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LIST OF NEW PATENTS.

[From the Philosophical Magazine.]

To Joseph Apsden, of Leeds, Yorkshire, bricklayer, for his improvement in the modes of producing an artificial stone.-Dated 21st October, 1824.-2 months allowed to enrol specification.

To George Dodd, of St. Anne-street, Westminster, Middlesex, engineer, for certain improvements on fireextinguishing machinery.-21st October.-6 months.

To George Samuel Harris, of Caroline-place, Trevorsquare, Knightsbridge, Middlesex, gentleman, for his machine for the purpose of giving the most effectual and extensive publicity, by day and by night, to all proclamations, notices, legal advertisements, and other purposes to which the same may be applicable, destined for universal information, and which will henceforward render unnecessary the defacement of walls and houses in the metropolis and its vicinity by bill-sticking, placarding, and chalking, which latter practices have become a great and offensive public nuisance.-21st October.-2 months.

To John Lingford, of Nottingham, lace-machine ma

gentleman, for a newly invented cock or tap for drawing | white when burnt; and therefore, the more there is of
off liquids.-20th November.-2 months.
them in the bread, the paler will be the crust. There
To William Rhodes, of Baulins, Hoxton, Middlesex, cannot be a more obvious way of discovering the fraud,
brick-maker, for his improvement in the construction of than by comparing the crust of an honestly made loaf with
clamps for burning raw bricks.--20th November.-6 that of one of the others."

months.

The Drama.

THE THEATRE.

"Your desert speaks loud; and we should wrong it,
To lock it in the wards of covert bosom."
Various concurring circumstances have latterly pre-
vented the frequent assembling of our conclave. We have
not, however, individually, been inattentive observers of

F

Advertisements.

NOR the Benefit of Mr. HOOPER.-This Evening (MONDAY) Dec. 6, will be performed Sheridan's celebrated Comedy of the

SCHOOL FOR SCANDAL.

Sir Peter Teazle, Mr. Rees-Joseph Surface, Mr. Vandenhoff
Charles Surface, Mr. Hooper-Lady Teazle, Mrs. M'Gibbon.
After which, will be produced (3d time) an entirely new
Comic, Extravaganza Entertainment, in two acts, com-
prising a Grand, Moral, Satirical, Critical, Tragical, Comical,
Operatical, Pantomimical, Infernal, Terrestrial, Celestial,
Melo-Dramatical, Gallymaufrical, Ollapodrical, Spectacle Ro-

what hath transpired, theatrically, subsequent to Mr.mance, yelept
GIOVANNI IN LONDON,

Kean's departure, when our decemvirate was last con-
voked.

The benefits, we are glad to say, have, up to the present

embracing all the subsequent adventures of that most cele

brated Character, never before made Public.

nufacturer, for certain improvements upon machines or period, been mostly very profitable, though not all alike New, Burlesque, Operatic Parody, not taken from any thing,

machinery now in use for the purpose of making that kind of lace commonly known or distinguished by the name of bobbin, net, or Buckinghamshire lace-net.-1st Novem

ber.-6 months.

To the Rev. John Somerville, A. M. minister of the marish of Currie, Edinburgh, for a method or methods aplicable to fowling pieces or other fire-arms, by which je hod or methods all accidental discharge of such fowlig pieces or other fire-arms will be completely prevented.

4th November-2 months.

To John Crosley, of Cottage-lane, City Road, Middleex, gentleman, for his contrivance for better ensuring be egress of smoke and rarefied air in certain situations. th November.-6 months.

6 months.

To Thomas Richard Guppy, of Bristol, gentleman, for main improvements in masting vessels.-4th November. To John Head, of Banbury, Oxfordshire, hosier, for rtain improvements in machinery for making cords or lait for boot and stay laces, and other purposes.-4th fovember.-4 months.

creditable. As yet, indeed, we have seen but one solitary
audience, combining intellect and estimation in society,
with numeral splendour. We are aware that mere player-
dious about the composition of an auditory; they care not
people, and such are actors in general, are not over fasti-
what may be in the theatre, so they can but have the
money in their pockets; and this, with them, may per-
haps be the most laudable philosophy.

Don Giovanni (as originally performed by Madame Vestris, at the Theatre-royal, Drury-lane, for 200 Nights) Miss Cramer. To conclude with (never acted in Liverpool) an entirely but taking off many things; full of Wit, pregnant with Senand Delightful, being the last that ever will be heard of sibility, abounding in Effects, Pathetic, Moral, Instructive, those Two Popular Heroes, called the

Performed upwards of One Hundred Nights in London with

DEATH OF LIFE IN LONDON;
OR, TOM AND JERRY'S FUNERAL,

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We are much pleased with Mr. Hooper's bill for this evening, at least as relates to the excellent and long-approved comedy he has selected. It evinces good taste, and becoming confidence in the judgment and patronage OR the BENEFIT of Mr. GUORE, SCENE PAINof the town. We hope, nay we are sure, this his first appeal to the liberality of the Liverpool public, not will be made in vain. Mr. Hooper merits very extensive encouragement; and we doubt not will, on further acquaintance, gain rapidly on the good opinion of the lovers of the drama, resident here and in Manchester, the sphere of his services. He is evidently a gentleman, and an actor of much promise; entitled to our respectful notice more for the great modesty, than peculiar brilliancy of his acting; and for To William Busk, of Broad-street, London, esquire, this, his virtue, he hath our unqualified approbation, inor certain improvements in propelling ships, boats, or asmuch as it is infinitely more creditable to him than the essels or floating bodies.-4th November.-6 months. To John White the younger, and Thomas Sowerby, impetuous, mouthing rant, which would very likely oboth of Bishop Wearmouth, Durham, merchants, fortain for him more general acceptance, were he to debase eir improved air-furnace for the purpose of melting or himself by so sacrificing his good sense. This gentleman sing metallic substances.-6th November.-4 months. and Mr. Diddear have introduced a school in their respecTo John Moore, of Broad Weir, Bristol, gentleman, tive line of acting, which we should be glad to observe : certain additions to an improvement upon the steamgine or steam-engine apparatus.--6th November. 6 duly appreciated. Of our own support, Mr. Hooper, especially, shall not have to say

To William Church, of Birmingham, Warwickshire, quire, for certain improvements on augers and bits for ring, and in the apparatus for making the same.-4th ovember.-6 months.

