of study which they propose, and in several instances require him to take at least a portion of it. Otherwise the student has freedom of choice, but it is evident that this will be used chiefly in reference to the general studies. Indeed in the department of general studies no special plan of study is prescribed or recommended for the students, but they have as complete liberty as in the university. In the technical schools, as in the university, attendance at lectures and exercises is voluntary, but the nature of the subjects taught, and the special ends in view, necessitate a more regular attendance than is common at the universities.

In the technical schools the instruction is based on the school year rather than on the semester. There are in each year two semesters, though with reference to the continuity of instruction they bear a closer resemblance to the terms of our American college year than to the semesters of the German university. Another point of divergence from the rules of the university is the practice of giving examinations at the close of each semester on the work of the term. A participation in this examination is not required, but students who do take a part in it may have a record made of the result if desired. Final examinations, which take place after a period of three years or longer, according to the subject, are of two kinds. The first is for the diploma of the institution certifying that the recipient is qualified to act as engineer, etc., as the case may be. The second is the State examination, which entitles those who pass to admittance into the various technical departments of the public service, as in connection with railroads, mines, etc.

While each technical school gives full credit for time spent in other schools of the same class, and is as far as possible modelled on the university system, it must be apparent to all that it is less flexible. Its interest to American readers is not so much as a possible place of study, for the student of economics finds more at the

universities, but chiefly as a part of the system. Eminent men are numbered among the instructors of these institutions, and in them a field of activity is provided for a number of scientific workers.

In the following we give a list of lectures at the various institutions of this class. The list is complete. In general the facts relate as far as possible to the academic year 1890-91, occasionally, however, to the year 1889-90. This irregularity is immaterial, as the lectures do not differ essentially from year to year. The academic year begins as a rule in the early part of October, and continues to the end of July. The interval between the first and second semesters in February or March rarely exceeds two weeks. It has not been thought necessary to reproduce in our list the names of the separate institutions, as they are all known as "Technische Hochschulen," except that of Zürich, which bears the name "Polytechnische Schule." The school at Stuttgart, which until the present year had the name "Polytechnikum," now conforms to the general rule. The list which follows has been compiled from official announcements. It explains itself very largely. At Stuttgart there is a special department for candidates for the higher positions in the railroad, postal, and telegraph service. The lectures of this department, half technical perhaps in their character, touch so closely on certain economic problems that they have been included in our list. THE EDITORS.

GERMANY.

N. B. In the following list the abbreviations have the following meanings: W., winter semester; S., summer semester; o., ordinary professor; e., extraordinary professor; d., docent. The Arabic numerals indicate the number of hours per week of each course.

Aix-la-Chapelle. 1890-91.

Prof. Dr. Laves, d.: Political Economy, W. and S., 4; Exercises in Political Economy, W. and S., I or 2; Elements of Civil Law, W., 2; Industrial Law, W., 1; Theory of Taxation, S., 1; Law of Buildings, etc., S., I.

Hasenclever (special teacher): Mercantile Bookkeeping for Technical Establishments, W. and S., I.

Berlin. 1890-91.

Prof. Dr. R. von Kauffmann: Political Economy and its History, W., 2; Building Law, W., 1; Practical Political Economy, with especial reference to Industry and Commerce, S., 2; Industrial Law, S., I.

Dr. M. Meyer: Theory and Practice of Private Enterprises, W., 1 ; Critical History of Economic Systems since the Sixteenth Century, S., I.

Dr. Hilse, d.: Building Law, W., 1; Industrial Law and Administration, S., I.

Brunswick. 1890-91.

R. Lüderssen (Landes-oekonomie Rath): Political Economy, W., 3, and S., 2.

Darmstadt. 1890-91.

Prof. Dr. O. Warschauer, e.: History of Recent Communism, W., 1; Banking and Exchange, W., 1; History of Socialism, S., 1; Theory and History of Taxation, with especial reference to the German Empire, S., 1.

Dresden. W., 1890-91.

Prof. Dr. V. Böhmert, o.: Theoretical Political Economy, 2; Introduction to Statistics, 1; Economic Seminar, 1.

M. Lotichius (Regierungsrath): Law of Laborers in Germany and Saxony, I; Administrative Law of Germany and Saxony, 2.

Hanover. 1890–91.

Prof. Dr. Schaefer, o.; Theoretical Political Economy, W. and S., 2 hours lectures, I recitation; Industrial or Practical Political Economy, W. and S., 2 hours lectures, I recitation.

Karlsruhe. 1889-90.

Prof. Dr. E. Gothein,1 o.: General Political Economy, W., 3; Trade and Transportation, W., 2; Finance, S., 3; Economics of Agriculture, S., 2.

K. Schenkel (Ministerialrath): Constitutional and Administrative Law of Germany, W., 3; Industrial and Social Legislation, S., 2.

Munich. 1890-91.

Prof. Dr. F. Stieve, o.: Commercial and Economic Geography, W. and S., 2; History of Trade and Civilization, W. and S., 4.

