, at the same time, more congenial to the minds and babits of the children. The first step he found necessary to take was to dismiss the masters then in the school; having done this, he placed boys of eight, ten, and twelve years of age as substitutes and superintendents of the classes. This was certainly a novel proceeding, and what the sticklers for established custom might call a bold stroke at innovation. It was intended, however, merely as an experiment; and mark the result. The school, which before had exhibited a scene of indolence, inactivity, and irregularity, inseparable from the manner in which i was conducted, now assumed a very different character, and displayed at once the good effects of the Doctor's judicious arrangements. Every lesson was undertaken with cheerfulness and pleasure, and executed with prompt

The system is eminently calculated for conveying in..
struction in any branch of education, and, old as I am,
I do not despair of living to see it introduced into every
respectable school in the kingdom.

The candour and manliness of my friend S.'s letter
leaves me nothing more to add. I wish, however, before
I conclude, to express my obligation to you, for your kind-
ness and impartiality in the insertion of the communica-
tions on this subject, and, in bidding you farewell, believe
me your obliged and obedient servant,
May 26, 1825.

PHILACRIBOIS.

To Correspondents.

LIVERPOOL MECHANICS' INSTITUTE.-We have at length t
tisfaction to announce, that a Mechanics Institute in ma
town may be pretty confidently reckoned upon
advertisement in the the Local Letter-box depart
the present Kaleidoscope, it will be perceived, that a g
meeting on this subject is to be held in the Music
Wednesday se'nnight, June 8th, at seven o'chet
evening. It is expected that the meeting will ben
and that the mechanics, who really feel an intent
the subject, will make a point of attending.
opinion, that we cannot take more effectual mean
moting the object in contemplation, than by publishi
interesting Address of Benjamin Heywood, Esq, de
to the mechanics, artisans, &c., of Manchester, on the
ing of the institution in that town. We have already
ed our readers that Mr. Heywood has politely per
to transfer to the Kaleidoscope, the whole or any partak
address. We should have given a part of it in our
publication, had not so large a portion of our mil
occupied with Mr. M'Culloch's lecture on nationaldas
tion, for which we have to thank a friend. Next val **
shall begin with Mr. Heywood's address, which, azhd
considerable length, we shall, probably, divide into persistan
MUSIC.-As our musical selection of last week was ser
longer than usual, we shall, by way of making
keep that department within very circumscribed in

week.

WELSH ANTIQUITIES. Our friend T., of Cheste overlooked our note addressed to him in the foliage of May 17th, relative to the monument recording the ba between the Saxons and the Picts.

SPANISH LITERATURE. The essay of a fair pupil of our cures pondent S. W. is reserved for next week; and in the m time we shall be very glad to hear further from the s quarter. We were pledged to give the whole of Mr. M loch's lecture at one insertion, and this circumstance somewhat disturbed our preconcerted arrangements ORIGINAL ITALIAN MUSIC.-A professional friend, of c

ledged taste and talents, has favoured us with a pierd
manuscript music, which must take precedence of m
other which we have in store. It is a trio, entitled "L
Maria," a very beautiful composition; and it must have
charming effect with the accompaniments of the them
voices. We are assured that it has never yet appeared in
print, as printing music is prohibited in the Italian sa

Printed, published, and sold, EVERY TUESDAY, M
E. SMITH & Co. 75, Lord-street, Liverpool

Hiterary and

cientific Mirror.

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illar Miscellany, from whichreligious and political matters are excluded, contains a variety of original and selected Articles: comprehending Literature, Criticism Men and Manners
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ith, 36, St. James-
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58-Vol. V.

Flatural History.

LETTERS

Congleton-J. Parsons;
Denbigh-M. Jones:
Doncaster-C. & J. White:
Dublin-De Joncourt and
Harvey; and, through
them, all the booksel-
Jers in Ireland.
Durham-Geo. Andrews;

Glasgow-Robertson&Co.;
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Halifax-N. Whitley;

THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE GLOBE.