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o Charles Heathorn, of Maidstone, Kent, lime-burner, Tea. When tea is suspected to be coloured by carbonate
his method of constructing and erecting a furnace or of copper, take two table spoonfuls of liquid ammonia, and
faces, kiln or kilns, for the more speedy, more effec-half its bulk in water, in a stopped phial, and put a tea
ly, and more economically manufacturing of lime, by
as of applying, directing, and limiting, or regulating
fame and heat arising in the manufacturing or burn-
coal into coke, and thus making lime and coke in one
the same building, and at one and the same time.-
h November.-2 months.

To William Leathy, of Great Guilford-strect, borough Southwark, engineer, for various improvements in the chinery or apparatus used in the making of bricks, and ain improvements in the drying of bricks, by means of es and steam.-11th November-6 months.

spoonful of leaves into it; shake the phial, and, if the least
portion of copper be present, the fluid will become of a
finer blue; or the tea, thus adulterated, will blacken water
impregnated with sulphuretted hydrogen gas.-Economist,

Bread. The following useful directions for discriminating pure from adulterated bread are given in the Economist: Pure bread is of a clean colour and mellow texture, the crust is brown, the crumb soft, when mode. rately new, the smell is fresh, pleasant, and wholesome, and the taste sweet. On the contrary, the crum of adulfo Pierre Brunet, of Wimpole-street, Cavendish-square, terated bread is harsh, and the crust pale; the smell is Allesex, merchant, who, in consequence of a commu- Taw and disagreeable, and the taste has nothing of that ation made to him by a certain foreigner residing sweetness, neither has the crumb at any time any of the due oad, with whom he is connected, is in possession of an consistence, for it is made up of ingredients which will not ention of a furnace made upon a new construction.-mix with the yeast and water in the manner that flour docs. h November.-6 months.

Co Joseph Clisild Daniell, of Stoke, Wilts, clothier, for ain improvements in dressing woollen cloth.-20th vember. 4 months.

fo Isaac Taylor, junior, of Chipping Ongar, Essex,

sion of the Managers), an entirely New Classic, and MeloDramatic Spectacle, interspersed with Music, Combats, and Action, founded upon some of the most interesting incidents connected with the brave struggles of the Greeks, to throw off the Turkish Yoke, called

OR, THE MAID OF ATHENS.

THE REVOLT OF THE GREEKS; Written by the Author of the Cataract of the Ganges, &c.-The Music by T. Cooke-The new and Splendid Scenery by Messrs. Goore and Harrison. The Characters by the Strength of the Company. Seenery, &c. the Sea and distant Islands, by Moonlight. The Greek FloAn extensive Cavern, on the Shores of the gean, with tilla.-Song and Chorus, "Sons of Greeks arise!" The Words by the late Lord Byron.-A Greek Cottage by Sun-" rise, with a distant view of the Acropolis.-Interior of Hassan's Cottage.-The Fortifications of Athens.-The splendid Asiatic Palace of the Pacha.-A Turkish Pas Suel by Miss. Wallis, A Corridor in the Palace.-Exterior of the Pacha's Palace, with a view of the Sea and distant Island.-Arrival of the Greek Fleet.-The Piece concludes with a general Battle." terminating with the Defeat of the Turks, and the Freedoni of the Greeks.

Tickets to be had of Mr. GOORE, 19, Basnett-street, corner of Williamson-square; of J. BYWATER and Co.; at the Mercuryoffice, and at the Box-office of the Theatre, where Places may be taken.

THE LAST NIGHT BUT THREE OF THE COMPANY'S

PERFORMING THIS SEASON.

MR. BASS has the honour respectfully to inform his
place on MONDAY next, the 13th December, when will be
Friends and the Public, that his Benefit will take
presented, not acted these five years, a play called
BELLAMIRA;

OR, THE FALL OF TUNIS:
Written by R. Shiel, Esq. Barrister at Law, author of
"Evadne," "The Apostate," &c. &c.
Manfredi, Mr. Bass-Montalto, Mr. Vandenhoff-Amurath,
Diddear-Bellamira, Mrs. M'Gibbon.

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The paleness of the crust is one great test, and it depends
upon this plain cause: flour when burnt, becomes brown:
but the ingredients added to bread by those who adulterate
it, remain white in the fire. Whiting, lime, alum, and
ashes of bones, are alike in this respect; they will continue Mr. Parker, atthe Box-office, where places may be secured.

MUSTAPHA, the Cobbler, with a Song, Mr. BASS.
Morgiana, with Songs, Miss Cramer.
Tickets to be had of Mr. Bass, No. 73, London-road, and of

IMPORTANT WORKS,

be asked which vowel? because each of his words contain

MRS. J. HATTON respectfully begs to inform the
Ladies and Gentlemen of Liverpool and its vicinity, Recently published by Geo. B. Whittaker, Ave Mrria-lane, two or more; he cannot mean all vowels, because there is no
ECRET MEMOIRS of the COURT of LOUIS XIV. syllable without one, and it would be absurd to make y

that she continues to supply the best QUADRILLE and DANCE PLAYERS, with a new Selection of favourite French Quadrilles, Waltzes, &c., and humbly solicits a continuance which it will ever be her study to merit.

