after he came to his lands and honours he learnt to write his

"Notwithstanding which disadvantage, after he came to be possessed again, and restored to the enjoyment of his father's estate, he came to be a very wise man, and a very good manager of his estate and fortunes.

"This Henry Lord Clifford, after he came to be possessed of his said estate, was a great builder and repairer of all his castles in the North, which had gone to decay when he came to enjoy them; for they had been in stranger's hands about twenty-four or twenty-five years. Skipton Castle and the lands about it, had been given to William Stanley, by King Edward IV., which William Stanley's head was cut off about the tenth year of King Henry VII.; and Westmoreland was given by Edward IV., to his brother Richard, Duke of Gloucester, who was afterwards King of England, and was slain in battle, the 22nd of August, 1485.

"This Henry Lord Clifford did, after he came to his estate, exceedingly delight in astronomy, and the contemplation of the course of the stars, which it is likely he was seasoned in during the course of his shepherd's life. He built a great part of Barden Tower (which is now much decayed,) and there he lived much; which it is thought he did the rather because in that place he had furnished himself with instruments for that study.

of

"He was a plain man, and lived for the most part a country life, and came seldom either to the Court or London, but when he was called thither to sit in them as a peer the realm, in which Parliament, it is reported he behaved himself wisely, and nobly, and like a good Englishman.

*By a fac-simile in Nicolson and Burn's History of Westmoreland, it should seem that his sign manual went no farther than the first letter of his name, the remainder being supplied by another hand.-Vol. i. 286.

"About the twenty-first year of Henry VII., he, the said Lord Clifford, was in some disgrace with the said King; so as the said King caused him to bring him into Court all his evidences, to show by what right he held his lands in Westmoreland, and the sheriffwick of that county: as appears by some records, which pleadings and records did much help forward to the manifestation of the title of Anne, Countess Dowager of Pembroke, to the said lands and sheriffwick.

"This Henry Lord Clifford, by the prudent management of his estate, grew to be a very rich man, both in money, chattels, and goods, and great store of grounds.

"But he was very unfortunate in having great unkindness between himself and his oldest son Henry Clifford, for some seven or eight years before his death. For that son, after his mother, Anne St. John, Lady Clifford, her death, and that his father was married again to a second wife, grew into great anger against his father's wife, and his father's servants, as appears by some letters which are still extant; which anger betwixt them was a great misfortune to them both, and to all that appertained unto them.

"The unhappy feeling on the part of this son towards his father, seems however to have had a deeper cause than the displeasure which a second marriage might have occasioned. For in these faithful records it is said, that towards the latter end of his mother's life, 'her husband was unkind to her, and had two or three base children by another woman; so as by reason of that, and her husband taking part with some of the Commons about taxes, against the said King Henry VII., in the latter end of his reign, he was in some disgrace with the said king.'"

The shepherd Lord is said to have been more beholden for the restoration of his estates to the relationship of this wife with Henry VII., than to any gratitude on that king's part, for the services and the sufferings of the House of

Clifford in the Lancastrian cause. " This lady, Anne St. John, only daughter to Sir John St. John of Bletso, was cousin-german to King Henry VII., for her father was halfbrother to that king's mother, Margaret, Countess of Richmond and Derby. Which king did then restore the said Lord Clifford to his lands and honours, and estate, the rather because he did then marry that cousin-germain of his, for though the said king favoured him, because his father and grandfather were slain in the service of the House of Lancaster, yet by tradition it is resolved, that the cause chiefly why he recovered his lands and honours, was because he married the said king's cousin-german, Anne St. John.'

"This Anne St. John, Lady Clifford, of whom we now treat, was a woman of great goodness and piety, and devotion, and lived for the most part a country life, in her husband's castles in the North, during the time she lived his wife, which was about twenty-one years.

"This wife of his was so great a housewife, as that she caused tapestry hangings to be made, which was then a rare thing here in England; and some of them are remaining until this time, with the arms of herself and husband wrought in them."

Summary of the Lives of the Veteriponts and Cliffords, &c. MSS.

Second marriage of Isabella de Berkeley.-p. 166.

By the old Spanish laws, a deed of gift might be revoked, if the person in whose favour it was made, had afterwards shown himself ungrateful by speaking ill of the donor, faziendole grand desonra de palabra; but a mother who having made a gift to her son after she was left a widow, contracted a second marriage, could not annul the grant

upon this plea. Such was the feeling concerning second marriage.-Partida 5. Tit. 4. Ley 10.

Thomas Lord Clifford.-p. 168.

Buchanan accuses him (I know not on what authority) of having assassinated Douglas at Dantzic, in consequence of an enmity arising from his claims to the Douglas estates, as having been granted to his grandfather by Edward Balliol. "Eodem anno Gulielmus Duglassius, Nithiae Regulus, (quem diximus virtutis erga generum à Rege ascitum,) Dantisci ad Vistulam occisus fuit, percussoribus à Cliffordo Anglo in eum submissis. Duglassius enim rebus domi tranquillis, ne in ocio languesceret, in Borussiam ad bellum sacrum profectus, tale specimen virtutis dedit, ut universæ classi, quæ maxima et ornatissima erat, præficeretur. Ortá vero altercatione cum Anglo, ex antiquá æmulatione eum honorem molestè ferente, ad certamen singulare ab eo fuit provocatus. Provocator secum cogitans, in quam ancipitem martis aleam se demissurus esset, hominem per sicarios tollendum curat."-Rev. Scot. 1. ix. § 67.

In the summary of the Lives of the Cliffords, it is properly observed upon this foul charge, that "the malice between the two nations was so great then, as this may well be false." The motive of cowardice which Buchanan assigns, may safely be pronounced to be so; a Clifford who went to the Vistula, for the mere sake of war, was not a man to shrink from a single combat.

Buchanan is certainly wrong in the date which he has given, which is 1390; Clifford's father died July 13, 1391, and it was not till after his father's death that he went to serve with the Teutonic knights.

Political influence of the Pulpit.—p. 205. ·

"It was observed of Queen Elizabeth, that when she had any business to bring about amongst the people, she used to tune the pulpits, as her saying was; that is to say, to have some preachers in and about London, and other great auditories in the kingdom, ready at command to cry up her design, as well in their public sermons, as their private conferences."-Heylyn's Life of Laud, p. 153.

Hobbes had a great dislike to the Universities, which, he said, were the core of rebellion: but he said also, that perhaps, the only course which could "make our peace amongst ourselves constant, was to discipline them well, that they might send out well-principled preachers." No man ever more clearly perceived that power can be permanently maintained only by opinion. "For if men know not their duty, what is there can force them to obey the laws? An army you'll say.. but what shall force the army ? Was not the Trained Bands an army? Were they not Janizaries that not long ago slew Osman in his own palace at Constantinople?" -Behemoth. Moral and Pol. Works, p. 516.

The vulgar clamour against those clergy who have manfully and dutifully stood forth in defence of the Protestant Establishment, may be sufficiently answered in the words of that excellent man, Robert Nelson; "It is at all times the indispensable obligation of all the bishops and pastors of the Church, to behave themselves with an holy boldness and undaunted resolution, in the affairs of God and religion, without being awed or biassed by the torrent of the times, or made sordidly to crouch to a prevailing power of worldly politicians, who are for carrying on their own sinister designs at any rate, though always under the most specious pretexts." -Life of Bishop Bull, p. 356. Ed. 1827.