BY M. ALEX. B.

rère couche de vie, qui fleurit à la surface du globe, ne
que des ruines.-Paris: printed, 1824.
fedexpressly for the Kaleidoscope from a recent French work

LETTER XV.

OF THE ATMOSPHERE.

atmosphere assumes the form of a spheroid, and ds our globe to a height which is computed to be metres, or 12 leagues; at least, at that height nger possesses the power of refraction.

Hanley-T. Allbut;
Harrogite-T. Langdale;
Hasling len-J. Read:
Huddersfield-T. Smart;
Hull-J. Perkins;
Kendal-M.&R. Branthwaite;
Lancaster-J. Miller;
Leeds-H. Spink;
Manchester-Silburn & Co.;
J. Fletcher; T. Sowler;
B. Wheeler; and G. Ben-
tham & Co.

Macclesfield-P. Hall;
Mottram-R. Wagstaff;
Nantwich-E. Jones;
Newcastle-under-Lyme-J.Mort;
Newcastle-u-Tyne-J. Finley;
Northwich-G. Fairhurst;
Newtown-J. Salter;
Nottingham-C. Sutton;
North Shields-Miss Barnes;
Oldham-J. Dodge;
Ormskirk-W. Garside;
Oswestry-W. Price;

TUESDAY, JUNE 7, 1825.

time, are deposited in flakes upon the declivities of the
mountains. The latter, which are merely a continuation
of the second, assume a thousand different forms, according
to the shapes of the places upon which they are imbedded.
I shall describe to you, successively, these three sorts of
glaciers:

Penrith-J. Shaw;
Prescot-A. Ducker;
Preston-P. Whittle;

1. Wilcockson;
Ripon-T. Langdale;
Rochdale-J. Hartley;
Sheffield-T. Orton;
Shrewsbury-C. Hulbert;
Southport-W. Garside;
South Shields-W. Barnes;

Stockport-J. Dawson;
-T. Claye;
Sunderland-G. Arbutt
Ulverston-J. Soulby;
Wakefield-Mrs. Hurst;
Warrington-J. Harrison;
Welchpool-R. Owen;
Wigan-Mrs. Critchley;
J. Brown: J. Hilton;
'orcester-T.H.Wheeler;

Stoke-R.C.Tomkinson; Wrexham-J. Painter;
St.Helen's-I. Sharp;

York-W.Alexander & Son.

PRICE 34d

sufficient to melt them, and thus entirely change the appearance of the valley, where they are situated. The these valleys, in different years, have very little resemdescriptions, therefore, made of the aspect assumed by blance to each other. Sometimes the snow, driven by the wind as it falls from the sky, or drifted from the loftiest summits, is disposed in ridges or small elevations, appearance of the waves of a lake, which have, while agiwhich have some degree of regularity. It has then the tated by a furious tempest, been suddenly hardened by a frost.

The sun of a summer causes all these brilliant objects tacle is totally changed, and in entirely different accumuto disappear from the Alps. The following year the speclations may be traced the formation of new glaciers, new valleys, new fields of ice, and new lakes.

To these very simple causes, Madam, Grouner attributes the changes experienced by the Alps of the second order, whimsical hypotheses. which had, before this time, been explained by a thousand