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London, and sold by all Booksellers.

of the publle patronage, in support of her young Family, respondence of the Duchess of Orleans, Mother of the Re-syllable long. If he mean one of the two he combines in an gent. Preceded by a Notice of this Princess, and accom-word exemplified, he leaves the learner to guess which the On SALE, an excellent FINGER ORGAN, suitable for a panied with Notes. 8vo, 14s. small Church or Chapel. Music neatly copied. VENICE under the YOKE of FRANCE and of AUSTRIA: emphasis should be placed on; but this he cannot mean, 15, Concert-street, Bold-strect. with Memoirs of the Courts, Governments, and People of for in "diadéma" the accent is not on ia, nor on i ITALY; presenting a faithful Picture of her present condition, and including original Anecdotes of the Buonaparte “tércio," nor on ua in “água,” but on the syllable of Family. By a LADY of RANK. Written during a Twenty each word that I have marked with the acute accentYears' Residence in that interesting Country; and now published for the Information of Englishmen in general, What interpretation then is to be put on his rule contain and of Travellers in particular. 2 vols. 8vo, 21s. ing the definite expression "the vowel," I leave it to this The WONDERS of ELORA; or the Narrative of a Journey to the Temples and Dwellings excavated out of a Mountain gentleman to define, who in his 6th section informs us of Granite, and extending upwards of a Mile and a Quarter, that the prepositions of, from, and to, are “definite arti at Elora, in the East Indies. With some general Observations on the People and Country. By JOHN B. SEELY, cles in Spanish." If a boy at school would deserve to be Captain in the Bombay Native Infantry, &c. 8vo, with flogged for such an error in parsing, what is the quentom several Plates, 16s. MEMOIRS of the LIFE and WRITINGS of Mrs. FRANCES meruit of his learned lecturer? Some of the errors I have

MR. WEBBE respectfully desires Music Publishers in the Country, and his Friends generally, to forward their orders for his "IMPROVED PSALMODY," to Messrs. CLEMENTS and Co. Cheapside, London, the Work being now transferred into their hands. The general estimation in which this Work is held for superiority of Selection and Adaptation, makes it unnecessary to comment here on its merits. His Mass for Catholic Service; his favourite Quartit "LAUDATI PUERI ANTHEM, "Holy! Holy! Holy!" the Words by Wm. Roscoe, Esq. and "LORD'S PRAYER," &c. to be had of the same Publishers, and of the Author, No. 49, Woburn-place, Russell-square, London.

ARTIFICIAL TEETH, by Mr. BEREND, per her Grand-daughter ALICIA LEFANU. 8vo, with Portrait,

25, Bold-street, warranted to remain factly secure and comfortable in the mouth, without tying, twisting wires, or any fastening whatever to the adjoining Teeth, and yet so effectually secured, that the most powerful motions of the jaws, in eating, cannotdisplaceor injurethem, fixed without pain,and adapted with such accuracy to the remaining Teeth, that not the least difference can be felt, neither can the minutest observer distinguish them. These Teeth can, with ease, be taken out, cleaned, and replaced

with great safety by the wearer. 25, Bold-street.

Just published, price 128. by R. ACKERMANN, Strand, and to
be had of all Booksellers in the United Kingdom,

THE FORGET ME NOT, & Present for Christmas
and the New Year 1825, containing about Four Hun-
dred Pages of Letter-press and Thirteen Engravings; with
Literary Contributions from Montgomery, Barton, Wiffen,
Neele, Bowring, Cobbold, the Authors of the Improvisatrice
and of Doblado's Letters, and other popular Writers.
vent the recurrence of the numerous disappointments expe-
rienced last year after the Work was out of print, an early
application is recommended.

To pre.

There are about Fifty Articles, several of great, some of very considerable, merit. It is a fit and elegant Present, and will delight the receiver, while it does credit to the donor." Literary Gazette.

Many

"The literary department is agreeably diversified. of the poetical articles are of great merit: the same praise may be awarded to the articles in prose."-Literary Chronicle. "Great pains have manifestly been taken to make this

elegant work an acceptable remembrancer of the giver. It is ornamented with a number of exquisitely finished engravings, each in appropriate taste, as they are all of them more or less expressive of those softer emotions connected with the prayer of Forget Me Nol."-British Press.

NEW NOVELS AND ROMANCES.

RAMESES; an Egyptian Tale. 3 vols. post 8vo. 30s.

GILMOUR; or the Last Lockinge. A Novel. 3 vols. 21s. CASTLE BAYNARD; or, the Days of John. An Historical Romance. Post 8vo, 83.

FREDERICK MORLAND. 2 vols. 12mo, 14s.

The OUTCASTS. A Romance. From the German of the
Baroness DE LA MOTTE FOUQUE. 2 vols. post 8vo, 16s.
TRIALS: a Tale. By the Author of "The Favorite of
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The FAVORITE of NATURE. 3d Edition. 3 vols. 21s.
OSMOND. 2d Edition. 3 vols. 21s.

STANMORE; or, the Monk and the Merchant's Widow.
A Novel. By SOFHIA REEVE. In 3 vols. 12mo, 188.
The SPY; a Tale of the Neutral Ground. 3d Edition. 3
vols. 18s.

In the Press,
HUSBAND-HUNTING; a Tale of Fashionable Life. 3 vols.
Metropolis. 3 vols.

The WRITER'S CLERK; or, the Humours of the Scottish

The HIGHEST CASTLE and the LOWEST CAVE. By the Author of "The Scrinium." 3 vols.

Printed for Geo. B. Whittaker, Ave-Maria-lane, London; and sold by all Booksellers.

POPULAR AND INTERESTING TALES, FOR WINTER
EVENINGS.

128.

MEMOIRS of PHILIP de COMINES, containing the His-
tory of Louis XI. and Charles VIII. of France, &c. &c. in-
cluding, also, the "Scandalous Chronicle." Printed uniform
with "Quentin Durward," being the Work on which that
Novel is founded. 2 thick vols. post 8vo, 21s.
The GREEK REVOLUTION, its Origin and Progress, to-
gether with some Remarks on the Religion, National Cha
racter, &c. in Greece. By EDWARD BLAQUIERE, Esq. Author
of "An Historical Review of the Spanish Revolution," &c.

&c. 8vo. 12s.

The LIFE and ADMINISTRATION of CARDINAL WOL-
SEY. BY JOHN GALT, Esq. 3d Edition. Post 8vo. 10s. 6d.

boards.

A STATISTICAL ACCOUNT of the BRITISH SETTLE-
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South Wales and Van Dieman's Land. With an Enumeration
of the Advantages which they offer to Emigrants, as well
with reference to each other as to the United States of Ame-
rica and the Canadas; and Directions and Advice to Emi-
grants. By W. C. WENTWORTH, Esq. a Native of New South
Wales. 3d Edition, considerably enlarged, with New Maps,
&c. 2vols. 8vo. 24s. boards.
In the Press, The PEERAGE and BARONETAGE CHARTS
for 1825.