1 Now at the University of Bonn, succeeded by Prof. Bücher. See ANNALS, I. 300.

Prof. Dr. M. Haushofer, o.: Public Law of Bavaria, W., 3; Political Economy, W., 4; Finance, S., 4; General Statistics, S., 3.

Stuttgart. 1890-91.

Prof. Dr. Huber (Secretary of the Chamber of Commerce): General or Theoretical Political Economy, W., 4; Transportation, Money, and Currency, S., 3.

Dr. E. Jäger, d.: Bookkeeping, W., 2; Practical Political Economy, S., 4.

Schmidhäuser (Regierungsrath): Elements of Law and Administration, W. and S., 4.

Stehle (Finanzassessor): Public and Administrative Law of Germany and Württemberg, W., 3, and S., 2.

Camerer (Oberfinanzrath): Finance and Finance Law, W., 5.
Blank (Finanzrath): Administration of Railroads, S., 2.

Hartter (Postrath): Administration of Posts and Telegraphs, W. and S., 2.

AUSTRIA.

Brünn. 1889-90.

Prof. Dr. R. Ritter von Bleyleben, o.: Political Economy, W., 41⁄21⁄2 ; Law of Buildings and Railroads, W., 2; Industrial and Commercial Law, S., 5.

W. Ruprich, d.: Bookkeeping, W., 3.

C. Elder von Reuber, d.: Administrative Law, W. and S., I.

Graz. 1889-90.

F. Iwolf (Regierungsrath) d.: General Political Economy, W., 3.; Economics of Transportation, especially Railroads, W., 1; Constitution and Statistics of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, S., 2; Economics of Industry and Commerce, S., 2.

E. Richter (Professor at the University): Geography of International Trade, W., 2.

F. Hartmann (Rechnungsrath): Commercial Bookkeeping, S., 2.

Vienna. 1890-91.

Prof. Dr. H. Ritter von Brachelli, o.: Austrian and Hungarian Building and Railroad Legislation, W., 2; General Comparative Statistics of European Countries, W., 3; Industrial Statistics of European Countries, S., 2; Outlines of the Public Law of AustriaHungary, S., 3.

Prof. Dr. E. Hermann, o.: Political Economy and Finance, W. and S., 3; Technical Economics, S., 2.

Prof. K. Hessler, e.: Political Arithmetic, W. and S., 2. Prof. W. Neurath, d.: History of Social Economy, W., 2; Railroad Economics, S., 2.

Prof. J. Scherber, d.: Bookkeeping of Technical Enterprises, W., 4. Dr. E. Blaschke, d.: Theory and Practice of Insurance for Persons, W. and S., 2.

SWITZERLAND.

Zürich. S., 1890; W., 1890-91.

Prof. A. P. Charton (Lectures in French): Industrial Economy (Part II.), S., 2; Resources and Prospects of New Countries-New Zealand, Australia, Transvaal, Brazil, etc., S., 2; Rural Economy of Switzerland, S., 1; Political Economy, lectures W., 2, recitations W., 1; Finance, lectures W., 2, recitations W., I.

Prof. Dr. F. Meili: The Law of Railroads, W., 2.

Prof. Dr. W. Oechsli: The Swiss Democracy (Part II.), The Federal System, S., 1; The Origin of the Swiss Confederation, W., 1. Prof. A. Petit (Lectures in French): European Colonization of Northern Africa in the Nineteenth Century, S., 1; Modern Colonial Movements, W., 2.

Prof. Dr. J. Platter: Economics of Agriculture, S., 2; Economics of Banks and Exchanges, S., 1; History of Communistic Theories and Movements, S., 3; Political Economy, lectures W., 3, recitations W., 1; Finance, lectures W., 2, recitations W., I.

Prof. Dr. L. Stein: Socialism in the Light of Philosophy, S., 1; Continuation of the course, Modern Socialism, W., 1.

Dr. Th. Kozak: Protection and Insurance of Laborers, S., 1: Statistics of Switzerland, S., I.

Dr. G. H. Schmidt: Agrarian History, S., 1; Budgets and Budget Law of the most Important European Nations, S., 1: General Theory of Taxation, S., 1; History, Theory, and Practice of Statistics, W., 2; Agrarian Policy, W., 1.

AMERICAN ECONOMIC ASSOCIATION.

THE American Economic Association held its fourth annual meeting at Washington, in the hall of the Columbian University, December 26-30, 1890. The meeting was a marked success, the attendance excellent, and the proceedings of great variety and interest. Among those present at the meeting were to be found not only the prominent economists of the Eastern colleges, including those from Harvard Institute of Technology, Wellesley, Amherst, Smith, Mt. Holyoke,

1 Since the courses at the University are open to the students of the Technical School, and vice versâ, it is evident that the opportunities for study at Zürich are more varied than would appear from the list for either institution separately. ↑ Called to Basle, to succeed Prof. Bücher.