First, The loftiest peaks of the Alps, which disappear in the clouds, are covered with pure snow, accumulated from age to age, flattened, compressed, and deprived of part of its humidity by the winds. During the hottest hours of a few fine summer days, the surface of this snow is partially melted; but it is again frozen in the night Such is the first time, and forms a firm and solid crust. This hardened snow sometimes incases the summit of kind of glaciers, which might be called mountains of snow. Sometimes enormous masses of the valleys of ice, slightly an isolated mountain; sometimes, also, it covers a series of enormous cones, which, at different heights, terminate thousand times repeated by the echoes of the mountains, in peaks, that are constantly white; these peaks are the displaced by a great thaw, and thrown into an inclined points of the rocks, which serve as a basis and support to position, burst asunder with dreadful noise, which being a There are sometimes near the summits of these conical infuses terror and wonder into the neighbouring peasants the snows amassed above them. imprudent hunters and travellers. It is a remarkable cirmountains gentle declivities, or inclined platforms, and and travellers. These clefts often become the tombs of terraces, covered with snow, where it melts, and is again cumstance, that sometimes twelve, twenty-four, or thirtyfrozen. The water of the summits is diffused over these six hours after the moment when the victims of these in the place whence they disappeared; this must be attriplaces, and then congealed there; they are therefore co- phenomena were swallowed up in one of these clefts, their vered with a mass, composed of alternate layers of ice bodies are found still in a perfect state, lying upon the ice regular course, under the solid crust. It has been freand snow. Grouner calls these gentle declivities and ter-buted to the action of the currents, which circulate, in a races fields of ice. Let us now proceed to the second kind of glaciers. quently perceived, that water remains constantly in a To the glaciers of the third kind, which may be There are, between the mountains which I have just de-liquid state, under the ice, in these clefts. t of them. There is also another reason why I scribed to you, intervals or valleys, more elevated than the called moving valleys, or moving masses of ice, the name

e same degree that the temperature increases, as roach the centre of the terrestrial spheroid, it deas we rise in the upper regions of the atmosphere. ecrease is so rapid, that the summits of all mounif any considerable elevation, are covered with nows. It is very interesting to ascertain the point ation at which snow begins to be formed in the difsarts of the globe, since it indicates at what height, region, the temperature is frozen.

per

les, as the summits of high mountains may be conto be reservoirs formed by nature, in order that ter which supplies rivers may be preserved there in state, it seems to me fit that I should give you some

of elevated mountains

it necessary to call your attention to this subject. lower summits, and above the level where snow begins to pposed increase of glaciers has often been adduced melt; they are, therefore, always filled with snow, which port hypotheses founded on the opinion, that the falls into them at every season of the year; nevertheless, during the long days of summer, the rays of the sun, reis gradually growing colder. wiss naturalist (Grouner) fortunately situated for the flected by the mountains of snow, melt the surface of this se of studying these mountains, has written the most snow, which is again frozen during the night. A crust of ice is thus formed, which, in a few days, is covered by new description, not only of the glaciers of his own counout of all those in every part of the earth, which have snow, as it never rains in these valleys. These alternate carefully examined by travellers worthy of confidence. causes amass, in the course of time, a bed of compressed snow, and opaque ice, so considerable, as very much to I avail myself of the fruits of his researches. he snow which falls from the sky upon the cold sum-raise the bottom of the valley. If this mass is sustained, the origin of all glaciers. s snow, in the warmest days of summer, melts, and s into lower places, where it is frozen during the night; , in the valleys situated at the foot of the glaciers, ch below the level of the parts covered with perpetual there are formed in the winter masses of ice, which, their immense magnitude, cool the atmosphere suffintly to cause it to resist the heat of the warmest summers. We must, therefore, distinguish from each other the ountains of snow and ice; the valleys of ice (situated low the mountains, but at heights sufficiently consirable to permit water to be frozen, when the atmosphere in its usual state,) and the glaciers formed below the lleys of ice by melted snows, which being frozen a second

• Descriptions des glaciers de la Suisse.

and, as it were, incased all round, it cannot be drained
away, except from below, through clefts of the rocks, and
cavities in the interior of the mountains; if the valley is
filled up as high as the bottom of any outlet or defile, the
water produced by melted snow may then be externally
drained away through that aperture.

of glaciers may perhaps he more aptly applied than to the two other kinds of glaciers, since they are formed frozen state. The ice, therefore, which composes them is solely of the water which flows from the mountains of snow, and the fields of ice, reduced a second time to a much more similar to that found every where in winter, than the ice of the upper glaciers; since the latter, although every where designated by the name of ice, might perhaps matter contained in it, and of very hard and closely-commore fitly be called hardened snow; or rather it is a mixpressed snow. The only particular in which it resembles ture of ice, rendered opaque by the large quantity of earthy common snow and ice is, that it is water reduced to a solid state; it is porous, and exceedingly hard, but it is not transparent, although Aristotle supposed that it might be changed into real crystal.