Literature, Criticism, &c.

CRITIQUE ON MR. FERNANDEZ'S "SYNOPTIC
TABLE OF THE SPANISH GRAMMAR."
(Continued.)

NO. II.

TO THE EDITOR.

SIR,-In my first critique I pointed out a few errors in the
sections, or divisions, of the table; and, before I proceed
to analyse others, I would wish to offer another remark
or two on the first section. The denomination given by
the author to the last consonant z is "theadah;" Ray-
mondo del Pueyo, in his grammar (1792) calls this letter
“zeta,” observing that the pronunciation of the ≈ is like
our th in thin; the Reverend Zelipe Fernandez, in his
grammar (1808) denominates it "thatar ;" and M'Henry,
in his grammar (1819) has styled it "thata," marking
the first a pronounced slender, as in acre, and the last
open, as in art.
This is the true pronunciation, which
the above "theadah" by no means resembles. In the
table it is stated that whoever pronounces the letters
"correctly will read easily any Spanish book, without

DECEMBER TALES. Foolscap 8vo. price 5s. 6d. any more study." To this broad assertion, or proposition,

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OUR VILLAGE; or Sketches of Rural Character and Sce

mery. By MARY RUSSELL MITFORD. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d.

PETER SCHLEMIHL: from the German of LA MOTTE

FOUQUE. With Plates, by George Cruikshank. Second
Edition. Foolscap 8vo. 6s. 6d. boards.

TALES of OLD Mr. JEFFERSON, of GRAY'S INN, col

I can by no means assent: much more study is necessary
to read Spanish correctly; for the knowledge of the mere
names of the vowels and consonants will not direct the
learner on which syllable to place the accent; and, without
this essential part of pronunciation, reading is in no lan-
guage either easy or correct. As a proof of this, the
author presents difficulties to the learner, which the for-

mer neither explains nor assists to remove in the mind of

the latter; witness the jumble of "the vowels which combine their sounds in the second section," ia, iam, ian, iar, leeted by Young Mr. JEFFERSON, of Lyon's Inn. 2 vols. ie, io, ion, ua, uan, ue, uen ues;" in some of these there SCENES and THOUGHTS. Post 8vo. 7s. 6d. IN TER PRESS.

12mo. 15s.

TALES of ARDENNES. By H. D. CONWAY. Post 8vo.
COMIC TALES, in Verse. By CHARLES DIBDIN, Esq.
TALES from the GERMAN. By GEORGE SOANE, Esq.
Printed for Geo. B. Whittaker, Ave-Maria-lane, London;

3 vols.

and sold by all Booksellers.

is a combination of vowels, and in others a consonant is
added, which is certainly perplexing, because opposite to
each is shown a word containing these vowels combined with
consonants. The concluding line of the section is still more
ambiguous:-"The sound of the vowel is always long in
Spanish." As the author uses the definite article, it may

noticed, or may yet comment on, he may denominate by

the gent'e epithet of typographical; such as “(e)” instead of xi, and "che (tcho)" instead of cho; bat when an author comes before the public, he should take great care to correct his proofs before the work goes to press, particularly in a Synoptic Table, which professes to to move" all difficulties," else, instead of removing, he wil only increase them.

8. OF SUPERLATIVES. "The Superlatives are divided into three classes. EL Mas vale algo que nada: something is better than cotang El es menos sabio que pedro: he is less wise than Pese Yo no no soy tan bueno como vmd: I am not so good you. Soy tan alto como vmd: I am as tall as you. No menos el, que yo: not less him than me." pedro (Peter) a proper name, is begun with a small letter. Yo soy, &c. has one no too many; and “not less him tha me is bad English: these, however, are but trifling enos compared with the principal one. The author, in the section, professes to exemplify the superlative, which he has done superlatively; for what he demonstrates as s perlatives are all comparatives! For his superexcellent illustrations, he certainly deserves the application of some of his interjections; I leave it to the public to select. "Ha! bien echo" (should be hecho) "Ah! well done!" "Bien, bien! bien!" "Good, good!" or "Quits alla! Get away!" "Quitate! Go away!" "Aydemi! Dar me!" "Caspita! Confusion!"

9. PRONOUNS. "Declination of the Pronouns." "Yo, I, in all the other cases is mi, me. Here is error, because the accusative is me, me, and not mi. T accusative me is conjunctive, but under the conjunc the author has 'mi, me, which is incorrect; mi faäm prepositions, as de mi, of or [from me, por mi, by 126, 1 mi, to me, &c. but me precedes or follows verbs, as darú, he will give me; concedeme el favor, grant me the favor. The author treats the other personal protouRY M the same way, omitting the accusative, when he say car the other cases are like ti, thee, el, him, ella, ber, as sotros, we, vosotros, you, ellas, them; the acc

of these, however, he shows below as conject but does not explain that they are accusatives of the ceding nominatives, in several of which he commis rors; for although he has I, we, and you correct, bebas tu, thee, instead of thou; el, him, instead of he; the instead of she; ellos and ellas, them, instead of they. S are the illustrations of his nominatives of the perso pronouns.

THE CONJUNCTIVES

are also erroneous;; for as there are accusatives, as I ha
shown, he has mi instead of me, me: thee, you, him, a
them are correct, but he has nos, we, instead of us;
le, la, se, the, instead of her; and les, las, se, they, instead
them. He also wholly omits the illustration of the Eng
lish neuter pronoun, it, which he should have expla
is rendered in Spanish by the masculine or feminine pr
roun according to the gender of the noun to which it to
fers; all nouns in Spanish being of one or the other ef

ose genders. This is one of the difficulties to an Eng-judge, with regard to the value of the support, which your
man in learning Spanish; and although he professes publications have hitherto derived from the respective
solve all the difficulties of the Spanish language," he parties.
sses by the subject sub silentio.

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“REFLECTED AND RECIPROCAL."

The comparison between quotations and the drinking of health is a most unfortunate one: because the former In exemplifying these pronouns the author exhibits were, indeed, once useful, and even necessary; whereas Le escribo, I write to him; tedigo, I tell you" (should the latter custom was never necessary at all, and is not of thez.) Any one that reflects a moment will at once the slightest use to any body; for many people ruin their side that neither him, you (or thee) are reflective pro- own health by drinking for the imaginary benefit of others. ans, or, as this author styles them, "reflected." II do not object to the practice myself, in as far as it may ould really recommend a little reflection to him before promote good fellowship, or produce a good speech: but. publishes a second edition of this rare specimen of it would scarcely require quite so much courage as your ammatical accuracy. Of the correspondent seems to suppose, to declare even that old habit to be at least not very elegant; and if Y. Z. has ever been at the west end, he must surely be aware, that it has long been much more honoured there in the breach than in the observance.

“RELATIVE PRONOUNS,"

ich he states" are as follows: of the, of it, of them, this, of these, of that, of those, of her." I should ree to any body (himself included) that neither of them is relative pronoun:" the first is the definite article; the cond a neuter; the third and last are personal; and the st demonstrative pronouns. For the present, I shall rete nothing further, than that I remain his, your readers, id your

OBSERVATOR.

ON VARIOUS SUBJECTS.

TO THE EDITOR.

MB-I beg leave to transmit a reply to Mr. Y. Z. ich, in compliance with that gentleman's request, I under another signature; should you, nevertheless, of opinion that the public have had enough of our ments, I shall take no offence at the suppression of present letter, provided you will but just have the sadness to state, that I am not driven to the necessity of hdrawing by my incapability to proceed. My antagonist declares that he has nothing fresh to rance, and I believe him: I believe him also when he s that he does not like protracted discussions, and that gets tired when his adversary will not yield: I have a specimen of that in his former contest. He had ached Z. without provocation, and deliberately aggrated the offence, by saying that his remarks were intended be even more severe than you had thought proper to ention; but when he found that his dear coz. was caale of resistance, he allowed him to remain master of field, and turned round upon me, no doubt in the full fripation of disabling me at once, and never expecting I would dare to face a man who could quote Pliny 1 Horace.

The gentleman is further pleased to say, that he feels himself compelled to thank me for my politeness; but he is not as good as his word: for, instead of making any returns for my sympathy and my tender warnings, he attempts to injure my interest with the sex, by representing me as plundering and officious. Fortunately, however, he no more establishes the correctness of this insinuation, than that of any other he had before advanced. I have every possible respect for Milton; and his description of the accomplished Mrs. Adam is, unquestionably, very fine: but I had not been speaking of Paradise and of imaginary ladies, but of real ones; who will certainly deliver their opinions on subjects with which they are acquainted. Their doing so is not only quite consistent with delicacy and good breeding, but it is even desirable; and Y. Z. does not pay them a very high compliment, by supposing that they are unable to observe a proper medium between forwardness and unseasonable reserve. The blue-stocking crime consists in the affectation of learning, and not in the actual possession of it: a well-informed lady not only may join in the conversation, but she ought to do so, when she is in suitable company; for there is quite as much affectation in the unnecessary concealment of her learning, as there would be in an ostentatious display of it; and I do not think that it would increase my respect for a female acquaintance, if I were to discover that she suffered me to deliver my opinions, without making herself any remarks in my presence, although she was able to communicate good ideas in my absence.

It is perfectly true, that few men can express themselves with the energy of Doctor Johnson, but it is also true, that few men are obliged to write; and so long as people find that they are not competent to the task, they may let it alone.

There are no untranslatable passages: there may be some which appear so at first sight; but when a man pretends to feel what they mean, he must also be able to express it; or else he is not fit to exhibit himself as an author.

le now repeats his assertion, that ignorance of Latin gations argues a want of moderate and liberal educa; but he does not prove the truth of his maxim. An tation, which enables a man to know what his duty tires from him, is not only synonymous with what is rly called a liberal one; it is far superior to any ng of the kind. Very few people know all that beto their duty, and such a draper, as your corres. I am very glad that your correspondent has thought fit dent represents, is very far from being a model of to add a postscript to his letter: because it affords me an fection in his line. He ought to be acquainted with opportunity of refuting an argument, which he seems to my things besides those indispensibly requisite for the think very grand; but which, instead of convincing me, per discharge of his business, if he wishes to perform makes me more averse than ever to quotations. The 3 part well in this world; but it is by no means neces-authority of a great name is the very worst kind of supy that he should learn Latin. The same observation bold good with respect to a great many other people, ho, unfortunately, bestow much time and labour upon whilst they neglect matters which are of infinitely ater importance. The Greeks had an immense adEtage over us, by not frittering their time away in this anner; and if the South Americans, or even the black habitants of St. Domingo, should have the good sense avail themselves of European civilization, and to adopt & without its incumbrances, their posterity would likewise He a much better chance of making rapid improvement an that of the old states.

I admire the confidence with which Y. Z. places himlf and his honourable minority above the majority of -Barbarus and co: but you are, of course, the best

port for a reasoning individual; because even the greatest
man is liable to many errors, and he may have been mis-
taken, with regard to the very thing which we are examin-
ing. An idea must be very foolish, indeed, if it has not, at
some time or other, been advanced by a man of talents and
integrity, whose example may have been praise-worthy in
almost every instance, except just that under consideration.
Nothing can be more fatal than the habit of pinning our
faith upon that of other people; and this is the very way
in which so many scholastic errors are handed down from
one generation to the other. It is always much easier to
find authorities than to reflect: but if a cause cannot be
supported on its own ground, it does not deserve our
assistance.

October, I ought to have given the passage from Piron
which I had mentioned; but I neither had then the
original before me, nor have I got it now, and from me-
mory alone I cannot well do justice to the poet: but I
have already stated where the lines may be found, and I
will now further add, that they occur in the soliloquy of
the Metromane, when he curses our ancestors for having
said so many good things before him, and resolves to re-
venge himself on posterity, by completely forestalling tu-
ture poets in whatever they could possibly produce.
Yours, &c.
ANTI-SUTOR.

Liverpool, Nov. 23, 1824.

LEARNED QUOTATIONS.

TO THE EDITOR.