Since I am speaking to you of the hardness of ice, permit me to remind you, that in the regions where the cold inconceivable degree of hardness. You have, perhaps, is severe, and of long continuance, ice attains an almost Some of these valleys are several leagues in extent, and often heard mentioned the hall at St. Petersburgh, conhigh. It is a still more remarkable fact, that six pieces of present a smooth dazzling surface, like that of a frozen structed of ice; it was 52 feet long, 16 broad, and 20 fired at the distance of sixty paces, upon a plank, two lake. One has been observed, which is fourteen leagues cannon were cut out of the same substance: they were The surfaces of others are exceedingly irregular. Some-inches thick, and although it was penetrated by the balls, long. times avalanches of snow descend from the surrounding summits, and increasing in size during their fall, form conThe heat of the sun rounds them, and gives thenr a thousiderable eminences on the smooth surface of the lower ice. sand different forms; but a moderately warm summer is

the cannons did not burst. Those who are entirely un
construe cd of polished transparent ice, which were almost
acquainted with natural philosophy, will perhaps be
as powerful in effect as glasses of metal.
(To be continued.)
equally astonished to learn, that burning-glasses have been

1

The Envestigator.

his door, to manufacture it into a shirt to cover him, and to send it back to his own country, and sell it to him [Comprehending Political Economy, Statistics, Jurispru-cheaper than he can provide it himself. dence, occasional passages from Parliamentary Speeches I need not say more to convince you that the undeviof a general nature, occasional Parliamentary Docu-ating adherence to established practice, the mere imitation ments, and other speculative subjects, excluding Party of what others have done before, precludes all advance- Politics.] ment: it reduces man to the condition of a machine. Skill thus acquired is little better than an instinct, and it has been well observed, that you are as little entitled to expect improvement in such a case, as in the architecture of the bee and the beaver.

AN ADDRESS

To the Mechanics, Artisans, &c. delivered at the opening
of the Manchester Mechanics' Institution, on Wednes-
day, 30th March, 1825.

BY BENJAMIN HEYWOOD, ESQ.
CHAIRMAN OF THE DIRECTORS.

I have been desired (on this first occasion of our meeting) to explain to you more fully than has hitherto been done, the object for which the Mechanics' Institution has been formed, the mode in which it is proposed to accomplish that object, and the advantages to be derived from it. I will not trouble you with apologies for my want of ability to do justice to the subject. I was aware of my incompetency when I undertook the task, and an attentive consideration of the details subsequently made me more so; but I felt so warm an interest in the establishment of this Institution,-I was so confident of the great good it would do to you, and of its importance in advancing the prosperity of my native town, that I lost sight of every other consideration in the thought of the sincere gratification it would afford me, to attempt, at least, to give you an equal interest with myself in its behalf.

If this course had been pursued in our own country, we might now have had no other mode of spinning cotton than on the cottage wheel, no other mode of bleaching a piece of cloth, than by the tedious process of exposure for months in the open air.

But if, when you are at work, you are not satisfied with merely doing what you have seen others do, but try to find out the reason for each operation that passes through your hands, and the principle on which it depends, you are then in the sure way of making improvements in your trade. Nay, if you only observe accurately each operation in which you are engaged, you are already on the threshold of improvement.

town, in which he completely succeeded. The e was soon followed by others, and how generally it extended, and with what beneficial effects, I need a you. There are two very beautiful examples of the s of science with art in the safety lamp, and in Hally ing machine. To the construction of the first Sir phrey Davy was led by finding that flame would under ordinary circumstances, pass through as less than one-twentieth of an inch in diamete other, by the intervention of a partial vacuna, has caused flame to pass through the intersion of finest muslin.