SIR,-I promised, lately, that I would not trouble you any more on the subject of Learned Quotations, nor am I now going to break my promise. I merely notice in the present, the flourishing retreat of Anti-barbarus, jun. when he tells us, it is." positively for the last time this season." Your correspondent, however, yields up the contest, and leaves his antagonist master of the field, when he retires without seeing the threatened reply of his first opponent; for although Anti-barbarus, jun.'s letter was published Nov. 30, it was written Nov. 16, and mine not printed till Nov. 23. If he will consult that note of mine, he will perceive the sheer absurdity of some of his grand positions; but, in the mean time, as I cannot invite him to a rump and dozen, I beg to inform the gentleman of my readiness to meet him on the open and fair arena of your paper, whenever he shall think proper to attack any favourite position. I hope, however, when the gentleman reads Latin again, he will endeavour to refine his thoughts and perceptions; and when he reads a poetical quotation or thought, to think like a poet. When I noticed the pains which your correspondent took in his last paper to go out of his way, in order to manufacture a little low humour on the abstract word "stercus," I was glad that he had anticipated my wish of shortening his name, though I was grieved that he should do it by cutting off the Anti. I am, yours, &c. Y. Z. Nov. 30, 1824.

[SEE A NOTE TO CORRESPONDENTS.]
GRAMMATICAL QUERY.

TO THE EDITOR.

SIR,-In your last Kaleidoscope I observed an answer to the question, whether in the proposition "The quarrels of lovers are (is) the renewing of love," the copula should be in the singular or plural number. The writer of that answer decides, that to use "are" is most grammatical, and gives as his reason, that “quarrels" being the nominative and plural, the verb must agree with it in number; but he does not seem to have observed that not “quarrels," but the quarrels of lovers," is the subject, and also that, as the substantive verb "to be" takes the same case after as before it, the predicate, "the renewing of love," is likewise in the nominative case. These two nomina

tives, therefore, being placed in opposition, we must, I think, in determining the number of the copula, be guided by the idea formed from them taken together; this idea then, in my opinion, is single, and if so the connecting verb must be in the singular number. My reason for so thinking is, that "the quarrels of lovers" is, as it were, a complex collective, the number of which does not depend on the termination of the composing words, but on the idea conveyed as modified by the predicate. By presenting the sentence under two forms the above reasoning may be made clearer. "The quarrels of lovers is the renewing of love." "The quarrels of lovers are the renewings of love." In the first we may ask-What is the Y. Z. is right in saying that, in my letter of the 19th renewing of love? and answer, "The quarrels of lovers"

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A TOUCH OF THE SUBLIME.

TO THE EDITOR.

SIR,-A few weeks ago, you inserted a letter, signed Amosmus, treating of obculcation and other unintelligibles, which, however, you seemed to suppose might mean something. I now hand you the copy of a genuine document, a petition lately presented to the Commissioners of Watch, from a person under prosecution on the charge of assaulting a watchman. The meaning in this case is pretty obvious, but the language, you will admit, is little less sublime than that of your queer correspondent.-Yours, &c.

STYLE.

THE COMMISSIONERS OF WATCH, SCAVENGERS,
AND LAMPS.

scenery in the theatre. We perceive, from the box-hoot,
that our worthy Mayor has taken places for the occasion.
This is no slight indication of the encouragement which
may be expected by Mr. G. who is a native artist, and a
freeman of the borough.-See adv.
Monday next, and we cannot doubt that his numerous
Mr. Bass makes his appeal to public patronage on
and respectable friends will evince their appreciation of in
professional services by their powerful support.-See a

To Correspondents.

THE LIVER.-Several correspondents having lately addressed to us letters rather of a local nature, which they have per mitted us to insert either in the Kaleidoscope or the Liver we take this opportunity of informing them that their favours will most probably appear in the Liter. The Kaleidoscope has assumed the character we always anti pated. It has become a recognized and standard work, and has taken its station in the Libraries of the gener reader in England, Scotland, and Ireland. The letters to which we have alluded, relating only to ephemeral and loca subjects, are not adapted for the columns of a permanent work; and although they might, for the moment, intert our town readers, they must be dull and unedifying to or country friends. We have therefore resolved, that alle munications of a mere local nature, addressed to the leidoscope, shall be transferred to the Liver; which, although it is charged to the casual purchaser one penny, an future be delivered GRATIS, to all the purchasers of the Kaleidoscope, in Liverpool, to whom alone it can posses any interest. By this arrangement, our friends in the country will not have to pay for complaints of town nuisances, a row streets, bad pavements, or suggestions for improre ments in our slaughter-houses, or in our Watch, Lamp, and Scavenger department.