But I wish to bring more immediately home top application of science to your occupations. The m whose knowledge of his business is confined to the handling of tools, is in no way of impor learn also the nature and properties of the a which he works,-their relative weight, ness, strength,-the effects upon them position, &c.; these involve principles depends, and these will be taught him

The art of the carpenter is directed, the support of weight or pressure, and, ciples must be found in mechanical science Hargreaves the weaver, who invented the spinning The great improvements in the art of bleeding jenny, was first directed to the invention by seeing a com- immediately on certain principles of chymia mon spinning-wheel, which had been accidentally over-which Mr. Watt, and your late venerable and e turned, continue its motion while it lay on the ground. townsman, Mr. Henry, were the first practical This was the first great improvement in spinning, and it in this country. The improvements in the am resulted merely from the attentive observation of an active printing and dyeing have the same immediatel and inquiring, but altogether uneducated, mind. on chymical principles. The ingenious contrivance for regulating the valves of These examples (they will be extended ada the steam-engine was discovered by a sharp lad, who set in the lectures which follow) may suffice to sev his wits to work to see if he could not lessen his own labour. that the principles of science are applicable t Adding then to your manual dexterity attentive obser-ness. It matters not what that business is: I vation of the operations that pass through your hands, my examples from those trades in which the impo and no longer considering yourselves bound to the mere are prominent; but similar reasoning applies to all imitation of what you have seen done by others, you advance the first step.

It is the great object of this Institution to put the way of acquiring the knowledge of these and to show you how you may most readily knowledge available to your advantage,to difficulties which now obstruct your further awa to teach you so to observe, that your observation profitable to you.