SIR,-Your correspondent W. in his letter of the 23d instant, speaking of the facility which the law affords to vagrant strangers, in obtaining a settlement in this THE HUMBLE PETITION OF PETER M'DONOUGH TO parish, refers to the act of the 13 and 14 Geo. II. c. 12, by which the renting, for a year, of a tenement of the I, Peter M Donough, a poor, indigent, miserable, deploannual value of £10, confers a settlement, and then states rable, lamentable, needy, distressed, friendless, unfortu that it has since been decided that it is not necessary the nate, misfortunate, student and scholar, follower and dis. renting should be for a year; but, that, if a tenement of ciple, friend, lover, and admirer, of the Tuneful Nine and Heliconion choir, do invoke, obsecrate, beg, pray, and be that yearly value be taken for two months, or forty days seech, of your worships, and lordships, majestical powers, only, it will be sufficient to give a settlement; and, in grandeurs, highness, mightiness, dignities, and excellencies, support of this doctrine, he quotes Burr. 1, c. 474, and he to commisserate, take pity, and compassion, and bemoan; then reasons on the mischievous consequences resulting and, touched with the state and condition of me, Peter from it. That there is such an act in our statute books, come from the most mighty, most wise, most witty, most M'Donough, who is extracted, derived, and sprung, and and such a decision as that quoted, I grant to W.; but I splendid, most renowned, most warlike, most courageous beg to call his attention and that of your readers in gene-race, stock, lineage, pedigree, genealogy, and generation, ral to an act which was passed so lately as the 2d of July, to the princely, regal, royal, martial, warlike, and grand 1819, by which it is provided in these words "That from M'Donough's, of the county Dublin, who now, and then, and there, and at that time, held, kept, possessed, and enand after the passing of this act, no person shall acquire joyed, a plentiful, bountiful, copious, hospitable, open a settlement in any parish or township, maintaining its house, dwelling, habitation, and abode, for all sorts and own poor, in England, by or by reason of his or her sizes of people, young or old, poor or rich, man or woman, dwelling for forty days in any tenement rented by such gentle or simple, proper or common, generous or rascal, THE LATE MR. FAUNTLEROY. As the fate of this wretched person, unless such tenement shall consist of a house or that comes east, west, north, or south, for many and seve ral years and months, and was ruler, rector, governor, and building within such parish or township, being a separate protector, used to wear broad cloth, ruffles, and a silverand distinct dwelling-house or building, or of land within hilted sword, and a three-legged wig: out of said place such parish or township, or of both, bonâ fide HIRED by my father was, with the strongest compulsion, expulsion, such person at and for the sum of £10 a year at the least, thrust out, turned out, forced out, and obliged to go out; for the term of one whole year; nor unless such house or and now said place is for ever alienated, transfered, re- GRAMMATICAL QUERY.-The insertion of M.'s short letter on building shall be held, and such land occupied, and the moved, and made over from him, and our benefits, emoluments, into the hands, lands, tenor, and possession of a rent for the same actually paid for the term of one whole William Farley, magistrate, and one of his Majesty's subyear at the least, by the person hiring the same." This jects of the peace for said county. May it please your POLITICAL ECONOMY.-We feel obliged to W. D. G. for the off act is unrepealed, and is, therefore, at variance with the Lordships to acquit and discharge your humble petitioner, law of settlement as laid down by your correspondent. for the assault of the street watchman, which took place in When I assure you, that, individually, I feel obliged to gust last, and for which said assault your petitioner was the neighbourhood of Vauxhall-road, on the 29th of AuW. for his letter, and that I duly appreciate the motives and is most wrongfully accused; and, to prove the same, by which he was actuated in giving publicity to his sen- call Richard Price, a young man that I sleep with, and timents on this subject, I am led to think he will not be who was not at leisure to come on last Tuesday. Your offended (although he may be one professing the law) at petititioner and he will be in court. my bringing before his eye, thus publicly, the recent and very important alteration in our statute law, by which neither strangers, nor vagrants of any other description, can now so easily establish themselves among us as legally settled inhabitants as heretofore.

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Preston, October 21, 1824.

66

JOSEPHUS.

Liverpool! thou mayest continue to rejoice at the success and the rapidity with which the new discoveries in medicine are running through the world! Nothing but fate can prevent thy rheumatic pills from becoming the common physic of every one clothed with human nature, standing in need of physic! Thou, Liverpool! hast left behind thee the good, the better, and holdest fast to the best! Thou hast left the copper and silver, and holdest fast to the gold! Thou hast abandoned the horse, and water, and stickest to the steam! So the oil and candles, and stickest to the gas-light!!! So, chiefly thy rheumatic pills alone have given many hundred published proofs, that all the above comparisons are true! And thou, Manchester! hast confirmed the above, by ninety published proofs! besides 1,800 unpublished, which were all equally incurable to the ordinary medicines, and patent medicines

too!"

Your petitioner will for ever wish protection and satisfaction to the well-disposed, donors, givers, or bestowers, in contribulation, now, and then, and there, and for ever more, truly demonstrated to be true to myself.

PETER M'DONOUGH, Labourer.

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Mr. Hooper, whose benefit is announced for this evening (Monday) is entitled to our hearty commendation. We cordially unite in the favourable sentiments expressed by the Council of Ten, to whose letter, as well as to Mr. Hooper's advertisement, we have great pleasure in referring our readers.

Mr. Goore, scene-painter, is a candidate for the public favour on Wednesday evening, when he will produce a new splendid melo drame, called the Revolt of the Greeks The story is connected with the present interesting struggle in Greece, and is well-adapted to the display of the best

man is one of those events which are eminently calculated to produce a salutary moral effect upon society, we shall, in the next Kaleidoscope, introduce a brief memoir of h accompanied with a sketch, whieh is said to bear a very striking resemblance to the unfortunate original

this subject has been deferred from inadvertence, for which we owe the writer an apology.

of the notes, &c. took of Mr. M'Culloch's lecture on Foreig Commerce. If we find, as we expect, that it does not e sionally trench upon that species of political animadversa from which we are pledged to abstain, we shall have great pleasure in giving the abridgment a place in the Kaleidoscopımı The Essay of Addison, already noticed, shall, probably, inserted, together with W. D. G.'s report.

GYMNASIA. We are obliged to defer (.'s description of the feat with the chair, because the engraving was not fa

nished in time.

THE LATE MR. MATURIN.-G. and Dr. Timothy Twist prote
against the illiberal notice of the late Mr. Maturin, wh
we last week transcribed from an Irish Journal Upsi
re-perusal we concur in the protest; and shall, next vs,
give the letter of our correspondent, hoping that w
be fortunate enough to meet with some biographica
more worthy of the original.

THE Rev. Mr. Philip's ADDRESS TO THE LIVERPOOL NORTE
BRITONS' SOCIETY.-In our next we shall lay before or
readers the Address of Mr. Philip, in behalf of the G
Schools in the Highlands, delivered St. Andrew's day, in
Newington Chapel.

EULER. We shall be obliged if Quid will state the source from
which the memoir he has so obligingly transmitted us
this celebrated mathematician is derived. If it be taken
from any of our biographical dictionaries, it will be proper
for us to state that fact. The parody accompanying the bi
graphical sketch shall have an early place.

Some communications promised last week have been neces

sarily deferred until our next.

O. R.'s verses, with a few alterations, shall appear. They are, perhaps, rather too much spun out for the subject.

Printed, published, and sold, EVERY TUESDAY, by
E. SMITH & Co. 75, Lord-street, Liverpool

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OR,

Literary and Scientific Mirror.

"UTILE DULCI."

This familiar Miscellany, from which religious and political matters are excluded, contains a variety of original and selected Articles; comprehending Literature, Criticism, Men and Manners, Amusement, Elegant Extracts, Poetry, Anecdotes, Biography, Meteorology, the Drama, Arts and Sciences, Wit and Satire, Fashions, Natural History, &c. &c. forming a handsome Annual Volume, with an Index and Title-page.—Its circulation renders it a most eligible medium for Literary and Fashionable Advertisements.—Regular supplies are forwarded weekly to the Agents.

No. 233.-VOL. V.

Natural History.

LETTERS ON THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE GLOBE.
BY M. ALEX. B

suere que des ruines.

Paris: printed, 1824.

TUESDAY, DECEMBER 14, 1824.

Let us then suppose a comet to have struck the sun with sufficient violence to detach from it the six hundred and fiftieth part of its mass, this part will not be, as you may imagine, in a solid state; but, liquified by heat, it will

La legère couche de vie, qui fleurit à la surface du globe, ne fly off in the form of a torrent, which will afterwards be separated into globes of different degrees of density, formed by the mutual attraction of their respective parts. Saturn, ¿Franslated expressly for the Kaleidoscope from a recent French being composed of the lightest and most bulky parts, will be the furthest removed from the sun; Jupiter, being more dense than Saturn, will be less distant from it.

Work.]

LETTER L CONTINUED.—OF THE DIFFERENT SYSTEMS,

Above all the writers of the last century our illustrious affon might surely, without presumption, have enterined hopes of inventing a Theory of the Earth, de*ving universal adoption. The rank he held in the arned world, his name, and his lofty genius, all consired to give weight to his opinions. Nevertheless, all e lustre of his fame was unable to support his system, I fear, that when you have read the brief account I a about to give you of it in this letter, you will judge worthy of its author.

it

Buffon, having considered that the six planets, known this time, had all one common direction from West to ast, and that the inclination of their orbits did not exceed Sven degrees and a half, concluded thence that the same se must originally have set them in motion. This ase, he says, can be no other than a comet, which, ag into the sun, and striking it obliquely, separated from a portion sufficiently considerable to form all the planets

ith their satellites.

fal

Mars, the Earth, Venus, and Mercury, still less so, in
proportion to their density.

a

PRICE 30.

to come in contact with their surfaces without being burned; then that, necessary, to bring them to their present temperature.

He has drawn up a table of these calculations." He has also prepared one, showing the comparative number of years necessary to reduce the planets, first to their actual temperature, then to one-twenty-fifth of that temperature, which, according to him, gives a degree of cold that no living creature could support. Then, extending his calculations to all the satellites, he has also reduced

them to the form of a table, which gives the following

results :

1. The fifth satellite of Saturn was the first habitable"

But this is not all, Madam; it is demonstrated to us by daily experience, that if the stroke which separates from globe. Animated nature continued to subsist there for body a part of its mass, strikes it in an oblique direction, the space of 42 or 43,000 years; and this secondary planet the part separated flies off, revolving upon its own axis, has long been too cold to support organized beings, similar until it is brought, by the power of attraction, to the sur-to those with which we are acquainted. face of the ground. This was the case with the planets; but as the centrifugal force retains them at a distance from OF THE BEGINNING, END, AND DURATION OF THE EXISTANCH OF the sun, they still preserve, while they revolve round, that luminary, a rotatory motion on their own axes, which

occasions alternate day and night.

Let us proceed to the formation of the satellites: "The obliquity of the stroke may have been such as to have separated from the body of the principal planet small parts of matter, which will have preserved the same direction with the planet; these parts will, afterwards, have been from the planet, by the power of their mutual attraction; united, according to their density, at different distances and while they revolved round it nearly in the plane of its orbit, will, necessarily, have attended it in its course round the sun. It will easily be understood, that these small parts, separated by the obliquity of the stroke, are the satellites. Thus, the formation, position, and direction of the movements of the satellites, perfectly agree wth the theory."

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This first supposition is not unsupported by probability, the six planets to which he alluded, do not contain algether a mass exceeding the six hundred and fiftieth t of that of the sun. The sun being a million times er than the earth, this mass will perhaps appear to enormous, but as some comets are formed of particles edingly dense, they may be supposed capable of efBuffon, having thus explained the formation of the 1st Satellite of Jupiter. 74724 ng this separation. Newton has, in fact, proved that density of planets must be proportioned to the quan- planets and their satellites, enters into minute details of heat which they have to support. Let us apply respecting the time necessary for each of the bodies comrule to the comet, and we shall find that of 1680, prising our solar system to pass from the state of incan th passed so near the sun, must be twenty-eight thou descence, in which it was at the moment of its formation, OF THE PERIODS OF TIME NECESSARY TO COOL THE EARTH AND times more dense than the earth, and a hundred and to a temperature that would render it habitable. It is re times more dense than the sun; allowing it, then, evident, that the largest and most distant planets from the sun must become cold much more slowly than those of the hundredth part of the magnitude of the earth, less magnitude. Thus, whilst one among them, Jupiter, as would still be equal to the nine hundredth part he sun; it is easy to conclude that such a mass, which necessarily preserves, at the present period, so burning a only a small comet, might separate from the sun a temperature as to prevent, for some time, the development hundredth, or even a six hundred and fiftieth part of of organized nature, two others are, on the contrary, subfriss, particularly if we take into consideration the im-ject to so excessive a cold, that life has long been for ever extinct upon their surface. velocity acquired by comets when they approach luminary.

it can a comet fall into the sun? We need only exin the course of these bodiss to be persuaded that this must sometimes necessarily take place. The comet 680 approached so near the sun, that it was not, at penhelium, distant from it more than the sixth part of soler diameter; and, if it returns, as it probably will 2255, it may possibly fall into the sun : that will deack upon the magnitude of the bodies it may have entered during its passage through its orbit, and upon degree in which its motion may have been retarded it entered the atmosphere of the sun.

The importance attached by our illustrious naturalist to these ideas, determines me to give you here the results of his numerous experiments and laborious calculations. Having been convinced by these, that if a body, of the magnitude and density of our earth, were melted by heat, it would require the space of 74,832 years to reduce it to the temperature we at present enjoy, he places, at that remote period, the stroke of the comet which separated our planets and their satellites from the sun.

He first calculates the time that must have elapsed before the six planets and the moon could have been so far consolidated and cooled, as to render it possible for bodies,

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