It has already been stated to you in the prospectus, that "the Institution is formed for the purpose of enabling mechanics and artisans, of whatever trade they may be, to become acquainted with such branches of science as are of practical application in the exercise of that trade," and again, that there is no art which does not depend,more or less on scientific principles; and to teach what these are, and to point out their practical application, will form the chief objects of the Institution." Some of you may posYou are next led on to more extended inquiry: you besibly think, that scientific principles can have little to do gin to ask yourselves the reasons of the operations which with your occupation; that, to learn your business tho- pass through your hands. Here you are soon foiled, and roughly, nothing more can be necessary than to be dili-here you have a material bar to your further advancement: gent, during your apprenticeship, in your endeavours to the reasons for what you do are to be found in certain imitate the skilfulness of those under whom you work. I principles of science, which are yet unknown to you, and I will now endeavour to explain to you ther will not deny that, by this means, you may acquire great which, by unassisted observation, you cannot discover; which it is proposed to accomplish this object dexterity in your occupation-it is thus that the Indians, you must learn them either from your own laborious study, and by far the most valuable means, will be the with whom the cotton manufacture originated, produce or from the instruction of others, and you have neither of lectures on the various sciences, and their their beautiful muslins. "All the implements they use, time to devote to the one, nor money to command the application to the arts. Of these lectures, in the different processes of the manufacture, from the other. It is to relieve you from these difficulties that this philosophy and chymistry will naturally be leang cleaning of the cotton, to the converting of it into the Institution is formed, to instruct you (in your leisure hours,jects, and when their general principles, and finest muslin, may be purchased for the value of a few and at an expense you can well afford) in the principles of other important sciences, have been made knowi shillings. With the exception of their loom, there exists science on which your occupations depend. more detailed instruction on particular branches among them no manufacturing instrument that can bear the Mr. Watt was led to his first improvement in the steam- will form the subjects of subsequent lectures name of a machine; nor is there any trace of the Hindoos engine from his observations when he was employed to ance with this arrangement, the Institution having ever displayed any mechanical ingenuity. They put in order a working model of an engine on Newcomen's course of lectures on mechanical philosophy. spin their yarn upon the distaff; the loom upon which construction. He soon discovered some material defects son, who, in the most handsome manner, has their cloth is woven is composed of a few sticks or reeds, in its principle: one of these defects he remedied before to deliver these lectures, will, I am sure, take which the weaver, carrying them about with him, puts up the model left his hands, others he was not at the moment you do not leave him without being much intere in the fields, under the shade of a tree, digging a hole able to account for; his vigorous mind, however, applied the subject: he not merely possesses, in a superi Large enough to contain his legs and the lower part of the itself at once to their thorough investigation. Science, the knowledge and the talent necessary for the t geer, the balances of which he fastens to some convenient ere long, removed his difficulties, and led him to the in-planation of his subject, but he has a hearty Brauch over his head. Two loops underneath the geer, invention of the separate condenser, affording you a striking good cause for which this Institution is formed; which he inserts his great toes, serve as treadles, and the example of the practical application of the principle of greatest delight to assist in diffusing knowledge shuttle, formed like a large netting needle, but of a length latent heat. the working classes; and he has already bees e somewhat exceeding the breadth of the cloth, he employs I fear the minute details of the successive steps, by in this service, in the Edinburgh School of A also as a batton, using it alternately to draw through the which Mr. Watt proceeded in this, and his other greater much popularity and success. weft, and strike it up. The loom has no beam; the warp improvements of the steam engine, might occupy too much is laid out upon the ground, the whole length of the piece of your time at present They will be found in his life, of cloth. Upon this rude machine, worked in the way I and are very interesting: nothing can convey to you a have mentioned, the Indians produce those muslins which stronger idea of his sagacity, ingenuity, and scientific athave long been such objects of curiosity from the exquisite tainment, or more strongly enforce what I wish now to beauty and fineness of their texture." But mark the other impress upon you, the connexion of the principles of effects of this adherence to the same practice from genera- science with manual labour. There cannot, indeed, be a tion to generation, to which, by their superstition, these more beautiful and striking exemplification of the union poor Indians are bound. In India this manufacture has of science and art, than is exhibited in the steam-engine. existed almost in the same degree of perfection for some You have another (in two senses of the word) bright exthousand years, yet it has given birth to no inventions, to ample of the same union, in the light with which this nothing calculated to improve the condition of the people: theatre is illuminated. To the introduction of this adthose who carry it on are in poverty and abject dependence. mirable practical application of the gas from coal, we are In our own country, on the contrary, the cotton manu- indebted to Mr. Wm. Murdoch. He was first led to his facture, as compared with the ages it has existed in India, experiments on the subject, by observing the brilliant is only of yesterday, yet it already constitutes more than flame, which you must all have frequently seen issue from one half of our whole trade; and you may estimate its coals on the fire, at the commencement of their ignition. progress from the fact recently stated by Mr. Huskisson, He pursued his inquiries with great ability and persevein the House of Commons, that in the year 1765, the value rance for several years, by subjecting a great variety of of cotton goods exported from this country was £200,000; substances to distillation by ardent heat, and carefully in the last year it was upwards of £30,000,000. It has investigating their various products; but he made no atgiven birth to inventions to which we are mainly indebted tempt to carry his discovery practically into effect, until for our present pre-eminent station and prosperity; and, he had, in a great measure, brought it to perfection. In what is more to the point in this case, which have enabled the year 1805 he commenced preparations for lighting with us to receive from the Indian the cotton which grows at gas the large factory of Messrs. Philips and Lee, in this

Mr. Wilson's lectures will be succeeded by chemistry, from Mr. Phillips, a gentlem great interest in your behalf, and of whose popular lectures in the London Mechanic many of you must have heard. I can promise his lectures, much entertainment as well as Let me remind you, however, that you must from these, or from any lectures, more outline of the subjects on which they treat. pleased with the lectures, and what you hest you wish to understand the subjects better. To and to help you in this wish, a library has been in which you will find the best books on the subjects lectures: these books you may take home with you read in your families, or, if you like it better, you read them at the library, where you will find a fortable reading room. In the library also will be books of history, voyages and travels, and other wor amusements and instruction, for the benefit of those may take a less lively interest in scientific subjects, may wish to become acquainted with other branches of useful knowledge; for it is by no means intended t fine the benefits of the Institution to any particular cl of workmen, but to extend them to all who derived support from their own labour, whatever their occupa

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